Trifluralin Treatment Research Articles

Suppression of weed and insect populations by living and straw mulches in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

In order to evaluate the effect of different weed management treatments on weeds, pest and natural enemies populations in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), a 2-year study was conducted in East Azarbaijan, Iran in 2020–2021. The study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The weed management treatments consisted of trifluralin use (960 g ai ha−1), wheat straw mulch (WSM), living mulches of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) (FLM), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.) (VLM), calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) (CLM) and one-time hand weeding (OHW). The effect of weed management treatment was significant on densities of insect pests, natural enemies and weed and also weed biomass and sesame seed yield. The lowest densities of insect pests including Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua were observed in CLM treatment. Also, the highest densities of natural enemies Coccinella septompunctata, Coccinella undecimpunctata and Orius niger were observed in CLM treatment. The highest reductions in grass (51.0%), broadleaf (72.0%), and total (62.6%) weed biomasses and highest seed yield (1456 kg ha−1) were obtained in OHW. The seed yields in CLM and WSM treatments were not significantly different with trifluralin treatment and could be recommended in sustainable production of sesame.

Fungal network composition and stability in two soils impacted by trifluralin.

The composition and stability of soil fungal network are important for soil function, but the effect of trifluralin on network complexity and stability is not well understood. In this study, two agricultural soils were used to test the impact of trifluralin on a fungal network. The two soils were treated with trifluralin (0, 0.84, 8.4, and 84 mg kg-1) and kept in artificial weather boxes. Under the impact of trifluralin, the fungal network nodes, edges, and average degrees were increased by 6-45, 134-392, and 0.169-1.468 in the two soils, respectively; however, the average path length was decreased by 0.304-0.70 in both soils. The keystone nodes were also changed in trifluralin treatments in the two soils. In the two soils, trifluralin treatments shared 219-285 nodes and 16-27 links with control treatments, and the network dissimilarity was 0.98-0.99. These results indicated that fungal network composition was significantly influenced. After trifluralin treatment, fungal network stability was increased. Specifically, the network robustness was increased by trifluralin with 0.002-0.009, and vulnerability was decreased by trifluralin with 0.0001-0.00032 in the two soils. Fungal network community functions were also impacted by trifluralin in both soils. Trifluralin significantly impacts the fungal network.

Target-site resistance to trifluralin is more prevalent in annual ryegrass populations from Western Australia.

Trifluralin is widely used in Australia as one of the important pre-emergence herbicides to control annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) populations. Trifluralin resistance evolution and mechanisms have been identified in some ryegrass populations. In this study, 21 putative resistant field survey populations from Western Australian were screened with trifluralin, and 90% (19 of 21) contained individuals surviving 480 g ha-1 trifluralin treatment. Twelve populations contained individuals possessing the known α-tubulin resistance mutations at Val-202, Thr-239 and Arg-243 in TUA4 (alpha-tubulin 4 n), plus multiple potential resistance mutations in TUA4 pending genetic confirmation. Three populations had only individuals carrying newly identified (but uncharacterized) mutations in TUA3/TUA4. Radioactive work found that six populations evolved metabolic resistance to trifluralin, and at least four of them also possessed the known and/or putative target-site mutations. These results confirm that a high incidence of resistance to the dinitroaniline herbicide (trifluralin) is present, and target-site tubulin mutations make a major contribution to resistance in these annual ryegrass populations. Co-evolution of both target-site and non-target-site resistance to per-emergence herbicides warrants diverse management tactics.

Induction and evaluation of tetraploid plants of Eucalyptus urophylla clones

Eucalyptus urophylla is an important species of the genus Eucalyptus that is used across the world, especially in Brazil. It is used for pulp and paper production, and charcoal production for iron and steel industry, thus making the development of biotechnological approaches essential for the breeding programs of this species. The polyploidy induction is one such approach that may introduce phenotypic characteristics of interest to the market and industry. This is the first study that shows the production, evaluation, and development of tetraploids (4x = 44) from a clone of E. urophylla. For this, the shoot apical meristems were cultured for elongation using in vitro conditions for 15 with 5 or 10 µM colchicine, trifluralin, or oryzalin. Following this, every 30 days, the elongated plantlets were transferred to JADS medium for multiplication using tufts as explants. Thereafter, four tufts containing six to eight buds each were inoculated in flasks followed by six subcultures and were then transferred to the greenhouse for acclimatization. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (3x2+1: antimitotic substance x concentrations + control), with 12 replicates. Analysis of nuclear DNA content and chromosome counting by flow cytometry, photosynthetic pigment quantification, stomatal size and density, survival, and rooting were performed for 110 days after acclimatization. Data were submitted for analysis of variance followed by Scott & Knott’s test (P ≤ 0.05). As a result, we observed that the oryzalin and trifluralin treatments were efficient in the induction of tetraploid plants, while colchicine proved to be ineffective. Also, trifluralin treatment at 5 µM provided a higher polyploidy induction (18.2% tetraploids) in comparison to the others. Diploid plants displayed 1.41 pg of nuclear DNA content with 22 chromosomes, while tetraploid plants showed 2.86 pg with 44 chromosomes. In conclusion, the tetraploid plants, as compared to the diploids (control), were found to show higher chlorophyll content, larger but fewer stomata, and lower rooting and survival, which can be mitigated nonetheless through silvicultural techniques. This study shall bring new perspectives for the breeding programs of E. urophylla

The Effect of Caffeine and Trifluralin on Chromosome Doubling in Wheat Anther Culture.

Challenges for wheat doubled haploid (DH) production using anther culture include genotype variability in green plant regeneration and spontaneous chromosome doubling. The frequency of chromosome doubling in our program can vary from 14% to 80%. Caffeine or trifluralin was applied at the start of the induction phase to improve early genome doubling. Caffeine treatment at 0.5 mM for 24 h significantly improved green plant production in two of the six spring wheat crosses but had no effect on the other crosses. The improvements were observed in Trojan/Havoc and Lancer/LPB14-0392, where green plant numbers increased by 14% and 27% to 161 and 42 green plants per 30 anthers, respectively. Caffeine had no significant effect on chromosome doubling, despite a higher frequency of doubling in several caffeine treatments in the first experiment (67–68%) compared to the control (56%). In contrast, trifluralin significantly improved doubling following a 48 h treatment, from 38% in the control to 51% and 53% in the 1 µM and 3 µM trifluralin treatments, respectively. However, trifluralin had a significant negative effect on green plant regeneration, declining from 31.8 green plants per 20 anthers (control) to 9–25 green plants per 20 anthers in the trifluralin treatments. Further work is required to identify a treatment regime with caffeine and/or anti-mitotic herbicides that consistently increases chromosome doubling in wheat without reducing green plant regeneration.

Siberian gene pool of steppe cherry polyploids (Prunus fruticosa Pall.): cytomorphological estimation and prospects for breeding

The first spontaneous cherry polyploids were detected in the Altai gene pool of Russia and inside of the interspecific hybrids of Prunus fruticosa Pall. only. To date, polyploid genotypes with a complex of economically valuable traits and of various origins has preserved in the collection of FASCA. Collection includes: 1) F1 of spontaneous origin; 2) F2 obtained from hybridization of the first spontaneous hexaploid genotypes; 3) hybrids induced in vitro. These hybrids have a genetic origin from steppe cherry crossings with P. cerasus L., P. maackii Rupr., P. serrulata Lindl., P. canescens Bois., P. incisa Thumb., etc. Hexaploid amitotic clone lines were obtained by of 0.1% trifluralin treatment. The cellular mechanism of polyploids occurrence is the male and female unreduced gametes functioning. The study of microsporogenesis in 38 hybrids has revealed the 17 genetic producers of unreduced male gametes. According to the ploidy level of seedlings, the 8 sources of unreduced female gametes were selected. The morphophysiological characteristics of mature pollen were studied and the patterns for the preliminary selection of polyploids were revealed. The main strategy for the cherry breeding in the 21th century is the creation of polygenome hybrids with increased adaptation and high fruit quality.

Response of Sesame to Selected Herbicides Applied Early in the Growing Season

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of sesame to PRE and POST applications of soil residual herbicides. PRE applications of acetochlor andS-metolachlor at 1.26 and 1.43 kg ai·ha−1showed little or no sesame injury (0 to 1%) 4 wks after herbicide treatments (WAT). POST treatments of acetochlor and trifluralin made 3 wks after planting (WAP) resulted in greater sesame injury (40%) compared to applications at bloom (18%). Field studies were conducted in Texas and Oklahoma during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to determine sesame response to clethodim, diuron, fluometuron, ethalfluralin, quizalofop-P, pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, trifluralin, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium applied 2, 3, or 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Late-season sesame injury with the dinitroaniline herbicides consisted of a proliferation of primary branching at the upper nodes of the sesame plant (in the shape/form of a broom). Ethalfluralin and trifluralin caused more “brooming” effect than pendimethalin. Some yield reductions were noted with the dinitroaniline herbicides. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium caused the greatest injury (up to 97%) and resulted in yield reductions from the untreated check. Early-season diuron injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis) decreased as application timing was delayed, and late-season injury was virtually nonexistent with only slight chlorosis (<4%) still apparent on the lower leaves. Sesame yield was not consistently affected by the diuron treatments. Fluometuron caused early-season injury (stunting/chlorosis), and a reduction of yield was observed at one location. Pyroxasulfone applied 2 WAP caused up to 25% sesame injury (stunting) but did not result in a yield reduction. Quizalofop-P caused slight injury (<5%) and no reduction in yield.

In vitro genotoxicity assessment of dinitroaniline herbicides pendimethalin and trifluralin

Pendimethalin and trifluralin are widely used dinitroaniline herbicides. Both compounds can be found as residue levels in agricultural products. This study was conducted in order to provide necessary information for the risk assessment of pendimethalin and trifluralin. In this study, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured to examine the potential of both compounds to induce oxidative damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells. Also, the genotoxic effects of pendimethalin and trifluralin at the concentration range of 1-500 μM was determined. Single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) and micronucleus assays were used on human peripheral lymphocytes and V79 cells for the genotoxicity assessment. The cell viability of two dinitroaniline herbicides were determined by the use of neutral red uptake assay on V79 cells. IC50 values were determined as 66 μM and 128 μM for pendimethalin and trifluralin, respectively. They significantly increased ROS levels on V79 cells for 1-24 h. Both herbicides significantly induced the DNA damage and showed genotoxicity on lymphocytes and V79 cells. Micronucleus frequency increased significantly after pendimethalin and trifluralin treatment of the lymphocytes and V79 cells. Therefore, we concluded that both of the herbicides induced the genotoxicity through the activation of oxidative stress pathway and chromosomal damage.

Anthelmintic effect of herbicidal dinitroanilines on the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans

Dinitroanilines are known herbicides that impair the polymerization of microtubules. This study investigated the effects of oryzalin and trifluralin on the viability, morphology, and ultrastructure of different life stages of Caenorhabditis elegans. Both drugs reduced the survival of the adult population in 50% after three days of treatment with concentrations of approximately 30 μM and 57 μM, respectively. The development of new adults was monitored for seven days and treatment with both drugs also showed a decrease in the adult population. 25 μM Oryzalin or trifluralin inhibited the hatching of eggs by nearly 100%. Both drugs showed remarkable larvicidal activity at 25 μM against the larvae at first and second stages (L1–L2) and at third and fourth stages (L3–L4) after 24 h. Treatment with dinitroanilines led to incomplete egg embryo development. The oryzalin and trifluralin treatments caused the detachment of cuticular layers of adults and larvae and the formation of a large number of intracellular membrane whirls and lipid bodies in the hypodermal cells and non-contractile muscles of adults. Both drugs also provoked the bagging process, which generated lesions in the uterus of the adults. In addition, trifluralin caused the detachment of certain areas of the cuticle adjacent to the hypodermis in a large number of nematodes. Our results suggest that dinitroanilines are a potentially new alternative for anthelmintic chemotherapy.

Control of Rigid Ryegrass in Australian Wheat Production with Pyroxasulfone

In Australia, most wheat is sown in a no-till system without prior cultivation where herbicides are applied prior to sowing and incorporated by the planter. Trifluralin has been the most widely used PRE herbicide to control rigid ryegrass. The objective of this research was to determine crop safety and efficacy of alternative mechanism of action PRE herbicides for rigid ryegrass control in no-till wheat production. Pyroxasulfone achieved 98% control with PRE applications. The alternative PRE herbicides tested alone and in mixtures occasionally resulted in a significant reduction in wheat emergence but not crop yield. Trifluralin treatments failed at sites having trifluralin-resistant rigid ryegrass. Pyroxasulfone and prosulfocarb plusS-metolachlor were effective for control of rigid ryegrass across all trials with control ranging from 64 to 94%. This research demonstrated that PRE applications of herbicides other than trifluralin such as pyroxasulfone and prosulfocarb plusS-metolachlor can be safely and effectively used to control rigid ryegrass in no-till wheat.

Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genotoxic effect of trifluralin on maize (Zea mays)

Trifluralin is a widely used dinitroaniline herbicide throughout the world. However, limited efforts have been made to study its genotoxic effects on different plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the herbicide’s genotoxic potential on maize (Zea mays) by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. For this purpose, maize seedlings were treated with aqueous solutions of trifluralin at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 3 ppm for 7 days. In the RAPD analyses, 15 primers were used and 91 bands were obtained, with an average of 6.06 bands per primer in the control seedlings. After trifluralin treatment, significant changes were observed in RAPD profiles. These changes included loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands, in comparison to the control group, and they were dose dependent. In addition, root growth and total soluble protein level in trifluralin-treated seedlings were analyzed and compared for genomic template stability (GTS), which was performed for the qualitative measurement of changes in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles. The results showed that GTS, root growth, and total soluble protein content of the seedlings gradually decreased with an increase in trifluralin concentration. These findings suggest that the RAPD technique is a useful biomarker assay to evaluate the genotoxic effects of herbicides on plants.

In vitro induction of tetraploid garlic with trifluralin

Garlic (Allium sativum) is propagated asexually. Since sexual cross breeding is almost impossible, means for effective breeding are not currently available and the available production cultivars are seriously aged and degenerated. A possible alternative for breeding is chemical induction. Trifluralin, a type of herbicide, has been reported to provoke chromosome doubling. However, this chemical had not been tested on garlic. We tested various trifluralin concentrations and treatment durations for efficiency in the induction of tetraploid garlic. A clove base of garlic with a stem cv. Gailiang was used as the ex-plant to induce calluses on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium; the calluses were then inoculated onto MS medium containing different levels of trifluralin and cultured to induce chromosome number variation in vitro. Garlic calluses were effectively induced via the ex-plant and both shoots and roots differentiated well on MS medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine at 3.0 mg/L and indole-3-acetic acid at 0.1 mg/L. However, increases in trifluralin concentration and treatment duration reduced the survival rate and differentiation rate of calluses. Garlic callus cultured for 15 days on medium containing 100 μM trifluralin gave the highest rate of chromosome doubling. Through observation of chromosome number in the root apical cells and the morphology of guard cells on the leaf epidermis of the regenerated plantlets, it was clear that chromosome number variation was induced and tetraploids were produced in vitro by trifluralin treatment.

Induction of 2n pollen formation in Begonia by trifluralin and N2O treatments

In this study, treatments of both trifluralin (at 10, 100 and 1000 μM) and N2O (in the form of gas under pressure) were applied to Begonia flower buds to induce the formation of 2n pollen. Three male fertile species (B. cucullata, B. subvillosa var. leptotricha and B. fischeri) and two male sterile hybrids (B. schmidtiana × B. cucullata and B. subvillosa var. leptotricha × B. cucullata) were treated. Pollen size, which is related to pollen DNA content, increased after both N2O and trifluralin treatments, but the induction of large pollen was genotype dependent. Trifluralin induced large pollen only in the male fertile species, while N2O treatments induced fertile 2n pollen in the male sterile B. schmidtiana × B. cucullata. Cytological studies showed that trifluralin induced multinuclear monads that resulted in 4n gametes in stead of 2n gametes. In general, large pollen obtained after trifluralin treatments showed low germination capability, while large pollen obtained after N2O treatments retained high germination capability. Seedlings with raised ploidy level could only be obtained after crosses were performed with large pollen obtained from N2O treatments. Hence, N2O treatments are preferable to the use of trifluralin to induce 2n gametes in Begonia.

Mechanism of trifluralin-induced thyroid tumors in rats

Trifluralin, an herbicide, has been reported to cause a significant increase in thyroid follicular cell tumors in male Fischer 344 rats. This study was designed to determine the mechanism of thyroid hyperactivity after trifluralin exposure. A group of 15 male Fischer 344 rats were exposed to trifluralin-fortified (6500 ppm) diet for 2 weeks. The time weighted average daily intake of trifluralin was 441 ± 77 mg/kg/day. Ten rats of the group were sacrificed and the sera analyzed for T3, T4, and TSH levels. The livers were also analyzed for selected T4-specific UGT gene expression and total UGT enzyme activity. In the trifluralin treated rats, the serum T3 and T4 levels decreased by 17% and 90%, respectively and TSH increased by 37% more than the control rats. Trifluralin-induced total hepatic UGT enzymes (2.4-fold) and mRNA expression of selected hepatic UGT isozymes (UGT1A1, 1.4-fold; UGT1A6, 6.4-fold; UGT2B1, 3.7-fold). For the remaining 5 rats in the group, bile was collected for 2 h and analyzed for free and conjugated T3 and T4. The total amount of T4 in bile more than doubled in trifluralin treated rats. Trifluralin treatment increased bile flow, caused a 3.2-fold increase in biliary elimination of conjugated T4 and 63% increase in conjugated T3. Based on these data, the decrease in total serum T3 and T4 levels in the trifluralin treated rats was due to enhanced peripheral metabolism and an increase in bile flow that results in a compensatory increase in TSH synthesis and secretion. The increased levels of TSH with chronic exposure to trifluralin would exert a continuous stimulation of the thyroid gland leading to cellular hypertrophy and proliferation predisposing to the development of follicular cell tumors in rats.

Genotoxicity testing of the herbicide trifluralin and its commercial formulation Treflan using the piscine micronucleus test

In this study, the genotoxic effects of a widely used herbicide, trifluralin, and its commercial formulation, Treflan, were evaluated using the micronucleus test in a commercially important fish species, Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia). Fish were exposed to 1, 5, and 10 microg/L doses of trifluralin and Treflan for 3, 6, and 9 days under laboratory conditions. Ethylmethanesulfonate, at a single dose of 10 mg/L, was used as positive control. Micronuclei were evaluated on the peripheral erythrocytes. Both Treflan and trifluralin treatments significantly increased the micronucleus frequencies in peripheral erythrocytes of O. niloticus. Furthermore, the genotoxicity of the active ingredient, trifluralin, was observed to be higher than that of the commercial formulation Treflan. Our results indicate that herbicide trifluralin has genotoxic potential in fish.

Chromosome doubling effects of selected antimitotic agents in Brassica napus microspore culture

Effects of microspore culture treatment with antimitotic agents colchicine, trifluralin and oryzalin on the frequency of embryo formation, embryo development, plant regeneration and diploidization rate in three F<sub>1</sub> hybrids of winter rapeseed cultivars were compared. The ploidy level analysis of 1709 flowering microspore-derived plants showed that in vitro applications of all antimitotic drugs increased the rate of doubled haploid (DH) plants significantly. The mean rate of DH plants from the trifluralin treatment was 85.7%, from colchicine 74.1% and 66.5% in the case of oryzalin, while only 42.3% in the untreated control variant whereas in vivo additional application of colchicine at the plantlet stage did not significantly increase the mean rate of DH plants (55.6%). Although there were no significant differences in diploidization efficiency between the in vitro applications of particular antimitotic agents, trifluralin showed to be the most suitable because of its positive effect on embryo development and conversion into whole plants. In addition, the diploidization rate was sufficient and stable in all genotypes tested. The results indicate that the trifluralin treatment of microspore cultures could provide efficient chromosome doubling for the production of doubled haploid lines from winter oilseed rape breeding materials.

Formalin as an alternative to trifluralin as prophylaxis against fungal infection in mud crab Scylla serrata (Forsskål) larvae

The toxicity of formalin and trifluralin to the larval stages of the mud crab Scylla serrata was compared in a static bioassay. Prophylactic doses of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 μg L−1 trifluralin were used. Toxicity was assessed on the basis of survival of larvae after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure to the test chemicals and metamorphosis to the next larval stage. Result shows that larval survival in all stages was significantly reduced at concentrations of 20 and 25 μg L−1 formalin whereas larvae were able to tolerate all trifluralin treatments. However, larvae became more tolerant to high formalin concentrations as the larval stage progressed. Survival was better at 5, 10 and 15 μg L−1 formalin and in all trifluralin treatments than the control in almost all the larval stages. Faster metamorphosis was observed at 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 μg L−1 trifluralin concentrations. Doses of formalin and trifluralin obtained from the toxicity experiments were applied as prophylaxis to newly hatched larvae in white plastic basins. Prophylactic doses of 5 and 10 μg L−1 formalin and 0.05 and 0.1 μg L−1 trifluralin applied every other day were found to be effective in enhancing survival and larval development to megalopa compared with control. However, no megalopae survived to crab instar in all formalin treatments. Although the use of fungicides in rearing systems resulted in higher survival compared with controls, other strategies (i.e. maintenance of good water quality and hygienic practices in the hatchery) should be further investigated as an alternative to the use of chemicals in hatcheries.

Variability in the fermentation rate and colour of young lager beer as influenced by insecticide and herbicide residues

The influence of five pesticides, pendimethalin, trifluralin (dinitroaniline herbicides) fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion (organophosphorus insecticides), on the fermentation of young lager beer was assessed. For this purpose, brewer wort was spiked with the pesticides to obtain a concentration of 1 μg/ml before the pitching with lager yeast ( Saccharomyces carlsbergensis). The fermentation kinetic was sluggish for the samples treated with fenitrothion, malathion, and trifluralin but increased from the second to the sixth day in the methidathion and pendimethalin treatments in comparison with the blank sample. At the end of fermentation (12 days) statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05) were found for the extract and attenuation values for the samples treated with fenitrothion and trifluralin. In these cases too, a higher amount of residual sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose and maltotriose) was found in the beer. Significant differences ( p < 0.05) were also observed for pH and colour of the beer after fermentation among all treated samples. A good quadratic correlation ( R > 0.94) was found for these parameters in all cases. The total polyphenol content was significantly lower in the fenitrothion and trifluralin treatments.

Trifluralin herbicide‐induced resistance of melon to fusarium wilt involves expression of stress‐ and defence‐related genes

SUMMARY To identify genes involved in trifluralin herbicide-induced resistance of melon to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and cDNA-amplified fragment-length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) were used. A total of 123 clones-60 of which have never been isolated from melon-were isolated, sequenced and annotated. A significant proportion (35%) of the total 123 clones exhibited similarity to genes that have been formerly described as stress- or defence-related. Thirty-two selected clones were subjected to a detailed expression analysis, one-third of which were found to be up-regulated in response to trifluralin treatment and/or fusarium inoculation. The putative roles of seven of these clones in stress are discussed. Furthermore, the expression of four stress-related and up-regulated genes was enhanced when the plants were subjected to salinity stress, suggesting that trifluralin induces a general stress response which protects the plant against fusarium wilt.

Efficacy and economics of weed control for dry chile pepper

Regional production of dry chile pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) is usually limited by an inappropriate weed management. Traditionally, weeds are mainly controlled by mechanical means such as cultivation and hand hoeing increasing production costs. The purpose of this research was to: (1) evaluate the efficacy of preplant-incorporated, premergence, and postemergence herbicides and (2) estimate the net profit of weed control treatments. In 2004, all herbicide treatments reduced weed density in comparison to the mechanical weeding 135 DAP, although trifluralin treatments were the less effective among herbicide treatments. In 2005, weed control with herbicides was similar to the mechanical weeding treatment, even though plots conventionally sprayed with oxyfluorfen showed the lowest weed dry matter. Whereas plots treated with oxyfluorfen through furrow irrigation showed the highest marketable yield in 2004, marketable yields from plots treated with oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, or prometryne conventionally applied or glyphosate were higher than those from plots treated with preemergence herbicides sprayed through furrow irrigation in 2005. In both years, the use of trifluralin on wet soil resulted in the lowest benefit/cost relationship, whereas the use of prometryn sprayed through furrow irrigation requires of more study because of the low benefit/cost relationship.