Triethyl Ammonium Research Articles

Novel ionic liquid systems based on three-nitro phenoxide: Spectroscopic and electronic characterization using theoretical and experimental study

After extensive computations, novel trinitro compounds, triethyl ammonium 2,4,6-trinitro phenoxide (TEA-TNP) and tetramethyl guanidinium 2,4,6-trinitro phenoxide (TMG-TNP), are designed, synthesized, and identified. The Geometrical parameters, electronic properties, and spectroscopic analysis have been investigated by comparison of theoretical and experimental methods. Spectrum features that include IR and Raman have been calculated, and 1H and 13C NMR spectra are compared to experimental data. Electronic analysis has been investigated through NLO, FMO, UV-Vis, NBO, and MEP calculations. B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) is highly successful and dependable for predicting ionic liquid stability, electrical characteristics, and spectroscopy. Both TEA-TNP and TMG-TNP are introduced as suitable candidates for NLO material. TMG-TNP with greater nucleophilicity (N) is a noncorrosive lubricant additive that reduces friction and wear for tribological performance.

Influence of some parameters on synthesis processes of triethyl ammonium oleate and triethyl ammonium stearate

Two ionic liquids named triethyl ammonium oleate ([TEA][Oleate] and triethyl ammonium stearate ([TEA][Stearate]) were synthesized from triethyl amine and oleic/stearic acids in water and in ethanol solvents. The synthesized ionic liquids were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectra to confirm their structure. The influence of some parameters such as structure of ionic liquid anion, solvent, reaction time, reaction temperature, and acid/amine molar ratio on the synthesis processes of triethyl ammonium oleate and triethyl ammonium stearate was investigated. Ethanol was found suitable as a solvent for these processes because it dissolves formed ionic liquids but does not dissolve co-product KCl. In order to shift the equilibrium to increase the ionic liquid yields, an access amount of acids was used. Stearate-based ionic liquid should be synthesized at higher a temperature and longer time than oleic-based ionic liquids.

Investigation of synthesis of some ionic liquids from nitrogen compounds and fatty acids of waste oils

In order to reduce the environmental pollution and the dependence on fossil fuel resource which is depleting, the utilization of waste vegetable oils for preparation of valuable products are of concern. Four ionic liquids triethyl ammonium carboxylate ([TEA][WO]), octyl ammonium carboxylate ([OcA][WO]), trialkyl methyl ammonium carboxylate ([Aliquat][WO]) and n-octyl methyl imidazolium carboxylate ([OMIM][WO]) were synthesized from four different nitrogen compounds and fatty acids of waste vegetable oils. The influence of some parameters such as solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time and molar ratio of acid and nitrogen compound (NC) on ionic liquid synthesis yields was investigated. The results show that the structure of nitrogen compounds effects on the synthesis performance and governs the parameters of processes. This is due to the nitrogen compounds as starting materials control not only their activity in reaction with fatty acids but also the solubility and the melting points of corresponding ionic liquids. Certain suitable conditions were chosen for each ionic liquid.

Hydrazine-derived salts: Unveiling their diverse potential through synthesis, characterization, pharmacology, and theoretical analysis

This study focuses on newly synthesized compounds derived from hydrazine derivatives, specifically methyl carbazate (MCZ, C2H6N2O2) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (2-TBA, C4H4N2O2S). The reaction between MCZ and 2-TBA resulted in the formation of three types of salts with the following compositions: [(C2H7N2O2)+(C4H3N2O2S)−(1), (C2H7N2O2)+(C4H3N2O2S)−(C2H6N2O2) (2), and (C2H7N2O2)+(C6H16N)+(C4H3N2O2S)2−(3) [(C6H16N)+ represents the triethyl ammonium cation]. The prepared salts were comprehensively characterized, showing that compound (3) exhibited a monoclinic crystal structure and met Lipinski’s rules, indicating significant drug-like properties. Molecular docking analysis revealed that these compounds exhibited strong binding affinities toward bacterial proteins, particularly Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating their potential as antibacterial agents. The synthesized compounds demonstrated remarkable free radical-scavenging abilities, as evidenced by DPPH assays. The results of pharmacological evaluations, including brine shrimp lethality assays, antibacterial tests, and anticancer studies on MCF-7 cell lines, revealed that the compounds exhibit highly significant activities, particularly cytotoxic effects, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents. The compound (3) emerged as the most effective anticancer agent against MCF-7 cells. These findings underscore the broad potential of these compounds, especially (3), as promising agents with significant antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, suggesting that they may contribute to the field of medicinal chemistry with implications for therapeutic applications.

Unveiling the potential of novel recyclable deep eutectic solvent pretreatment: Effective separation of lignin from poplar hydrolyzed residue

To effectively convert the fermentable sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and additional value-added products, it is crucial to remove lignin from the biomass. With the intention of expeditiously remove lignin from poplar wood and improve cellulose saccharification, an innovative ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride-ethylene glycol-FeCl3 (T-EG-F) was studied for the pretreatment of poplar hydrolyzed residue (PHR). The results revealed that following T-EG-F DES pretreatment at 130 °C for 4 h, the lignin removal rate reached 91.88 %. The effect of DES on PHR and regenerated lignin was comprehensively investigated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric (TG) and other characterization methods, providing valuable insights into the mechanism of this innovative biomass pretreatment. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in the enzyme digestibility of the DES pretreatment residue. At 48 h, the enzyme load of 30 FPU/g cellulose achieved a remarkable enzyme digestibility of 97.31 %, and this value exhibited a notable increase of 6.56 times compared to the untreated poplar sample. In addition, the T-EG-F could be recycled and reused. This study demonstrates that the potential of T-EG-F DES pretreatment as a green and efficient method for lignin dissociation from lignocellulosic biomass, offering a promising approach for biomass component separation.

Crystal structures of two formamidinium hexa-fluorido-phosphate salts, one with batch-dependent disorder.

Syntheses of the acyclic amidinium salts, morpholino-formamidinium hexa-fluorido-phosphate [OC4H8N-CH=NH2]PF6 or C5H11N2O+·PF6 -, 1, and pyrrolidinoformamidinium hexa-fluorido-phosphate [C4H8N-CH= NH2]PF6 or C5H11N2 +·PF6 -, 2, were carried out by heating either morpholine or pyrrolidine with triethyl orthoformate and ammonium hexa-fluorido-phosphate. Crystals of 1 obtained directly from the reaction mixture contain one cation and one anion in the asymmetric unit. The structure involves cations linked in chains parallel to the b axis by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds in space group Pbca, with glide-related chains pointing in opposite directions. Crystals of 1 obtained by recrystallization from ethanol, however, showed a similar unit cell and the same basic structure, but unexpectedly, there was positional disorder [occupancy ratio 0.639 (4):0.361 (4)] in one of the cation chains, which lowered the crystal symmetry to the non-centrosymmetric space group Pca21, with two cations and anions in the asymmetric unit. In the pyrrolidino compound, 2, cations and anions are ordered and are stacked separately, with zigzag N-H⋯F hydrogen-bonding between stacks, forming ribbons parallel to (101), extended along the b-axis direction. Slight differences in the delocalized C=N distances between the two cations may reflect the inductive effect of the oxygen atom in the morpholino compound.

Application of Aromatic Ring Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts–Carboxylic Acids-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent for Enhanced Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreatment, Enzymatic Hydrolysis, and Cellulosic Ethanol Production

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with a hydrophobic aromatic ring structure offer a promising pretreatment method for the selective delignification of lignocellulosic biomass, thereby enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the increased presence of aromatic rings in hydrogen bond receptors leads to a more pronounced enhancement of lignin removal. In this study, six DES systems were prepared using lactic acid (LA)/acetic acid (AA)/levulinic acid (LEA) as hydrogen bond donors (HBD), along with two independent hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) (benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC)/benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride (BPP)) to evaluate their ability to break down sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The pretreatment of the SCB (raw material) was carried out with the above DESs at 120 °C for 90 min with a solid–liquid ratio of 1:15. The results indicated that an increase in the number of aromatic rings may result in steric hindrance during DES pretreatment, potentially diminishing the efficacy of delignification. Notably, the use of the TEBAC:LA-based DES under mild operating conditions proved highly efficient in lignin removal, achieving 85.33 ± 0.52% for lignin removal and 98.67 ± 2.84% for cellulose recovery, respectively. The maximum digestibilities of glucan (56.85 ± 0.73%) and xylan (66.41 ± 3.06%) were attained after TEBAC:LA pretreatment. Furthermore, the maximum ethanol concentration and productivity attained from TEBAC:LA-based DES-pretreated SCB were 24.50 g/L and 0.68 g/(L·h), respectively. Finally, the comprehensive structural analyses of SCB, employing X-rays, FT-IR, and SEM techniques, provided valuable insights into the deconstruction process facilitated by different combinations of HBDs and HBAs within the DES pretreatment.

Evaluation of the nanoplastics removal by using starch-based coagulants: Roles of the chain architecture and hydrophobicity of the coagulant

Four starch-based coagulants with similar charge densities but different chain architectures and hydrophilicities were designed and fabricated. These are a linear and hydrophilic coagulant, St-CTA (Starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride); a graft and hydrophilic coagulant, CS-AM-DMC (cationic starch-graft-poly[2-methacryloyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide]); and two graft and partially hydrophobic coagulants, CS-AM-DML (cationic starch-graft-poly[methacrylic acid 2-(benzyldimethylaminio) ethyl chloride and acrylamide]) and CS-AM-DMR (cationic starch-graft-poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)-N,N-dimethyl-N-alkyl ammonium chloride and acrylamide]) with aromatic and n-octane groups respectively. These starch-based coagulants in conjunction with polysilicic acid were employed in a current major environmental challenge which is to efficiently remove nano-sized plastics (NPs) from water. NPs of polystyrenes, polymethyl methacrylates and polyvinylchlorides were removed from different water sources under various conditions of pH and salinity. The effects of the chain architectures and hydrophilicities of the starch-based coagulants on the NPs removal have been investigated in detail. According to experimental evidence, three graft starch-based coagulants exhibited higher NPs removal efficiencies and better flocs properties than the linear St-CTA. This was attributed to the superiority of the graft chain architecture in the graft starch-based coagulants causing higher charge neutralization efficiencies in coagulative removal of NPs. In the three graft starch-based coagulants, CS-AM-DMR and CS-AM-DML with partially hydrophobic structures were more effectively to remove three NPs than CS-AM-DMC, and produced large, compact, durable and rapidly regrown flocs, due to the synergistic effects of charge neutralization and hydrophobic association. The interaction energies between NPs and the coagulants obtained from the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory further confirmed that CS-AM-DMR and CS-AM-DML could achieve faster coagulation and thus higher efficiency in NPs removal. In addition, the NPs removal efficiency increased in acidic and highly saline solutions. These results obtained are of importance in guiding the design and selection of suitable polymeric coagulants for efficiently treating target contaminants in water.

FIXATION OF DYE-TYPE RED AND BLUE INK HANDWRITING ON AGED PAPER

In this article, red and blue ink handwriting on aged paper was fixed by fixative to prevent handwriting from fading or diffusion during aqueous deacidification. Firstly, four fixatives were selected: polydimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA), the quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan (HACC), cationic guar gum (CGG), and benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (TEBAC) alcohol solution, according to their fixation effects on filter paper dyes, and derive the optimal composition ratio of the above four fixatives. Experimentally derived that PDDA has an excellent fixation effect on red ink handwriting, and HACC has an excellent fixation effect on blue ink handwriting. In addition, HACC also has a positive impact on the conservation of handwriting in real archives. The mechanical properties of aged paper were improved, and the paper fibers had no obvious change after the fixation and deacidification processes.

Exploration of Diverse Interactions of l-Methionine in Aqueous Ionic Liquid Solutions: Insights from Experimental and Theoretical Studies.

Here, we have investigated some physicochemical parameters to understand the molecular interactions by means of density (ρ) measurement, measurement of viscosity (η), refractive index(n D) measurement, and conductance and surface tension measurements between two significant aqueous ionic liquid solutions: benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (BTMAC) and benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (BTEAC) in an aqueous l-methionine (amino acid) solution. The apparent molar volume (Φv), coefficient of viscosity (B), and molar refraction (R M) have been used to analyze the molecular interaction behavior associated in the solution at various concentrations and various temperatures. With the help of some important equations such as the Masson equation, the Jones-Doles equation, and the Lorentz-Lorenz equation, very significant parameters, namely, limiting apparent molar volumes (Φv 0 ), coefficient of viscosity (B), and limiting molar refraction (R M 0), respectively, are obtained. These parameters along with specific conductance (κ) and surface tension (σ) are very much helpful to reveal the solute-solvent interactions by varying the concentration of solute molecules and temperature in the solution. Analyses of Δμ1 0#, Δμ2 0#, TΔS 2 0#, ΔH 2 0#, and thermodynamic data provide us valuable information about the interactions. We note that l-Met in 0.005 molality BTEAC ionic liquid at 308.15 K shows maximum solute-solvent interaction, while l-Met in 0.001 molality BTMAC aqueous solution of ionic liquid at 298.15 K shows the minimum one. Spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H-NMR, and UV-vis also provide supportive information about the interactions between the ionic liquid and l-methionine in aqueous medium. Furthermore, adsorption energy, reduced density gradient (RDG), and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) maps obtained by the application of density functional theory (DFT) have been used to determine the type of interactions, which are concordant with the experimental observations.

Reduction of filler-filler interaction and hysteresis loss of carbon black filled rubber compound by using modified carbon Black

The carbon black, used in rubber compound as reinforcing filler, improves the strength, durability, and wear resistance of the rubber compound. However, it causes filler-filler interaction and results in extensive hysteresis energy losses on deformation. This research aims to reduce hysteresis energy loss of rubber compound by reducing filler-filler interaction and by improving the filler dispersion in rubber matrix. In this study, the effect of carbon black treated with benzyl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride (BTEAC) on solution styrene butadiene rubber and butadiene rubber (SSBR-BR) system was studied. Microscopic study of dispersion and distribution of carbon black in rubber matrix was performed and a significant improvement in dispersion of BTEAC treated carbon black in SSBR-BR rubber matrix was observed. As a result of increased interaction of BTEAC treated carbon black with rubber, the filler - filler interaction was significantly reduced, resulting lower hysteresis energy loss of the compound as expressed by loss tangent (tanδ) value and it has been observed that an extent of around 15% reduction in tanδ value was achieved in rubber compound consisting of BTEAC treated carbon black. In this research, the carbon black was treated with different concentration of BTEAC, such as 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% and the best balance of rubber properties was observed for 1% and 1.5% BTEAC treated carbon black.

Comparative Internal Pressure Evolution at Interfaces of Activated Carbon for Supercapacitors Containing Electrolytes Based on Linear and Cyclic Ammonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts in Acetonitrile

AbstractIn this study, the real‐time increase in pressure of the accumulated gases at the electrode/electrolyte interface serves as a safety criterion for four conductive electrolytes comprising acetonitrile (ACN) and organic salts. They include tetrafluoroborate as an anion and cyclic 1,1‐dimethylpyrrolidinium (Pyr11+), spiro‐(1,1′)‐bipyrrolidinium (SBP+), acyclic methyl triethyl ammonium (Et3MeN+) or standard tetraethylammonium (Et4N+) as cations. The main focus lies on the SPBF4/ACN system. While the concentrated Pyr11BF4/ACN exhibits a minimal pressure evolution (≈25 Pa) under ambient conditions at 3.0 V, its electrochemical stability is inferior to SPBF4 at high operating voltage. The electrolytes with acyclic tetrafluoroborate salts (1.0 mol L−1) reveal a 20‐fold increase in pressure due to the weak salt‐ACN interactions and the subsequent high solvent evaporation. The pressure evolution at the interface of activated carbon/electrolyte in electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLCs) is merely related to the operating voltage and cation nature, viz. Pyr11+ < SBP+ < Et4N+ < Et3MeN+. The fixed specific capacity of 109 F g−1, volumetric capacity of 76 F cm−3, and moderate gas generation (≈190 Pa at 3.0 V, that shifts to ≈400 Pa at 3.4 V) confirm the safe character of the SPBF4/ACN electrolyte for such energy storage devices.

Highly Stable Asymmetric Viologen as an Anolyte for Aqueous Organic and Halide‐Based Redox Flow Batteries

In redox flow batteries (RFBs), energy density mainly depends on the volume and concentration of active species in electrolyte. However, the poor solubility of organic molecules limits the further development of aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). Herein, the viologen core structure is modified with asymmetric functional groups such as propyl and triethyl ammonium propyl for enhancing the solubility up to 1.82 m in aqueous medium. Further, the modified viologen structure lowers the redox potential (−0.58 V vs Ag/AgCl) and significantly reduces radical dimerization. Interestingly, synthesized [1‐propyl‐1’‐(3‐triethylammonio)propyl‐4,4’‐bipyridinium tribromide] (PV3+) coupled with bromide/bromine (2Br−/Br2) redox species shows cell voltage (1.66 V). The tested PV3+/PV2+•||2Br−/Br2 RFB having Nafion‐117 membrane exhibits a round‐trip efficiency of 99% over 100 cycles. The self‐discharge behavior of PV3+/PV2+•||2Br−/Br2 RFB system retains 85% of the cell voltage over 20 h, indicating the lowest permeability of bromine in RFB. Thus, the present approach of viologen modification with asymmetric functionalities drastically improves the RFB performance in terms of energy density and cycle life of the system.

Molecular co-localization of multiple drugs in a nanoscopic delivery vehicle for potential synergistic remediation of multi-drug resistant bacteria

Anti-microbial resistant infection is predicted to be alarming in upcoming years. In the present study, we proposed co-localization of two model drugs viz., rifampicin and benzothiazole used in anti-tuberculosis and anti-fungal agents respectively in a nanoscopic cationic micelle (cetyl triethyl ammonium bromide) with hydrodynamic diameter of 2.69 nm. Sterilization effect of the co-localized micellar formulation against a model multi-drug resistant bacterial strain viz., Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was also investigated. 99.88% decrease of bacterial growth in terms of colony forming unit was observed using the developed formulation. While Dynamic Light Scattering and Forsters Resonance Energy Transfer between benzothiazole and rifampicin show co-localization of the drugs in the nanoscopic micellar environment, analysis of time-resolved fluorescence decays by Infelta-Tachiya model and the probability distribution of the donor–acceptor distance fluctuations for 5 μM,10 μM and 15 μM acceptor concentrations confirm efficacy of the co-localization. Energy transfer efficiency and the donor acceptor distance are found to be 46% and 20.9 Å respectively. We have also used a detailed computational biology framework to rationalize the sterilization effect of our indigenous formulation. It has to be noted that the drugs used in our studies are not being used for their conventional indication. Rather the co-localization of the drugs in the micellar environment shows a completely different indication of their use in the remediation of multi-drug resistant bacteria revealing the re-purposing of the drugs for potential use in hospital-born multi-drug resistant bacterial infection.

The Influence of Deuterium Isotope Effects on Structural Rearrangements, Ensemble Equilibria, and Hydrogen Bonding in Protic Ionic Liquids.

We report strong isotope effects for the protic ionic liquid triethylammonium methanesulfonate [TEA][OMs] by means of deuterium solid-state NMR spectroscopy covering broad temperature ranges from 65 K to 313 K. Both isotopically labelled PILs differ in non-deuterated and fully deuterated ethyl groups of the triethyl ammonium cations. The N-D bond of both cations is used as sensitive probe for hydrogen bonding and structural ordering. The 2 H NMR line shape analysis provides the deuteron quadrupole coupling constants and the characteristics of a broad heterogeneous phase with simultaneously present static and mobile states indicating plastic crystal behavior. The temperatures where both states are equally populated differ by about 80 K for the two PILs, showing that deuteration of the ethyl groups in the trialkylammonium cations tremendously shifts the equilibrium towards the static state. In addition, it leads to a significant less cooperative transition, associated with a significantly reduced standard molar transition entropy.

Synthesis of 1T WSe2 on an Oxygen-Containing Substrate Using a Single Precursor.

The metallic property of metastable 1T' WSe2 and its promising catalytic performance have attracted considerable interest. A hot injection method has been used to synthesize 1T' WSe2 with a three-dimensional morphology; however, this method requires two or more precursors and long-chain ligands, which inhibit the catalytic performance. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of 1T' WSe2 on a substrate by a simple heating-up method using a single precursor, tetraethylammonium tetraselenotungstate [(Et4N)2WSe4]. The triethylamine produced after the reaction is an electron donor that yields negatively charged WSe2, which is stabilized by triethylammonium cations as intercalants between layers and induces 1T' WSe2. The purity of 1T' WSe2 is higher on oxygen-containing crystalline substrates than amorphous substrates because the strong adhesion between WSe2 and the substrate can produce sufficient triethylammonium (TEA) intercalation. Among the oxygen-containing crystal substrates, the substrate with a lower lattice mismatch with 1T' WSe2 showed higher 1T' purity due to the uniform TEA intercalation. Furthermore, 1T' WSe2 on carbon cloth exhibited a more enhanced catalytic performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction (197 mV at 10 mA/cm2) than has been reported previously.

Fluorinated Ether‐Based Electrolyte for Supercapacitors with Increased Working Voltage and Suppressed Self‐discharge

AbstractThe application of supercapacitors for long‐term energy storage is largely limited by their low energy density and self‐discharge behavior. Finding a way to effectively increase the voltage window (and thus the energy density) and suppress the self‐discharge of supercapacitors is a huge research challenge. Herein, by introducing a fluorinated ether, 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), in triethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate/acetonitrile solution as the electrolyte of supercapacitors, improved electrolyte stability could be achieved. As a result, a working voltage of 3.6 V was obtained, much higher than the typical working voltage of 2.7 V for acetonitrile‐based electrolytes without TTE. In addition, reduced self‐discharge was attained after adding TTE in the electrolyte. When charged to 3.6 V, the supercapacitors using TTE‐based electrolyte exhibited an open circuit voltage (OCV) decay of 2.03 V after 24 h, lower than that of the supercapacitors without TTE (2.60 V). Mechanistic analysis indicated that the slower self‐discharge could be attributed to the suppressed activation‐controlled faradaic reaction process caused by electrolyte decomposition.

A green and effective route leading to antiradical agents with 3-arylmethyl 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one moiety

A new, green, convenient, cost- and atom effective route leading to 3-arylmethyl 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones from arylaldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in triethyl ammonium formate in good to excellent yield is presented. The provided method foresees the Knoevenagel condensation between a 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one and an aromatic aldehyde followed by in situ trapping of the arylidene intermediate with the hydride ion. All synthesized compounds were tested for their antiradical activity against DPPH and GO free radicals. The antiradical activity of the 3-arylmethyl 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones was comparable to or even higher than that of some commercially widely used antioxidants like BHT, TBHQ, or α-tocopherol.

Synthesis of Phosphatidyl Glycerol Containing Unsymmetric Acyl Chains Using H-Phosphonate Methodology.

Naturally occurring phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), are gaining interest due to the roles they play in disease mechanisms. To elucidate the metabolism of PG, an optically pure material is required, but this is unfortunately not commercially available. Our previous PG synthesis route utilized phosphoramidite methodology that addressed issues surrounding fatty acid substrate scope and glycerol backbone modifications prior to headgroup phosphorylation, but faltered in the reproducibility of the overall pathway due to purification challenges. Herein, we present a robust pathway to optically pure PG in fewer steps, utilizing H-phosphonates that features a chromatographically friendly and stable triethyl ammonium H-phosphonate salt. Our route is also amendable to the simultaneous installation of different acyl chains, either saturated or unsaturated, on the glycerol backbone.

Physicochemical investigation of L-Asparagine in green solvent arrangements with the manifestation of solvation consequences

Solution behaviour prevailing in L-Asparagine in two aqueous ionic liquid solutions, namely (Benzyl tri–methyl ammonium chloride; Benzyl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride) have been studied by investigation of physico-chemical parameters; density, viscosity, refractive index, conductance and surface tension measurement respectively. The nature of interactions occurring in the solution have been calculated on the basis of apparent molar volume, viscosity A and B-coefficient, molar refraction at 298.15K,303.15K,308.15K and at 0.001m, 0.003m, 0.005m concentrations. The limiting apparent molar volumes (φV0) obtained from Masson equation, viscosity parameters, A and B coefficients obtained from Jones-Doles equation, Molar refraction (RM) from the Lorentz-Lorenz equation that describe the nature of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in the solution. Specific Conductance of the experimental solution, which applied to ascertain the ionic nature of the system. The different thermodynamic data, Δμ10≠, Δμ20≠, ΔH0≠, and TΔS0≠ also suggest the presence of strong interactions in the studied systems. The various types of interactions existing among amino acids in presence of ionic liquids which are the protein backbone would advance a many-dimensional challenge in the arena of solution chemistry. Studies of such systems could be forward-thinking further using the correlated results of the investigation.