Tricyclic Heterocycles Research Articles

A rhodium catalyzed cycloisomerization and tandem Diels-Alder reaction for facile access to diverse bicyclic and tricyclic heterocycles.

A regioselective distal cycloisomerization of 1,6-allenenes was successfully developed to afford six-membered ring exocyclic 1,3-dienes employing a rhodium/diphosphine catalyst system. Deuterium labelling experiments and DFT calculations were performed to provide insights into the reaction mechanism of this unprecedented transformation. In addition, one-pot tandem Diels-Alder reactions with various dienophiles could readily construct diverse bicyclic and tricyclic nitrogen heterocycles, which are ubiquitous core scaffolds for a variety of natural products and bioactives. High efficiency and exclusive chemo and regioselectivities for a broad substrate scope were achieved under mild conditions using a low catalyst loading of 0.5 mol%.

SYNTHESIS OF 5-(5-AMINO-1 H -PYRAZOL-1-YL)- 1,2,3-THIADIAZOLE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTERS AND THEIR CYCLIZATION INTO PYRAZOLO[1,5- a ][1,2,3]THIADIAZOLO[4,5- e ]PYRIMIDIN-4(5 H )-ONES

A method for the synthesis of novel 1 H -pyrazol-1-yl-1,2,3-thiadiazole derivatives has been proposed and their intramolecular cyclization to pyrazolo[1,5- a ][1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5- e ]pyrimidin-4(5 H )-ones, previously unknown fused tricyclic heterocycles, has been studied. Authors: Olga А. Vysokova, Tatiana A. Kalinina, Pavel А. Slepukhin, Tatiana А. Pospelova, Konstantin L. Obydennov, Tatiana V. Glukhareva

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fused Tricyclic Heterocycle Piperazine (Piperidine) Derivatives As Potential Multireceptor Atypical Antipsychotics

Herein, a novel series of multireceptor ligands was developed as polypharmacological antipsychotic agents using the designed multiple ligand approach between dopamine receptors and serotonin receptors. Among them, compound 47 possessed unique pharmacological features, exhibiting high affinities for D2, D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT6 receptors and low efficacy at the off-target receptors (5-HT2C, histamine H1, and adrenergic α1 receptor). Compound 47 showed dose-dependent inhibition of apomorphine- and MK-801-induced motor behavior, and the conditioned avoidance response with low cataleptic effect. Moreover, compound 47 resulted nonsignificantly serum prolactin levels and weight gain change compared with risperidone. Additionally, compound 47 possessed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with oral bioavailability of 58.8% in rats. Furthermore, compound 47 displayed procognition properties in a novel object recognition task in rats. Taken together, compound 47 may constitute a novel class of atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia.

Synthesis of 5-(5-amino-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl esters and their cyclization into pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones

A method for the synthesis of novel 1H-pyrazol-1-yl-1,2,3-thiadiazole derivatives has been proposed and their intramolecular cyclization to pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,2,3]thiadiazolo[4,5-e]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones, previously unknown fused tricyclic heterocycles, has been studied.

Synthesis of new tricyclic 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine derivatives by [3+ + 2]-cycloaddition/rearrangement reactions.

Two new series of tricyclic heterocycles, namely 5,6-dihydro-4H-benzo[b][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepinium salts 10 and the related neutral, free bases 13 were synthesized from 4-acetoxy-1-acetyl-4-phenylazo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines 8 and nitriles 9 in the presence of aluminium chloride by the [3+ + 2]-cycloaddition reaction of the in situ generated azocarbenium intermediates 14 followed by a ring-expansion rearrangement. In the rearrangement reaction, the phenyl substituent in the initially formed spiro-triazolium adducts 16 underwent a [1,2]-migration from C(3) to the electron-deficient N(2). This led to the ring expansion from 6-membered piperidine to 7-membered diazepine furnishing the tricyclic 1,2,4-triazole-fused 1,4-benzodiazepines.

Tandem One-Pot Approach To Access 1,2,3-Triazole-fused Isoindolines through Cu-Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Addition of Me3SiN3 to p-Quinone Methides followed by Intramolecular Click Cycloaddition.

A Cu-catalyzed one-pot approach has been developed for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-fused tricyclic heterocycles. This tandem approach actually involves the 1,6-conjugate addition of Me3SiN3 to o-alkynylated p-quinone methides followed by an intramolecular [3+2]-cycloaddition reaction. This protocol allowed us to access a wide range of 1,2,3-trazole-fused isoindoline derivatives in moderate to good yields.

Phosphine-Promoted Synthesis of 9 H-Pyrrolo[1,2- a]indole Derivatives via an γ-Umpolung Addition/Intramolecular Wittig Reaction.

The synthesis of substituted 9 H-pyrrolo[1,2- a]indole products from 1 H-indole-2-carbaldehydes and allenoates is described, using a phosphine-promoted Michael addition/intramolecular Wittig reaction. This halide- and base-free methodology provides an efficient access to different tricyclic nitrogen-containing heterocycles (18 examples, 32-88% isolated yields).

Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indoles and Indolones via Selectivity-Switchable Olefinations.

Highly functionalized indoles and indolones were prepared via selectivity-switchable mono- or diolefinations. The Julia olefination of the products followed by a Brønsted acid-prompted cyclization afforded indolones, whereas the indoles were obtained by a sequential Wittig olefination and electrocyclization. This method opens divergent access to highly functionalized nitrogen-containing bicyclic or tricyclic heterocycles.

Magnetic ordering in a vanadium-organic coordination polymer using a pyrrolo[2,3-d:5,4-d']bis(thiazole)-based ligand.

Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a hybrid vanadium-organic coordination polymer with robust magnetic order, a Curie temperature TC of ∼110 K, a coercive field of ∼5 Oe at 5 K, and a maximum mass magnetization of about half that of the benchmark ferrimagnetic vanadium(tetracyanoethylene)∼2 (V·(TCNE)∼2). This material was prepared using a new tetracyano-substituted quinoidal organic small molecule 7 based on a tricyclic heterocycle 4-hexyl-4H-pyrrolo[2,3-d:5,4-d′]bis(thiazole) (C6-PBTz). Single crystal X-ray diffraction of the 2,6-diiodo derivative of the parent C6-PBTz, showed a disordered hexyl chain and a nearly linear arrangement of the substituents in positions 2 and 6 of the tricyclic core. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that C6-PBTz-based ligand 7 is a strong acceptor with an electron affinity larger than that of TCNE and several other ligands previously used in molecular magnets. This effect is due in part to the electron-deficient thiazole rings and extended delocalization of the frontier molecular orbitals. The ligand detailed in this study, a representative example of fused heterocycle aromatic cores with extended π conjugation, introduces new opportunities for structure–magnetic-property correlation studies where the chemistry of the tricyclic heterocycles can modulate the electronic properties and the substituent at the central N-position can vary the spatial characteristics of the magnetic polymer.

A Gold‐Catalyzed Domino Cyclization Enabling Rapid Construction of Diverse Polyheterocyclic Frameworks

AbstractWe report herein an efficient gold(I)‐catalyzed post‐Ugi domino dearomatization/ipso‐cyclization/Michael sequence that enables access to libraries of diverse (hetero)arene‐annulated tricyclic heterocycles. This process affords novel complex polycyclic scaffolds in moderate to good yields from readily available acyclic precursors with excellent chemo‐, regio‐, and diastereoselectivity. The power of this strategy has been demonstrated by the rapid synthesis of 40 highly functionalized polyheterocycles bearing indole, pyrrole, (benzo)furan, (benzo)thiophene, pyrazole, and electron‐rich arene groups in two operational steps.

A Gold-Catalyzed Domino Cyclization Enabling Rapid Construction of Diverse Polyheterocyclic Frameworks.

We report herein an efficient gold(I)-catalyzed post-Ugi domino dearomatization/ipso-cyclization/Michael sequence that enables access to libraries of diverse (hetero)arene-annulated tricyclic heterocycles. This process affords novel complex polycyclic scaffolds in moderate to good yields from readily available acyclic precursors with excellent chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity. The power of this strategy has been demonstrated by the rapid synthesis of 40 highly functionalized polyheterocycles bearing indole, pyrrole, (benzo)furan, (benzo)thiophene, pyrazole, and electron-rich arene groups in two operational steps.

Tricyclic heterocycles as precursors to functionalized spirocyclic oximes

An efficient synthesis of functionalized spirocyclic oximes from tricyclic heterocycles is reported. This novel method accomplishes high diastereoselectivity via an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a regenerating Michael linker strategy. Ring opening of the tricyclic N-(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrrolo[3,4-c]isoxazolidine framework was found to be essential for successful N-alkylation of the tertiary amine on the polymer support. β-Elimination of the quaternary salt releases the spirocyclic oximes from the solid support in overall yields of 45–60%.

Organocatalytic Intramolecular [4+2] Cycloaddition between In Situ Generated Vinylidene ortho‐Quinone Methides and Benzofurans

AbstractDescribed herein is the enantioselective construction of oxygen‐containing [5‐6‐5] tricyclic heterocycles by an organocatalyzed asymmetric [4+2] cycloaddition of vinylidene ortho‐quinone methides and benzofurans. According to this methodology, a series of oxygen‐containing [5‐6‐5] tricyclic heterocycles with various functional groups were synthesized in excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities (>99 % ee, >20:1 d.r.). Furthermore, the deuterium‐labeling experiments and high‐resolution mass spectroscopy demonstrated that a vinylidene ortho‐quinone methide intermediate was involved and possibly resulted from a prototropic rearrangement of 2‐ethynylphenol. Remarkably, a catalyst loading as low as 0.1 mol %, and a gram‐scale synthesis were achieved for this transformation.

Organocatalytic Intramolecular [4+2] Cycloaddition between In Situ Generated Vinylidene ortho-Quinone Methides and Benzofurans.

Described herein is the enantioselective construction of oxygen-containing [5-6-5] tricyclic heterocycles by an organocatalyzed asymmetric [4+2] cycloaddition of vinylidene ortho-quinone methides and benzofurans. According to this methodology, a series of oxygen-containing [5-6-5] tricyclic heterocycles with various functional groups were synthesized in excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities (>99 % ee, >20:1 d.r.). Furthermore, the deuterium-labeling experiments and high-resolution mass spectroscopy demonstrated that a vinylidene ortho-quinone methide intermediate was involved and possibly resulted from a prototropic rearrangement of 2-ethynylphenol. Remarkably, a catalyst loading as low as 0.1 mol %, and a gram-scale synthesis were achieved for this transformation.

Modular Approach to Tricyclic Heterocycles through Copper Catalysis and Functionalization by Palladium‐Catalyzed C–H Arylation

A copper‐catalyzed Ullman reaction accompanied with oxidative C–N bond formation was used to access tricyclic heterocycles in a one‐pot operation by using atmospheric air as the terminal oxidant. This modular synthesis approach was used to synthesize previously known and novel azole‐containing heterocycles with different nitrogen position isomers. Fused heterocycles were further functionalized by palladium‐catalyzed direct C–H arylation methodology. Various electron‐rich and electron‐poor functional groups were tolerated in the ortho, meta, and para positions of the aryl bromides.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Intramolecular Tandem Reaction of Vinyloxiranes with Alkynes: Atom- and Step-Economical Synthesis of Multifunctional Mono-, Bi-, and Tricyclic Compounds

Skeletal diversity in diversity-oriented synthesis has proven to be especially challenging. A rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular tandem reaction of vinyloxirane-alkynes leading to four structurally distinct classes of mono-, bi-, and tricyclic carbocycles and heterocycles was developed. [Rh(NBD)2]+BF4– is identified to be an efficient catalyst for these transformations. Using this highly efficient catalyst, hetero-[5 + 2] cycloadditions, tandem hetero-[5 + 2] cycloaddition/Claisen rearrangements, and subsequent cyclopropane ring-opening reactions of vinyloxiranes with monoalkynes afford 2,5-dihydrooxepins, tetrasubstituted vinylcyclopropanes, and multifunctional five-membered rings, respectively, under mild conditions with high stereoselectivity and yield. Moreover, hetero-[5 + 2] cycloaddition/Claisen rearrangement/[5 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of vinyloxiranes with diynes for step-economical construction of linearly fused 5-7-5 tricyclic skeletons has also been developed. The complete transfer of chiral...

Synthesis of Highly Z‐Selective Coumarin Annulated Dioxocine, Dioxacindione and Macrocycles Using Grubbs’ Second‐Generation Catalyst

AbstractThe diversity‐oriented organic synthesis of novel coumarin annulated tricyclic dioxocine, dioxacindione scaffolds with Z‐selectivity and the symmetrical pentacyclic coumarin macrocyclic derivatives is demonstrated from substituted hydroxyl coumarins via ring‐closing metathesis in the presence of Grubbs’ second‐generation catalyst as the facile and efficient route with excellent yields. This synthetic strategy provides a route for the intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis to access a library of novel tricyclic coumarin heterocycles and pentacyclic coumarin macrocycles having different ring systems.

N-Heterocyclic (4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methanones Derived from Phenoxazine and Phenothiazine as Highly Potent Inhibitors of Tubulin Polymerization.

We report here a series of 27 10-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)methanones derived from tricyclic heterocycles which were screened for effects on tumor cell growth, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and induction of cell cycle arrest. Several analogues, among them the 10-(4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)-10H-phenoxazine-3-carbonitrile (16o), showed excellent antiproliferative properties, with low nanomolar GI50 values (16o, mean GI50 of 3.3 nM) against a large number (93) of cancer cell lines. Fifteen compounds potently inhibited tubulin polymerization. Analysis of cell cycle by flow cytometry revealed that inhibition of tumor cell growth was related to an induction of G2/M phase cell cycle blockade. Western blotting and molecular docking studies suggested that these compounds bind efficiently to β-tubulin at the colchicine binding site. Our studies demonstrate the suitability of the phenoxazine and phenothiazine core and also of the phenylpiperazine moiety for the development of novel and potent tubulin polymerization inhibitors.

Visible light photoredox catalysis with N-hydroxyphthalimide for [4+2] cyclization between N-methylanilines and maleimides

An efficient [4+2] cyclization of N-methylanilines with maleimides to afford tetrahydroquinolines using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a metal-free and cheap organophotoredox catalyst is reported. The protocol involves C(sp3)H activation of N-methylanilines for the formation of α-amino radical without an oxidant at room temperature. The present method describes an easy preparation of tricyclic heterocycles in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.

Phosphine-Catalyzed Enantioselective [4 + 3] Annulation of Allenoates with C,N-Cyclic Azomethine Imines: Synthesis of Quinazoline-Based Tricyclic Heterocycles.

With the use of a commercially available chiral phosphine as the catalyst, the first catalytic enantioselective [4 + 3] annulation of allenoates with C,N-cyclic azomethine imines is developed. The reaction works efficiently under mild reaction conditions to afford seven-membered ring-fused quinazoline-based tricyclic heterocycles in high yields with good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.