Triethanol Ammonium Research Articles

Corrosion inhibition of benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride and its ethoxylate on steel in sulphuric acid solution

The inhibitive effect of benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (BTAC) and ethoxylated benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (EBTAC) on the corrosion of carbon steel in sulphuric acid solution is measured by the weight loss method. The adsorption of these compounds (surfactants) leads to the formation of a monolayer on the metal surface. The relationships between the concentrations of these inhibitors and their surface properties, thermodynamic properties, surface coverage ( θ) and inhibiting efficiency have been investigated. The results indicate that EBTAC is superior to BTAC.

Organic corrosion inhibitors for steel pipelines in oilfields

N‐benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (BTAC) and ethoxylated n‐benzyl triethanol ammonium chloride (EBTAC) were synthesized. The prepared compounds were characterized, then tested for their evaluation as corrosion inhibitors for steel pipelines in typical crude oil and residual fuel oil (RFO) media through weight loss determination. In addition, the surface properties of the investigated compounds were studied through surface tension measurements in a hydrocarbon system. Calculations of the surface and thermodynamic properties of the tested compounds were undertaken on the basis of the obtained experimental data. Results showed that the two additives achieved a substantial decrease in the corrosion rate and that EBTAC exhibited improved surface and thermodynamic properties and attained more inhibition effect.

Thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of ammonium Nitrate salts

We present Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results on Hydroxyl Ammonium Nitrate (HAN) solutions and Triethanol Ammonium Nitrate (TEAN) solutions with varying concentrations. These results are used to generate phase diagrams of these solutions. The results of the melting points of these liquids are compared with the theoretical calculations of the depression of melting points. The melting temperatures of the HAN solutions at some specified concentration range are predicted rather well using the two electrolyte assumption. The phase diagram of the TEAN solutions explains an instability with respect to phase separation of this liquid.

Molecular relaxation properties studied by Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering from aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate salts

Rayleigh–Brillouin spectra of aqueous solutions of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) and triethanol ammonium nitrate (TEAN) were studied at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from 205 to 298 K. The hypersonic velocity and absorption coefficient of the phonons were calculated from the spectra as a function of temperature. The absorption due to viscosity and internal energy exchange through the relaxation mechanisms were considered. We find that both mechanisms are responsible for the absorption, but at the lower temperature, the one related to internal energy dominates. The free volume model was used to estimate the activation energy. This value is quite consistent with values calculated from the relaxation time. The effects of relaxation and the water concentration on mixtures of aqueous solutions of HAN and TEAN are also discussed.

Combustion of HAN-based liquid monopropellants near the thermodynamic critical point

The high-pressure combustion properties of liquid monopropellants involving mixtures of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN), triethanol ammonium nitrate (TEAN), and water are considered theoretically. Liquid surface properties and the critical combustion pressure (the pressure required for the propellant surface to exceed its thermodynamic critical point) were found allowing for real-gas phenomena and the presence of dissolved combustion product gases in the liquid. Critical combustion pressures for the HAN-based monopropellants were found to be unusually high, ca. 2500 atm, with an estimated uncertainty of 50%. Predictions were unusually sensitive to the critical temperature of TEAN and the binary interaction parameter between TEAN and water; both must be known more accurately for definitive estimates of the liquid-surface properties of HAN-based monopropellants at high pressures.

Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 29—The fast thermal decomposition characteristics of a multicomponent material: liquid gun propellant 1845

The high-rate (> 100°C see −) decomposition characteristics of a multicomponent liquid gun propellant containing hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN), triethanol ammonium nitrate (TEAN), and water are described with the rapidscan FTIR thermal profiling technique. The decomposition characteristics of the HAN and TEAN components were examined and then compared to the pyrolysis behavior of the liquid gun propellant 1845 (LGP1845). A four-step process that describes the major events occurring during the fast thermal decomposition and ignition of LGP1845 is presented.

Model for microemulsions: I. Effect of sulfonate surfactant cation and chain size and concentration on phase behavior

One/one aqueous NaCl/decane systems containing C 12 o-oxylene sulfonates neutralized with mono-, di-, and triethanol amines were equilibrated and phase volumes determined. The systems phase split into 1 to 3 surfactant-rich phases in equilibrium with excess brine and/or decane. Both birefringent and optically homogeneous surfactant phases showed trends in phase volumes with varying salinity, head group size, chain length, and surfactant concentration. Monoethanol ammonium (MEA) and triethanol ammonium (TEA) sulfonates showed opposite trends with increasing concentration; optimal salinity rose with increasing TEA sulfonate and dropped with MEA sulfonate concentration. The diethanol ammonium (DEA) sulfonate showed an optimal salinity essentially independent of surfactant concentration as did equal weight mixtures of MEA and TEA sulfonates. Optimal salinity increased in the order MEA < DEA = MEA/TEA ( 1 1 ) < TEA indicating that surfacant hydrophilicity increases with increasing head group size. These trends and those with varying chain length are consistent with a proposed model mutually relating water and oil uptakes, interfacial curvature, and head and chain size. The model focuses on the structure of the surfactant at the brine/oil interface and relates structure to surfactant capacity to hold brine and oil together in the microemulsion. It examines the influence of surfactant head and chain volumes and water oil interfacial “solubility” on the direction and extent of interfacial curvature. The effect of these variables on interfacial curvature is in turn related to water and oil uptake. Water uptake increases and oil uptake decreases with increasing head/chain volume ratio, oil alkane carbon number and temperature (sulfonates), and decreasing salinity and aromaticity. The model postulates the coexistence of domains of water and oil continuity and applies spherical geometry to oil and water droplets in these domains. The resulting equations relate water and oil uptakes to the relative thicknesses and volumes of surfactant heads and chains. These structural parameters at balance are evaluated from surfactant heads and chains molecular olumes and interfacial areas. The model provides a physical explanation for the well-known empirical hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) system. It extends the HLB concept to include the influence of salinity, temperature, and oil composition.

Measurement of Preservative Binding with SOFLENS® (polymacon) Contact Lens*

A study was initiated to determine which preservatives, frequently used in ophthalmic solutions, bind with SOFLENS® (polymacon) Contact Lenses. Zone of inhibition assays were employed to detect and measure preservative binding. Lenses soaked in preservative solutions at concentrations normally used in ophthalmic preparations were subjected to various extraction techniques. These lenses were then placed on seeded agar plates of Staphylococcus aureus or Trichophyton mentagrophytes, incubated and examined for the appearance of zones of inhibition. The amount of extraction required to prevent zone formation was interpreted as a measure of preservative binding. Results showed that: (1) thimerosal, thimerosal with disodium edetate, and propylparaben bind weakly; (2) phenyl‐mercuric acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate bind moderately; and (3) chlorhexidine gluco‐nate, benzalkonium chloride, and an alkyl triethanol ammonium chloride compound bind strongly to the lens material.Other studies included in this paper suggested that formulation components and the methods employed for the preparation of commercially available soft contact lens solutions may alter the binding characteristics of the preservative components.

MERCURY RESIDUES IN APPLES IN RELATION TO SPRAY DATE, VARIETY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FUNGICIDE

Mercury was readily translocated to growing fruit of apple trees which had received one cover spray of phenyl mercury acetate between June 14 and August 31. The rate of translocation was less with cover sprays applied near the end of this period. Translocation due to a phenyl mercury acetate cover spray occurred to about the same extent in the apple varieties McIntosh, Cortland, Red Delicious and Gravenstein. In addition to phenyl mercury acetate, a cover spray of phenyl mercury chloride, phenyl mercury dimethyl dithiocarbamate, phenyl mercury triethanol ammonium lactate, phenyl mercury monoethanol ammonium acetate, and mercuric chloride resulted in similar translocation of mercury to growing fruit.

Durability of Zirconium-Based Antimicrobial Treatments on Cotton

The durability of zirconium-based antimicrobial treatments on cotton to water leach ing has been studied at various curing conditions. Both basic zirconyl acetate and zirconia deposited on cotton fabric from zirconyl acetate and zirconium ammonium car bonate water solutions, respectively, completely resist water leaching under the conditions of applications studied and the test conditions used. Combinations of copper borate with these zirconium compounds also resisted water leaching completely. l'henyl mercuric acetate and propionate in combination with zirconyl acetate were essentially completely resistant to water leaching at optimum curing conditions. Phenyl mercuric lactate in combination with zirconyl acetate apparently loses both mercury and zirconium on water' leaching regardless of curing conditions used. These phenylmercurials in combination with zircomum ammonium carbonate resisted water leaching better than with zirconyl acetate over a wider range of curing conditions, but losses of mercury and zirconium were still evident with phenyl mercuric lactate, The mercury loss from water leaching of these zirconium based fungicides is much less than the mercury loss from triethanol ammonium complexes of phenyl mercuric acetate and phenyl mercuric lactate deposited on the cotton fabric under similar curing conditions. Curing conditions for maximum durability of these zirconium-based antimierobial agents are suggested.

Toxicity of phenyl mercuric compounds in California soils

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction In the spring of 1947 the Rhode Island Experiment Station announced that phenyl mercuric acetate (soluble), which had been applied to soil as a fungicide, also controlled crabgrass (Digitaria sp.) seedlings in lawns (1947).4(DeFrance (1947)) reported good control of crabgrass seedlings from seven applications of the commercial product, sold under the trade name of Tat-C-Lect, made at the rate of one pint of concentrate to 100 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 10 gallons per 1,000 square feet. The commercially recommended dosage is eight ounces per gallon, applied twice, five to seven days apart, at a rate of one gallon per 500 square feet. Because crabgrass is one of the worst of lawn weeds, the commercial publicity given to its control by the phenyl mercuric compounds was very widespread. To determine the eventual toxicity of spray residues in the soil and the possibilities of ridding the soil of their effects was therefore important. Materials and Methods Tests were carried out in the greenhouse to study the toxicity, distribution (percolation), and leaching of phenyl mercuric compounds in samples from four California soil series: Yolo, Aiken, Hanford, and Willows. Three compounds were studied in their effects on the soils: phenyl mercuri triethanol ammonium lactate, phenyl mercuric acetate, and phenyl mercuric hydroxide. Kanota oats were used as indicator plants. Toxicity Tests. The method followed in these tests was first described by (Crafts (1935)). Several series of cultures were grown in unperforated no. 2 cans. They contained the following concentrations of phenyl mercuric compounds: 0.0, 5.0, 15.0, 40.0, 80.0, 140.0, 220.0, 340.0, 490.0, and 680.0 p.p.m., air dry soil basis. Because of the somewhat low solubility in water of phenyl mercuric acetate, no cultures using this herbicide above 370.0 p.p.m. were set up. The amounts of chemical were taken from a stock solution, diluted to a total volume sufficient to bring the soil to its field capacity, and added in three increments to obtain more even distribution. The cans were then seeded and the soil brought regularly to its field capacity by weighing. After 30 days, the crop was cut at ground level and its fresh weight recorded. It was then returned to each individual culture. The soil, which had dried out over a period of 30 days, was pulverized, poured back into the cans on top of the dried plant material, moistened to its field capacity, and reseeded to determine any change in toxicity.