Triclosan Toothpaste Research Articles

EN PRENSA. High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) method development and validation for the quantification of triclosan in toothpaste. EN PRENSA

Triclosan (TCS) is used in many health care products as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and disinfectant agent; however, it is currently considered an emerging pollutant. The present study aimed to develop an analytical HPLC method coupled to a Diode Array Detector for the TCS determination in toothpaste. Method development involved the optimization of separation and sample preparation. For chromatographic separation optimization, different RP columns and aqueous mobile phases were addressed. The optimized chromatographic separation was achieved in around 3 minutes using a Symmetry C18 column at 30 °C, 0.6 mL/min flow-rate, and 225 nm wavelength detection. For toothpaste sample preparation optimization a response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken fractional factorial design was chosen. The sample treatment consisted of leaching 0.2 g sample by sonication for 7 minutes using 2 mL of MeOH. According to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH, 1996/2005) and European Commission Decision 200/657/EC guidelines, the developed method was validated. The developed analytical method was found fast, economic, linear, sensitive, precise, and robust and allowed to quantify TCS in different healthcare products.

Antimicrobial efficacy of S-PRG containing toothpastes on S. mutans biofilm development

Objective: to investigate the antimicrobial effects of toothpastes containing bioactive surface pre-reacted glass particles (S-PRG) on S. mutans biofilms adherence, initial colonization and maturation. Material and Methods: a reference UA 159 and a clinical S. mutans (SM6) strain were used. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated into the groups (n=5): toothpastes containing 0%; 1%; 5%; 20%; 30% S-PRG; positive control dentifrice (NaF+triclosan); and negative control (distilled water). For biofilm development, samples were placed in a 24-well plate containing artificial saliva (4h), followed by adding 1mL of artificial saliva, BHI broth and 225uL of S. mutans suspension. Treatments with toothpastes were applied previously or after 4h and 24h of biofilm formation. Samples were incubated for 48h at 37°C in 5%CO2 and biofilm was detached and seeded in Petri dishes for determining the number of viable cells. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). Results: significantly lower microorganisms’ adherence (p<0.05) was obtained for all S-PRG toothpastes, with similar results to NaF+triclosan for SM6 and 20 and 30%S-PRG groups exhibiting higher inhibition effect than the NaF+Triclosan for UA159. Antibacterial effect on the early-stage biofilm was also observed for the S-PRG groups, but was not superior to the NaF+Triclosan toothpaste. For the mature biofilm, the effective antimicrobial potential of S-PRG toothpastes was observed only for the SM6 clinical strain, but was not higher than the positive control. Conclusion: experimental S-PRG toothpastes were effective to inhibit S. mutans biofilm growth by exhibiting antimicrobial activity, being promising agents to prevent cariogenic biofilm development. KEYWORDS Biofilm; Dental enamel; Giomer; Streptococcus mutans, S-PRG.

Antiplaque efficacy of toothpaste – A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Different toothpastes of the corresponding active ingredients could have variable extent of effectiveness; this raises the amount of choices with the marketplace for toothpaste containing these agents and makes it more difficult to gauge their effectiveness. Therefore, the purpose of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to gauge the antiplaque efficacy of different toothpaste agents in studies involving randomized clinical trials published over a span of January 2015-May 2020. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive and systematic electronic search via PubMed, TRIP, Cochrane, and Google scholar prompted in 593 articles. Subsequently screening titles and abstracts for applicability, 31 Randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles were enclosed in the review. With the aid of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, the risk of bias of each study was assessed. Results: A total of 2467 individuals partake in 31 RCT studies. Triclosan toothpaste was superior over sodium fluoride/monofluorophosphate toothpaste (standard mean difference, SMD − 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] (2.81–0.10), P = 0.007) in plaque reduction. Long-term utilization of stannous fluoride toothpastes reduced dental plaque superior than monofluorophosphate toothpaste (SMD − 0.61, 95% (CI 1.04–0.18), P = 0.005). There was no discernible difference in plaque reduction. Conclusion: Within the confines of the current study's limitations (which embody the severe imbalance within the quantity of evidence), once scrutiny among products, triclosan and stannous fluoride in dentifrices seem to be the foremost efficacious plaque controlling active agents.

Effect of Triclosan and Sodium Monofluorophosphate on Plaque Reduction

Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the clinical efficacy between two ingredient Triclosan and sodium monofluorophosphate on plaque accumulation.
 Material and Methodology: This cross section study was carried out in school (Govt Girls High School Kotri). Total 100 school children were selected, between age ranges 13–16 years, which were divided in to two groups (group A & B) according to dentifrice given.
 Group A: Toothpaste containing the active ingredient 0.3% Triclosan.
 Group B: Toothpaste containing 0.8% sodium monofluorophosphate. 
 All patients were examined clinically for assessment using the Plaque index (PI) at follow up periods every week. Plaque was evaluated by using the silness-loe index. Oral examination for dental plaque assessment was carried out at the start of the study and the children were follow up to 10 weeks. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 version and one-way ANOVA test.
 Result: Triclosan toothpaste users experienced significant reduction in plaque accumulation as compared to the sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste users.
 Conclusion: At 3-weeks, Triclosan provided statistically significantly greater reductions than sodium monofluorophosphate in plaque reduction.

A validated quantification of triclosan in toothpaste using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and a 48-bit flatbed scanner

We present a densitometric quantification method for triclosan in toothpaste, separated by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and using a 48-bit flatbed scanner as the detection system. The sample was band-wise applied to HPTLC plates (10 × 20 cm), with fluorescent dye, Merck, Germany (1.05554). The plates were developed in a vertical developing chamber with 20 min of chamber saturation over 70 mm, using n-heptane–methyl tert-butyl ether–acetic acid (92:8:0.1, V/V) as solvent. The RF value of triclosan is hRF = 22.4, and quantification is based on direct measurements using an inexpensive 48-bit flatbed scanner for color measurements (in red, green, and blue) after plate staining with 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chloroimide (Gibbs' reagent). Evaluation of the red channel makes the measurements of triclosan very specific. For linearization, an extended Kubelka–Munk expression was used for data transformation. The range of linearity covers more than two orders of magnitude and is between 91 and 1000 ng. The separation method is inexpensive, fast and reliable.

Triclosan toothpaste as an adjunct therapy to plaque control in children from periodontitis families: a crossover clinical trial.

Studies have demonstrated that children from aggressive periodontitis (AgP) parents presented precocious alterations in their periodontal condition, and the use of chemical agents in association to plaque control could be useful to control these alterations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Triclosan toothpaste to modulate the clinical and subgingival condition in children from AgP parents. Fifteen children from AgP parents and 15 from periodontally healthy parents were included in this crossover placebo study. Children were randomly allocated into triclosan or placebo therapy, using selected toothpaste for 45 days. After 15 days of wash-out, groups were crossed, changing the used toothpaste. Clinical examination and saliva, crevicular gingival fluid (GCF), and subgingival biofilm collection were performed at baseline and 45 days of each phase. GCF cytokines' levels were analyzed by Luminex/MAGpix platform and subgingival and salivary periodontal pathogens' levels by qPCR. At baseline, AgP group presented higher plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP), higher Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) abundance in saliva and subgingival biofilm, and lower levels of INF-ɣ, IL-4, and IL-17 in GCF. Placebo therapy only reduced PI in both groups. Triclosan toothpaste reduced PI and GI in both groups. Triclosan promoted reduction of BoP and probing depth (PD), Aa salivary, and IL-1β levels in AgP group. In health group, triclosan reduced INF-ɣ and IL-4 concentration. Triclosan toothpaste demonstrated to be more effective than placebo toothpaste to control the periodontal condition in children from AgP parents, by reducing the BoP, PD, salivary Aa, and IL-1β. Triclosan toothpaste can improve oral conditions in higher-risk population for AgP. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03642353.

Interventions for managing halitosis.

Interventions for managing halitosis.

Triclosan in Toothpaste, Is There Any Real Risk for the Health?

Triclosan is an antimicrobial drug that is widely used in products for human hygiene, beauty and home cleanliness. It is a common compound in toothpaste that have showed efficacy on the control and treatment of gingivitis. However, during the last decade, the triclosan has been extensively investigated because of its cytotoxicity, its ability to disturb cellular mechanisms on endocrine-system cells, and because of its cancerogenic in vitro and in vivo properties. Moreover, public opinion has paid attention to the toxic action of the triclosan. Thus, the dentist should know the state of the art about the detrimental effects of triclosan on patients’ health. This review explores the triclosan on its cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo cancerogenic effects, absorption in humans, and the toxic effects caused by triclosan toothpaste.

Triclosan in Toothpaste, Is There Any Real Risk for the Health?

Triclosan is an antimicrobial drug that is widely used in products for human hygiene, beauty and home cleanliness. It is a common compound in toothpaste that have showed efficacy on the control and treatment of gingivitis. However, during the last decade, the triclosan has been extensively investigated because of its cytotoxicity, its ability to disturb cellular mechanisms on endocrine-system cells, and because of its cancerogenic in vitro and in vivo properties. Moreover, public opinion has paid attention to the toxic action of the triclosan. Thus, the dentist should know the state of the art about the detrimental effects of triclosan on patients’ health. This review explores the triclosan on its cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo cancerogenic effects, absorption in humans, and the toxic effects caused by triclosan toothpaste.

Influence of a triclosan toothpaste on periodontopathic bacteria and periodontitis progression in cardiovascular patients: a randomized controlled trial

Triclosan/copolymer toothpaste is effective in controlling plaque and gingivitis and in slowing the progression of periodontitis. This study describes its influence on microbiological and clinical outcomes, over a 5-year period, in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). Four-hundred and thirty-eight patients were recruited from the Cardiovascular Unit at The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia, and randomized to triclosan or placebo groups. Six sites per tooth were examined annually for probing pocket depth and loss of attachment. These outcomes were analysed, using generalized linear modelling, in 381 patients who had measurements from consecutive examinations. Concurrent load of the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis was determined, using quantitative real-time PCR, in 437 patients with baseline plaque samples. Group comparisons were expressed as geometric means. The chi-square test was used to test for differences between the two groups of patients with regard to the proportion of patients with different numbers of bacterial species. There was no difference in general health or periodontal status between the groups at baseline. There was a significant reduction in the number of interproximal sites showing loss of attachment between examinations, by 21% on average (p < 0.01), in the triclosan group compared with the placebo group. The prevalence of patients with F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans was high and remained relatively constant throughout the 5 years of the study. In contrast, the prevalence of T. forsythia and P. gingivalis showed more variability; however, there was no significant difference between the groups, at any time point, in the prevalence of any organism. A significant difference in the geometric means for P. gingivalis (p = 0.01) was seen at years 1 and 4, and for F. nucleatum (p = 0.01) and in the total bacterial load (p = 0.03) at year 2; however, these differences were not statistically significant following a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. There was no difference between the groups in the geometric means for each organism at year 5. Within the limitations of the study, these data suggest that the use of triclosan/copolymer toothpaste significantly slowed the progression of periodontitis in patients with CVD but that it had little influence on key subgingival periodontopathic bacteria in these patients over the 5 years of the study.

Malodor reductions and improved oral hygiene by toothbrushing and mouthrinsing

This clinical study compared the effects of an antibacterial regimen, comprising a triclosan toothpaste and a 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthrinse, on malodor, self-reported malodor, and oral hygiene measures such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding relative to brushing with a fluoride toothpaste. At baseline, 36 subjects were evaluated for malodor (9-point organoleptic scale [OLT]), dental plaque (Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein; PI), gingivitis (Lφe-Silness; GI) and bleeding (Ainamo and Bay; BI) and randomized to (1) tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste, or (2) a regimen comprising tooth brushing with a triclosan toothpaste and mouth rinsing with CPC mouthrinse. After the first use of assigned treatments, subjects were evaluated for malodor 2 h after breakfast (OLT-2 h) and used provided treatments for the next 14 days. On the 7 th and 14 th days, subjects refrained from oral hygiene for 12 h before evaluations (OLT, PI, GI, and BI) and then performed oral hygiene at the dental clinic. Subjects were evaluated for malodor 2 h after breakfast (OLT-2 h) and self-assessed their malodor on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). Treatment groups demonstrated no significant differences in OLT, PI, GI, BI at baseline (P > 0.05). OLT-2 h scores after the first use of regimen and after tooth brushing alone were 5.94 and 6.21, respectively, and were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05). Correspondingly, the regimen demonstrated progressive reductions in OLT and OLT-2 h on the 7 th and 14 th day evaluations (5.81, 4.88, and 5.09, 4.20, respectively) and were significantly lower than after tooth brushing alone (6.49, 6.18, and 6.35, 5.99, respectively) (P < 0.05). From the 7 th to 14 th days, the regimen also demonstrated progressively lower PI, GI, BI, and self-reported malodor (VAS scores) which were significantly lower than tooth brushing alone (P < 0.05). Results from this study demonstrated that a regimen comprising a triclosan toothpaste and CPC mouthrinse demonstrated significant malodor reductions 2 h after the first use and progressively increasing reductions in malodor, dental plaque, gingivitis, bleeding and self-reported malodor from the 7 th to 14 th days than tooth brushing alone.

Effect of Triclosan Toothpaste on Gingivitis and Plaque Accumulation in Children Wearing Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract: Introduction: The greatest preventive challenge in dentistry is the control of dental biofilm and consequently avoiding dental caries and gingival inflammation. As an adjunct to the mechanical oral hygiene measures, chemical antimicrobial agents seem to offer great benefits in the control of plaque formation and gingivitis, especially in high risk patients wearing orthodontic appliances. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Triclosan (0.3%) Colgate Total® on gingivitis and plaque formation in patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and methods: Fifty children wearing fixed orthodontic appliances with an age range of 9 to 13 years were randomly assigned into 2 groups (test and control). The test group received the Colgate Total® toothpaste containing 0.32% sodium fluoride and 0.3% Triclosan. The control group received maxfresh® toothpaste containing 0.22% sodium fluoride. All patients were examined clinically to assess their gingival condition using the Plaque index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI) at follow up periods of 1, 2 and 3 months. Each group shifted to use the alternative agent after a washout period of 10 days to prevent the carryover effect of Triclosan. Results: Showed that the Triclosan toothpaste users experienced significant reduction in plaque accumulation and gingivitis compared to the fluoride toothpaste users in the first and second follow up periods. The results also showed significant difference compared to the baseline. Conclusion: Triclosan toothpaste proved to have marked antiplaque and antigingivitis effects. Triclosan toothpaste proved to counteract the aggravated gingival effects that can be introduced by the fixed orthodontic appliances in children at the age of puberty. Keywords: Triclosan, toothpaste, plaque, gingivitis, children, orthodontic appliances

The influence of a triclosan toothpaste on adverse events in patients with cardiovascular disease over 5-years

Adverse effects of long-term usage of triclosan-containing toothpaste in humans are currently unknown. We assessed the effect of long-term use of 0.3% triclosan-toothpaste on serious adverse events (SAEs) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). 438 patients with a history of stable CVD were entered into the 5-year longitudinal Cardiovascular and Periodontal Study at Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia and randomised into test (triclosan) or placebo groups. There were no significant differences in demographics or clinical features between the groups. Patients were examined at baseline, and annually for 5-years. SAEs were classified according to the System Organ Classes defined by MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities). Results were analysed using chi square and Kaplan Meier analysis. Overall, 232 patients (123 in the triclosan group; 109 in the placebo group) experienced 569 SAEs (288 in the triclosan group and 281 in the placebo group). There was no significant difference between the groups in numbers of patients experiencing SAEs (p=0.35) or specific cardiovascular SAEs (p=0.82), nor in time to the first SAE or first cardiovascular SAE, irrespective of gender, age or BMI after adjusting for multiple comparisons (p>0.05). The adjusted odds of experiencing an SAE were estimated to increase by 2.7% for each year of age (p=0.02) and the adjusted odds of experiencing a cardiovascular SAE were estimated to increase by 5.1% for each unit increase in BMI (p=0.02). Most cardiovascular events were related to unstable angina or myocardial infarcts, 21 were associated with arrhythmia and 41 were vascular events such as aortic aneurysm and cerebrovascular accident. Within the limitations of the present study the data suggest that the use of triclosan-toothpaste may not be associated with any increase in SAEs in this CVD population. The long-term impact of triclosan on hormone-related disease, such as cancer, in humans remains to be determined.

Personal Care Experts, advocates question safety of the antibacterial triclosan in toothpaste

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPersonal Care Experts, advocates question safety of the antibacterial triclosan in toothpasteCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2014, 92, 33, 7Publication Date (Print):August 18, 2014Publication History Published online31 March 2015Published inissue 18 August 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09233-notw7Copyright © 2014 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views20Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (374 KB) SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Antimicrobial agents,Food,Safety Get e-Alerts

Community-level assessment of dental plaque bacteria susceptibility to triclosan over 19 years.

BackgroundTriclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in toothpaste to reduce dental plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor. This community-level assessment evaluated the susceptibility of dental plaque bacteria to triclosan in samples collected over 19 years.MethodsA total of 155 dental plaque samples were collected at eleven different times over 19 years from 58 adults using 0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride toothpaste and from 97 adults using toothpaste without triclosan. These included samples from 21 subjects who used triclosan toothpaste for at least five years and samples from 20 control subjects. The samples were cultured on media containing 0, 7.5 or 25 μg/ml triclosan. Descriptive statistics and p values were computed and a linear regression model and the runs test were used to examine susceptibility over time.ResultsGrowth inhibition averaged 99.451% (91.209 - 99.830%) on media containing 7.5 μg/ml triclosan and 99.989% (99.670 - 100%) on media containing 25 μg/ml triclosan. There was no change in microbial susceptibility to triclosan over time discernible by regression analysis or the runs test in plaque samples taken over 19 years including samples from subjects using a triclosan-containing dentifrice for at least five years.ConclusionsThis community-level assessment of microbial susceptibility to triclosan among supragingival plaque bacteria is consistent with the long-term safety of a 0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer, 0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice.

No evidence of triclosan‐resistant bacteria following long‐term use of triclosan‐containing toothpaste

There is a paucity of data in relation to the possible emergence of triclosan (TCS)-resistant bacteria following long-term exposure to TCS toothpaste. Therefore, this study investigated whether long-term continuous exposure to TCS in toothpaste selects for TCS-resistant bacteria within the oral biofilm. Dental plaque samples were collected from 40 individuals during year 5 of a randomised controlled trial. Participants had been randomly assigned to use TCS (3000 μg/mL TCS) (n = 18) or placebo toothpaste (n = 22). Diluted plaque samples were plated on to Wilkins-Chalgren agar plates containing 5% (v/v) laked sheep red blood cells and TCS (concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 μg/mL) and incubated at 37 °C under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions for 2-10 d. Selected bacterial isolates were identified by partial 16S rDNA sequencing and TCS minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined for each isolate. At 3000 μg/mL TCS no growth was observed under microaerophilic or anaerobic conditions in either group. The MICs of TCS for all isolates ranged from 125 to 1000 μg/mL in both groups. Species common to both groups had similar MICs. Veillonella parvula and Campylobacter gracilis were the most frequent isolates from both groups, with similar MICs in both groups. The use of TCS-containing toothpaste did not appear to lead to an increase in MIC of TCS of oral bacterial isolates.

Long term use of triclosan toothpaste and thyroid function

The long term effects of usage of triclosan-containing toothpaste on thyroid function are currently unknown. Triclosan is structurally similar to thyroid hormones and reductions in serum thyroid hormone levels have been observed in animal studies following oral administration of triclosan. Therefore, an assessment of thyroid function over 4years was undertaken in a subset of individuals in a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial comparing the effects of 0.3% triclosan toothpaste with placebo toothpaste in subjects with coronary heart disease. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), antithyroglobulin antibody (anti-TGab) and antithyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOab) were measured.Paired serum samples at year 1 and year 5 from 132 subjects (64 triclosan group, 68 placebo group) were analysed. At year 1 there were no significant differences in thyroid function between the groups: mean (SD) TSH 1.4 (0.8) and 1.6 (0.9) mU/L, triclosan and placebo groups respectively, fT4 15.8 (2.2) and 15.2 (2.1) pmol/L; fT3 4.8 (0.5) and 4.8 (0.5) pmol/L. Similarly, for antithyroid antibodies there were no group differences at year 1. Median (25th, 75th percentile) for anti-TGab, 38 (34, 42) and 37 (30, 42) U/mL triclosan and placebo groups respectively; anti-TPOab, 15 (10, 22) and 18 (10, 24) U/mL. At year 5, fT4 was the only measure to show a significant difference between groups (mean and 95% Confidence Interval) 15.6 (15.1, 16.1) and 14.7 (14.2, 15.1) pmol/L triclosan and placebo respectively (p=0.01). This reflects reduced levels in the placebo group but no change in the triclosan group.In conclusion, over 4years triclosan toothpaste had no detectable effect on thyroid function. The data support the view that 0.3% triclosan in toothpaste is safe and free of significant thyroid adverse effects.

Extent and quality of systematic review evidence related to minimum intervention in dentistry: essential oils, powered toothbrushes, triclosan, xylitol

To investigate extent and quality of current systematic review evidence regarding: powered toothbrushes, triclosan toothpaste, essential oil mouthwashes, xylitol chewing gum. Five databases were searched for systematic reviews until 13 November 2010. relevant to topic, systematic review according to title and/or abstract, published in English. Article exclusion criteria were based on QUOROM recommendations for the reporting of systematic review methods. Systematic review quality was judged using the AMSTAR tool. All trials included by reviews were assessed for selection bias. 119 articles were found, of which 11 systematic reviews were included. Of these, six were excluded and five accepted: one for triclosan toothpaste; one for xylitol chewing gum; two for powered toothbrushes; one for essential oil mouthwashes. AMSTAR scores: triclosan toothpaste 7; powered toothbrushes 9 and 11; xylitol chewing gum 9; essential oil mouthwashes 8. In total, 75 (out of 76) reviewed trials were identified. In-depth assessment showed a high risk of selection bias for all trials. The extent of available systematic review evidence is low. Although the few identified systematic reviews could be rated as of medium and high quality, the validity of their conclusions needs to be treated with caution, owing to high risk of selection bias in the reviewed trials. High quality randomised control trials are needed in order to provide convincing evidence regarding true clinical efficacy.

Contact dermatitis to triclosan in toothpaste

Contact DermatitisVolume 57, Issue 6 p. 383-384 Contact dermatitis to triclosan in toothpaste Helen Robertshaw, Corresponding Author Helen Robertshaw Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals, Dorset, UK Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire S016 6YD, UKDr Helen RobertshawDermatology Resource UnitChristchurch HospitalChristchurchDorset BH23 2JXUKTel: +44-1202-70-5457e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Leppard, Barbara Leppard Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire S016 6YD, UKSearch for more papers by this author Helen Robertshaw, Corresponding Author Helen Robertshaw Royal Bournemouth & Christchurch Hospitals, Dorset, UK Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire S016 6YD, UKDr Helen RobertshawDermatology Resource UnitChristchurch HospitalChristchurchDorset BH23 2JXUKTel: +44-1202-70-5457e-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorBarbara Leppard, Barbara Leppard Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire S016 6YD, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 04 November 2007 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00771.xCitations: 26Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume57, Issue6December 2007Pages 383-384 RelatedInformation

The effect of a toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan on bacterial viability and plaque growth in vivo compared to a toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan and 2% copolymer

To compare the antimicrobial efficacy and effect on plaque growth of a new silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate/ 0.3% Triclosan with a silica-based fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer. In Study 1, plaque was collected after one week's use of each toothpaste and assessed for bacterial viability, live/ dead ratio and microbial membrane integrity. In study 2, plaque was measured immediately and 18 hours after a single brushing with the specified toothpastes. The 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan formulation significantly reduced the total number of viable aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (p = 0.0223 and p = 0.0443 respectively) compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer formulation. Both toothpastes increased the bacterial membrane permeability significantly. However, the proportion of live bacteria for the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan product was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Study 2 showed significantly less plaque growth 18 hours after using the 2% zinc citrate/0.3% Triclosan toothpaste compared to the 0.3% Triclosan/2% copolymer toothpaste (p < 0.01). Regular use of a fluoride toothpaste containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.3% Triclosan, significantly reduced the viability of plaque bacteria compared to a fluoride toothpaste containing 0.3% Triclosan/ 2% copolymer 12 hours after brushing. In addition, a clinical plaque growth study confirmed that this anti-microbial efficacy leads to a significant reduction in plaque growth.