Triethylamine Research Articles

Advanced triethylamine sensor utilizing 3D microspheres of La-doped MoO3: Performance enhancement and mechanism insights

Triethylamine (TEA) as an excellent solvent, polymer inhibitor and preservative often appears in various places in industrial production, but its harm can not be underestimated. For the detection of TEA, molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) is a great gas-sensitive material, but its response and recovery time are long. In addressing improvements to MoO3, the paper introduced a method involving the introduction of the rare earth metal La and further pinpointed an optimal doping concentration strategy. In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) microspheres of La-doped MoO3 with different doping concentrations were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. Among these, the sensor based on 1 wt% La-doped MoO3 exhibits the highest gas-sensing response to TEA, with a response value of approximately 30–20 ppm TEA when the temperature is 240 ℃, accompanied by shortened response and recovery times of 10 and 29 s, respectively. Moreover, this doping level demonstrates excellent selectivity, reproducibility and long-term stability. The enhancement of gas-sensing performance is elucidated through the electron depletion layer theory and the increase in oxygen vacancies. Additionally, first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculation was employed to deeply analyze the adsorption behavior of the MoO3 towards TEA before and after doping. This study provides valuable insights into the development of high-performance TEA sensors.

Synergic regulation of crystalline phase, composition and morphology of SAPO-34 via metal assistance and in situ etching strategy

SAPO-34 with low silica content and good mass transfer property is highly desired catalytic material for syngas-to-olefins and methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reactions. However, the synthesis of low-silica SAPO-34 by common low-cost template remains a challenge as the product is always bothered by impurity contamination or CHA/AEI intergrowth. Here, a metal assistance (Me = Zn, Mg, Co, Mn) and in situ etching strategy was developed to allow the construction of hollow low-silica SAPO-34, which exhibited long catalytic lifespan and ultra-high ethylene plus propylene selectivity (86.9 wt%) in MTO reaction. The crystallization process was studied by monitoring the evolution of a Zn-containing low-silica gel with triethylamine (TEA) as the template. It was revealed that Zn atoms were more active than Si atoms to participate in the nucleation of ZnAPSO-34, which effectively inhibited the CHA/AEI intergrowth. ZnAPSO-34@SAPO-34 was obtained with further crystallization. The selective etching of Zn-containing components occurred in subsequent cooling stage owing to inhomogeneous distribution of framework T atoms, leading to the hollow low-silica SAPO (Si/(Si + Al + P) ≈ 0.07 in mole) with pure CHA phase. This work provides a facile approach for the synergic regulation of crystal phase, composition and morphology of SAPO materials.

Solubility Determination and Model Evaluation of Triethylamine Hydrochloride in Three Binary Mixed Solvents

Solubility Determination and Model Evaluation of Triethylamine Hydrochloride in Three Binary Mixed Solvents

Stable diesel microemulsion using diammonium ionic liquids and their effects on fuel properties, particle size characteristics and combustion calculations

Ecofriendly and stable Fuel Microemulsions based on renewable components were prepared through solubilizing ethanol in diesel and waste cooking oil blend (4:1). New diquaternary ammonium ionic liquids (3a & 3b) were synthesized through a quaternization reaction of the synthesized dihaloester with diethyl ethanolamine tridecantrioate and triethyl amine tridecantrioate, respectively. The chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. It was observed from DLS analyses that the ethanol particles in all samples have sizes between 4.77 to 11.22 nm. The distribution becomes narrower with the decrease in the ionic liquid concentrations. The fuel properties fall within the ASTM D975 acceptable specifications and are close to the neat diesel properties. The Cetane index were 53 and 53.5, heating values were 38.5 and 38.5 MJ/kg, viscosities were 2.91 and 2.98 mm2/s, densities were 8.26 and 8.29 g/mL and flash points were 49 °C and 48 °C for 3a1 and 3b1 microemulsions, respectively. The particle sizes of samples were examined by DLS for 160 days and they were significantly stable. The amount of ethanol solubilized increases with the increase in the amount of the synthesized ionic liquids and cosurfactant. The combustion calculations pointed out that the microemulsions 3a1 and 3b1 need 13.07 kg air/kg fuel and 12.79 kg air/kg fuel, respectively, which are less than the air required to combust the pure diesel. According to theoretical combustion, using ionic liquids saves the air consumption required for combustion and reduces the quantities of combustion products. The prepared microemulsions were successfully used as a diesel substitute due to their improved combustion properties than pure diesel and low pollution levels.

Atomically dispersed Ag implanted zeolitic imidazolate Frameworks-8 for Visible-Light enhanced plasmonic opto-chemical sensor

A reliable and highly sensitive gas sensor is regarded as an indispensable approach for monitoring and ensuring human health and safety. Herein, a wet-chemical synthesis strategy is developed to fabricate a Agx/ZIF-8 heterostructure, in which Ag is encapsulated in porous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8). The size of Ag is highly tunable and precisely controllable in the range of single atom to 50 nm. Agx/ZIF-8 samples are found to be particularly useful in gas sensors for triethylamine (TEA) detection, and their sensing performance can be further enhanced via downsizing the Ag nanoparticle (NPs) into the atomical level, thus realizing the maximum utilization of Ag element as well as achieving the most outstanding sensing performance. As a result, the optimal sample Ag(SAs-1mL)/ZIF-8 with the atomic Ag, shows relatively lower operating temperature (290 °C), high response (142), superior detection limits (0.41 ppm), and ultra-fast response/recovery time (4/15 s), which are significantly better than the sample Ag(0.5nm-0.25mL)/ZIF-8 with Ag nanoclusters (ca. 0.5–1 nm in size) and other Agx/ZIF-8 samples with larger Ag nanoparticles (range from ca. 2 nm to 50 nm in diameter). Moreover, benefiting from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, the response of Ag(SAs-1mL)/ZIF-8 sensor is greatly increased by as much as 440 % when it illuminated with the 405 nm LED, where the light wavelength resonates with the plasmon frequency of Ag. This work highlights the crucial role of size effect of noble metal, proves the LSPR effect of atomic level Ag, and offering an attractive strategy to improve sensitivity and stability of gas sensors based on single atoms.

Efficacy of initiators on fuel conversion, heat sink, and coke propensity of hydrocarbon fuel under supercritical environment

The investigation includes the cracking characteristics of a multi-component hydrocarbon fuel with a boiling range of 149–224 °C under supercritical environments. The impact of reactor pressure and the influence of initiators on cracking characteristics, such as fuel conversion, coke deposition, gas and liquid product distribution pattern, and heat sink capacities, of the fuel are examined explicitly. The fuel conversion improved by 70.8% as the reactor pressure increased from 2.5 MPa to 5.5 MPa at 650 °C. However, the coke deposition also increased by 55% for the corresponding pressure range. A decrease in the olefin-to-alkane ratio with pressure signifies the possibility of a reduction in unimolecular decomposition reactions and an increase in bimolecular reactions. The efficacy of two initiators, namely triethylamine (TEA) and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), on heat sinks and coke deposition was also examined. Between the two initiators, the nitrogen-based TEA initiator showed better performance in terms of fuel conversion and coke deposition rate, and the oxygen-based DTBP offered better heat sink capacity. About 22% increment in endothermicity was obtained with 1 wt% DTBP loading at 650 °C under 5.5 MPa pressure.

π-Stacking-Controlled Dearomatic Sulfur-Shifted Ene Reaction of Ketenes and Polycyclic Arylthiiranes: Access to Areno[d]-ε-thiolactones.

Electrophilic ring-expansion of polycyclic arylthiiranes and ketenes generated from alkoxy/aryloxyacetyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) is developed and provides a new strategy for the synthesis of areno[d]-ε-thiolactones, areno[d]thiepinones, directly without catalysts or additives. This strategy features atom- and step-economic one-pot characteristic via a tandem sequence of in situ ketene generation, π-stacking-controlled dearomatic sulfur-shifted ene, and aromatization. The current reaction is a novel strategy of electrophilic ring expansions of three-membered saturated heterocycles.

Sequestration of CO2 using emulsion phase structure

This study proposes a cost-effective method for creating an emulsion structure to capture 100 % of the CO2 released during chemical reactions. The emulsion, composed of water, kerosene, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), triethylamine (TEA), and amine-functional ion exchange resin (IER), demonstrates high CO2 capture efficiency. Results indicate that a 10 mL emulsion sample could capture 12.72 g of CO2, representing 95.4 % of the total CO2 produced during the chemical reaction between acetic acid and sodium carbonate. In contrast, an ion exchange resin granule captures only 0.01 g of CO2. Consequently, 10 mL of emulsion sample containing 60 units of IER is necessary to achieve 100 % CO2 capture.

High efficiency triethylamine gas sensor based on SmVO4 nano octahedron granules

Triethylamine (TEA) is typical hazardous volatile organic gas (VOCs), it is particularly important for us to effectively detect triethylamine in complex places. In this work, high efficiency triethylamine gas sensor based on SmVO4 was successfully obtained by means of hydrothermal reaction and assisted calcination. Characterization of analytical materials, SmVO4 octahedral nanoparticles formed clusters similar to pomegranate fruits. There is a trace +4 valence state of vanadium in the material, which contributes to the oxidation-reduction reaction between the target gas and the surface of the material. Gas sensitive test results found that the SmVO4 sensor still has a 2.45 response to the target gas (triethylamine) at low concentrations (1 ppm). SmVO4 shows excellent selectivity for triethylamine, with a response value more than three times that of other gases. In 25 days, it shows excellent stability and fast response recovery time (15 s/40 s). In addition, the gas sensing mechanism is analyzed.

Nonstoichiometric Protic Ionic Liquids: The Role of Excess Acid in Charge Transport Mechanisms.

A study of charge transport mechanisms in an electric field was conducted on nonstoichiometric protic ionic liquids (PIL) based on triethylamine (TEA), in combination with an excess of either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfO). The addition of excess precursor acid adds proton-donor sites to the system to support potential structural proton transport, which could, for example, enable the use in fuel cells. Transport measurements by pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusion and, in particular, electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) are supported by NMR chemical shifts and Raman spectroscopy, where the latter techniques elucidate the local solvation structures. Migration of the acidic proton of the excess acid in the electric field occurs toward the cathode with a velocity larger than that of the anions. This intriguing feature of a rapid drift of a neutral molecule is explained by the interplay of strong correlations between anion and cation as well as between anion and acid. The neutral acid is subject to vehicular transport with the anion, while the anion is partitioning between anion-acid and anion-cation clusters, resulting in a lower average drift velocity. The negative drift direction of the neutral acid and its proton is superimposed to and thus counteracts the vehicular transport of protons with the cation. The study sheds light on the role of excess acid in PIL and reveals the versatile interactions between anion, cation, and excess acid within a PIL determining its charge transport properties.

Engineering of Au nanoparticles over hollow MoS2/C nanoreactor for enhanced TEA sensing at low temperature

Surface modification with noble metal is an effective strategy to improve gas sensitive properties of semiconductive materials. Herein, hollow MoS2/C nanoreactors assembled with nanosheets were synthesized with the incorporation of water-oil two-phase microemulsion method and following heating treatment. Through adjusting the polarity of hydrothermal reaction solvent, Au nanoparticles (NPs) of different size were loaded on MoS2/C nanoreactors, whose average size could be efficiently tailored from 5.73 to 42.6 nm. The results of gas sensing measurement show that Au modification can remarkably increase triethylamine (TEA) sensing properties of MoS2/C–based sensor at lower temperature. Especially, for Au@MoS2/C-2 with Au NPs size of about 9.9 nm, the response value to 50 ppm TEA at 160 °C is high up to 240.5, which is 20 times higher than that of MoS2/C, and the response-recovery times are highly reduced from 80 s/500 s–13 s/198 s. Besides, Au@MoS2/C-2 sensitive element has excellent selectivity, humidity resistance, and long-term stability for TEA. This enhancement in TEA response is properly attributed to the modified interfacial interaction between Au NPs and MoS2/C, which leads to the formation of Schottky contact and boosts the charge transfer. So, hollow Au@MoS2/C nanoreactors will be a potential candidate for TEA detection.

Metal Organic Frameworks Synthesis: The Versatility of Triethylamine.

Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are organic-inorganic hybrid materials with exceptionally customizable composition and properties. MOFs intrinsically possess open metal sites, tunable pore size/shape and an ultra-large specific surface area, and have obtained significant attention over the past 30 years. Furthermore, through the integration of functional moieties such as, molecules, functional groups, noble metal clusters and nanocrystals or nanoparticles into MOFs, the resulting composites have greatly enriched the physical and chemical properties of pure MOFs, enabling their application in a wider range of fields. Triethylamine (TEA) as an organic base has consistently played a fundamental role in the development of MOFs. In this Concept, the versatility of triethylamine when involved in the synthesis of MOFs is discussed. Four sections are used to elaborate on the role of TEA including: (1) Single crystal synthesis; (2) Size and morphology control; (3) Counterion of MOFs; (4) MOFs composites synthesis. In the last part, we highlight the potential of TEA for further developments.

Characterization of Fluoroacrylate Palm Oil Polyurethane (FPOPU) with Different Synthesis Methods Using Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR)

In this study, fluoroacrylate palm oil polyurethane (FPOPU) was synthesized with different synthesis methods. FPOPU was synthesized stepwise starting with the synthesis of acrylated epoxidized palm oil (AEPO) by a reaction of acrylic acid (AA) and triethylamine (TEA) as the catalyst. Then, palm oil polyurethane (POPU) was formed by the reaction of AEPO with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as an end cap agent. POPU was further added with 1,6 hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), trimethyloltripropane triacrylate (TMPTA), and heptafluorodecyl methyl-metacrylate (HDFDMA) monomers to form FPOPU. FPOPU synthesis methods were studied by manipulating the sequence of chemicals added, temperature, and mixing time of POPU. The FPOPU mixture was finally cast onto a silicone mold with 1 mm thickness and cured under UV radiation at 120 seconds. Based on the analysis, pre-mixed IPDI with HEA at 60°C for 15 min followed by the addition of AEPO at 60°C and further mixed for 3 hours (Method 2) shows the complete formation of the urethane chain. It is proven by the existence of NH peak at 3500 cm-1 and the disappearance of NCO peak at the range of 2200-2500 cm-1 indicating the NCO functional group has completely reacted with OH group in AEPO. The addition of fluorination also can be proved by the existence of CF stretching at 1012 cm-1. This study provides information regarding comparison between the synthesis method of FPOPU.

Design of narrow bandgap Fe2O3/MoO3 heterostructure for boosting triethylamine sensing performance

To achieve the rapid and real-time detection of triethylamine (TEA) gas, this study synthesized a gas sensor based on heterostructures of Fe2O3/MoO3 using a hydrothermal method. Fe2O3/MoO3 composites with a narrow bandgap (1.1 eV) were successfully synthesized by constructing heterostructures. The rapid and efficient detection of triethylamine was achieved at 220 °C. The response and response/recovery times of the Fe2O3/MoO3 sensor with 50 × 10−6 triethylamine were 132 s and 5 s/10 s, respectively. The Fe2O3/MoO3 sensor maintained a good response to triethylamine gas, even at 80% relative humidity. The sensing mechanism of the Fe2O3/MoO3 sensor can be described in terms of adsorption energy and electronic behavior of the sensing layer using density functional theory (DFT). The results are consistent with the excellent selectivity and rapid response/recovery of the Fe2O3/MoO3 gas sensor for triethylamine. Therefore, the construction of heterostructures to facilitate electron transmission is an effective strategy to achieve rapid detection of triethylamine and is worthy of further exploration and investigation.

Synthesis of Dipiperazine Thiuramdisulphide (DPTD) and its application as a safe accelerator for the vulcanisation of natural rubber

Dipiperazine thiuramdisulphide (DPTD) prepared in the laboratory using piperazine, triethyl amine and carbon disulphide as reactants acts as an accelerator for the vulcanization of natural rubber. The DPTD synthesised in our laboratory was characterized by FTIR, CHNS and the estimation of amine value. Results of the MTT assay test shows that the DPTD is a safe (non-carcinogenic) chemical. For comparable dosages of the accelerator, the DPTD based latex and dry natural rubber (NR) vulcanisates show improved mechanical properties as compared to tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD) based vulcanisates. DPTD may be considered as a safe replacement for the nitrosamine generating TMTD in natural rubber based formulations.

Treatment Promotion of Osteoporotic Fractures by microRNA-320 Nanocapsules Through Stimulating Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

We aimed to explore the mechanism underlying microRNA-320 (miR-320)’s role in osteoporotic fractures. miR-320 nanoparticles were prepared and their characterization was detected by Zetasizer Nano and triethylamine (TEA). miR-320 nanoparticles were interacted with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Then we conducted MTT to assess cytotoxicity in BMSCs and determined genes expression. A mouse fracture model was established and treated with miR-320 nanoparticles or pore nanoparticles. The release of miR-320 and the bone repair at the fracture site were detected. Treatment of Ceramic matrix composites (CMCS) (miR-320) sensitive to Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) released miR-320 to bone defect, which promoted the transcription of osteogenic genes and stimulated the osteogenesis. Finally, treatment of miR-320 nanoparticles facilitated bone repair of mouse osteoporotic defect. MMP-sensitive nanocapsules loaded with miR-320 can promote osteogenic potential and stimulate fracture repair, providing insight into novel treatment against osteoporotic fracture.

A Phenanthroimidazole-Based Luminophore for Selective and Specific Identification of Sarin Simulant, Diethylchlorophosphate.

The simplicity of synthesis, significant toxicity of organophosphorus-containing nerve agents, and ease of use of their in-terrorism attacks highlight the necessity to create efficient probes and precise methods for detecting these chemicals. This study developed luminogenic probe 4-(1H-phenanthrene imidazole-2-yl) benzaldehyde, PB for selectively recognizing lethal chemical sarin mimicking diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) with µM detection limit. Following the addition of DCP to the PB solution, the fluorescence changed from bluish-cyan to green simultaneously; after the insertion of triethylamine (TEA) into the PB-DCP phosphorylated solution, the fluorescence of the original one came back, and it occurred five times. A paper strip-based test kit and dip-stick experiments have been executed to demonstrate the practical applicability of our sensor PB and instant, on-site recognition of the target analyte DCP. An experiment has been investigated using a smartphone and red-green-blue (RGB) color analysis, which offers a novel way for the fast, on-site visual detection and quantification of DCP in actual samples. It also reduces equipment costs, speeds up detection times, and substantially simplifies the operation procedure.

An efficient phenanthroimidazole-based luminogen for specific and selective detection of sarin gas surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate

The nerve agent's extreme toxicity makes it a prominent target to detect them to save global harmony. In the present contribution, we have introduced a phenanthroimidazole-based luminogen, BIB, for specific and selective detection of sarin gas surrogate diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) within the stores of various analogous toxic analytes. BIB displayed a highly distinct ratiometric fluorescence response toward detecting toxic sarin gas, mimicking DCP among all the other guest analytes showing a fluorogenic color change from blue to bluish-green color fluorescence under the exposure of a 365 nm UV lamp irradiation, which is wholly reversed due to the introduction of triethylamine (TEA). The reversibility is prominent in both the liquid and vapor states of DCP. Our probe BIB can selectively detect DCP with a low detection limit to µM range and superior to many available literatures. BIB's reversible and ratiometric response for detecting DCP provides a potential application as a portable and displayable photonic sensing tool for on-site detection. The successful demonstrations of BIB for practical application in detecting sarin gas encourage the researcher to explore the probable applications of imidazole-based luminogen as a photonic sensing device for recognizing various target analytes.

Triethylamine gas sensor based on Zn2SnO4 polyhedron decorated with Au nanoparticles and density functional theory investigation

The effective detection of toxic and harmful triethylamine (TEA) gases is of great significance for the living environment and personal safety. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a high-quality TEA sensor that can respond quickly and has high response and low detection limits. In this work, Au nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully loaded onto the surface of the Zn2SnO4 (ZSO) polyhedron by hydrothermal and subsequent impregnation methods. The formation of Schottky junctions between Au and ZSO and the sensitization effect of Au NPs can effectively improve the sensor's sensitivity to triethylamine. The gas characteristic test results show that the AuZSO2-based sensor exhibits the highest response value to TEA. Specifically, at a working temperature of 300°C, the response of the sensor based on AuZSO2 to 100 ppm TEA is as high as 193, which is more than 7 times that of ZSO. The detection limit is reduced from 0.5 ppm to 0.1 ppm. Moreover, the AuZSO2-based sensor exhibits excellent selectivity and stability. Meanwhile, the sensitivity mechanism of the sensor was further explained through density functional theory (DFT). The research provides a reference value for improving the performance and explaining the mechanism of TEA sensors.

A selective chromo-fluorogenic chemosensor for visual detection of solution and vapor phase of sarin, tabun mimics diethyl chlorophosphate, diethyl cyanophosphonate

The abuse of nerve agents has become a severe threat to peaceful modern civilization. Hence, it is of paramount importance to the scientific communities to detect and degrade them for a modern society. In the present contribution, we have introduced a selective chromo-fluorogenic probe (AMP) based on neutral red dye for visual detection of the solution and vapor phase of sarin & tabun mimics, namely diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) and diethyl cyanophosphonate (DCNP), respectively. A ratiometric UV–visible absorption spectral change with colorimetric visualization from yellow to bright pink is observed in the presence of both mimics. A “turn-off” photoluminescence from yellow color to non-fluorescence is observed in the presence of both mimics. The spectral and chromo-fluorgenic behavior is reversed in the presence of triethylamine (TEA). The sensitivity of AMP towards the detection of targeted analytes is recorded in the μM range. Additionally, filter paper-based strips are fabricated for the actual applicability of the current probe to identify trace amounts of both analytes in the presence of various types of analogous target analytes. The vapor phase sensing and two types of soil analysis are also employed to check the sensor's potential in real-life applications. The present report has revealed prompt, sensitive, selective, in-situ, accurate sample detectors of sarin & tabun gas in actual threatening situations.