Triclosan In Urine Samples Research Articles

Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Triclosan in Human Urine

Triclosan (TCS), a synthesized chlorinated phenolic compound, is commonly utilized in consumable products as an antimicrobial agent. TCS has sparked widespread awareness because of its toxicity and possible negative effect on public health in recent years. In this study, a highly sensitive, fast, and cost-effective isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method coupled with solid-phase extraction for analysis of triclosan in human urine samples was developed. The method utilized methanol and water in a ratio of 90 : 10 as the mobile phase on a Phenomenex Luna 3 µm C18(2) 100 Å, 150 × 4.60 mm stationary phase, with a runtime of 5 minutes. The method showed good resolution of triclosan in the presence of the sample matrix. Validation of the method was performed according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Linearity was tested over a range of 0.00625 µg/mL to 6.4 µg/mL, as accuracy recorded a recovery of 89.25%, 91.0%, and 92.75%. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were obtained to be 0.0173 µg/mL and 0.0525 µg/mL, respectively. The method proved to be robust over a temperature range of 26°C, 30°C, and 35°C and a flow rate of 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, and 1.5 ml. The developed method was employed to detect and quantify triclosan in 153 urine samples, comprising 60 samples from Ibadan, Nigeria, and 93 samples from Kumasi, Ghana. Triclosan was detected in a total of 52 samples with an average content of 0.054588 µg/ml. This method can therefore be used for the routine analysis of triclosan in urine samples.

Identifying Vulnerable Periods of Neurotoxicity to Triclosan Exposure in Children.

Background:Exposure to triclosan, an endocrine disrupting chemical, may affect thyroid hormone homeostasis and adversely affect neurodevelopment.Objective:Using a longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort, we investigated associations between triclosan exposures during different time windows, and cognitive test scores at 8 y of age in 198 children from the HOME Study.Methods:We quantified triclosan in urine samples from mother–child pairs up to nine times between the second trimester of gestation and 8 y of age. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV [i.e., Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ)] assessment was administered to HOME Study children at 8 y of age. We estimated covariate-adjusted triclosan–IQ associations at each visit. We also tested whether associations between triclosan concentrations and cognitive test scores varied among exposure at different time periods.Results:Full-Scale IQ was not significantly associated with urinary triclosan concentrations during gestation or childhood but was significantly associated with a 10-fold increase in maternal urinary triclosan concentration at delivery [ (95% CI: , )]. Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) scores were significantly decreased in association with urinary triclosan concentrations at delivery and at 2 y of age. Associations between repeated triclosan concentrations and cognitive test scores significantly varied among exposure at different time periods for Full-Scale IQ, PRI, Verbal Comprehension Index, and Working Memory (triclosan–visit interaction ).Conclusion:Urinary triclosan concentrations at delivery, but not during mid to late pregnancy and childhood, were associated with significantly lower children’s cognitive test scores at 8 y of age in this cohort of U.S. children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2777

Early life Triclosan exposure and child adiposity at 8\xa0Years of age: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundTriclosan is an antimicrobial agent that may affect the gut microbiome and endocrine system to influence adiposity. However, little data from prospective studies examining prenatal and childhood exposures exist. We investigated the relationship between multiple, prospective early life measure of triclosan exposure and child adiposity. MethodsIn a prospective cohort of 220 mother-child pairs from Cincinnati, OH (enrolled 2003–2006), we quantified triclosan in urine samples collected twice during pregnancy, annually from 1 to 5 years of age, and once at 8 years. We assessed child adiposity at age 8 years using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectric impedance. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations of child adiposity with a 10-fold increase in average prenatal, average early childhood (average of 1–5 years), and 8-year triclosan concentrations.ResultsAmong all children, there was no association between triclosan and child adiposity. While urinary triclosan concentrations at all three time periods were weakly, imprecisely, and inversely associated with all three measures of adiposity among girls, these associations did not differ significantly from those in boys (sex x triclosan p-values> 0.35). Among girls, the strongest associations were generally observed for prenatal triclosan when we adjusted for all three triclosan concentrations and covariates in the same model; BMI z-score (β: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.42, 0.15), waist circumference (β: − 1.7 cm; 95% CI: -4.2, 0.7), and percent body fat (β :-0.6; 95% CI: -2.7, 1.3). In contrast, the associations between triclosan concentrations and adiposity measures were inconsistent among boys.ConclusionWe did not observe evidence of an association of repeated urinary triclosan concentrations during pregnancy and childhood with measures of child adiposity at age 8 years in this cohort.

Prenatal urinary triclosan concentrations and child neurobehavior

BackgroundExposure to triclosan, an antimicrobial chemical, is ubiquitous among pregnant women and may reduce thyroid hormone levels that are important for fetal neurodevelopment. Few studies have examined the association between prenatal triclosan exposure and children's neurobehavior. ObjectiveWe investigated the relationship of prenatal urinary triclosan concentrations with children's behavior and cognitive abilities at age three years in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Canada. MethodsWe measured triclosan in urine samples collected at ~12 weeks of gestation in 794 Canadian women enrolled in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort study (MIREC) from 2008 to 2011. Around age 3 years, we assessed children's cognitive abilities using the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSI-III), and two scales of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P). Parents reported children's problem and reciprocal social behaviors using the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) and Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), respectively. ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders using multivariable linear regression, triclosan was not associated with most of the 30 examined neurobehavioral scales. Each 10-fold increase in triclosan was associated with better WPPSI-III picture completion scores (β: 0.2; 95% CI: 0,0.5) and BASC-2 externalizing (β: −0.5; 95% CI: −1.1, 0) and hyperactivity (β: −0.6; 95% CI: −1.2, −0.1) scores, suggesting less externalizing and hyperactive behaviors. Child sex did not modify these associations. ConclusionsIn this cohort, urinary triclosan concentrations measured once in early pregnancy were not associated with most assessed aspects of neurobehavior and weakly associated with a few others, but not in the hypothesized direction.