Trickle-down Effect Research Articles

중간관리자의 리더역할 정체성과 부하역할 정체성이 임파워링 리더십의 적하효과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 조절된 순차적 매개효과 분석

This study examined how the dual-role identities of middle managers, as both leaders and subordinates, influence their acceptance of empowering leadership from upper leaders and its transmission to subordinates. Specifically, it explored whether middle managers’ deference toward upper leaders mediates the trickle-down effect of empowering leadership and how leader-role and subordinate-role identities moderate this process. Survey data were collected from 174 executives (upper leaders), 174 team leaders (middle managers), and their 775 subordinates (team members) at Korean companies. The responses were all matched through the chain of command, while response anonymity and confidentiality were ensured. The results showed that upper leaders' empowering leadership was positively associated with middle managers' empowering leadership through their deference to upper leaders. The indirect effect was significant when subordinate-role identity was low and leader-role identity was high. Additionally, middle managers' promotability and leader effectiveness were sequentially mediated by their deference toward upper leaders and empowering leadership, with the indirect effects remaining significant under the same moderation conditions. This study highlights the pivotal role of middle managers' dual-role identities in moderating the trickle-down effect of empowering leadership. It deepens our understanding of how middle managers internalize empowering leadership from their superiors, transmit it to their subordinates, and enhance their promotability and leader effectiveness, ultimately benefiting the organization as a whole.

Comparative study of the chemical, structural and adsorptive properties of local thermally activated clay and an imported commercial clay for the depigmentation of crude palm oil

The present study investigated the performance of raw kaolinite clay (Ao), thermally activated local kaolinite clay and an imported commercial clay (AIC) for the depigmentation of crude palm oil. The local clay was thermally activated at 400 °C/1 h (A1), 600 °C/1 h (A2) and 600 °C/2 h (A3). Standard analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis were used to characterize the different materials. Batch adsorption was used to carry out experiments on the decolorization of crude palm oil. During this process, the effect of parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, acidity and stirring speed were evaluated. The physicochemical characteristics revealed that the A3 clay has a larger variety of functional groups and active sites (Si/Al ˂ 1) and a higher specific surface area (28.62 m2/g) than the A1 and A2 clays. The active sites in A3 activated by calcination compensate for the functional group deficit compared with the commercial clay AIC as evidenced by the comparable depigmentation efficiency of crude palm oil. The characteristics of the oil decolorized with A3 and AIC clays revealed negligible impurities, water content and volatile matter, and indistinguishable coloration of 15.8 R30Y for an optimum depigmentation time of 30 min. The acid, iodine and peroxide values of the oils treated with A3 and AIC show that the oils are not deteriorated by the clays during the depigmentation process. Since the performance of the materials are indistinguishable, the tradeoff between importation costs and costs of thermal treatment indicates that the use of local kaolinite clay of Njinon, is plausible alternative for use in the palm oil refining process with higher potential of trickle-down economics effect to the local economy relative to adsorbent importation.

Trickle-down effects of corporate social responsibility on employee outcomes: the mediating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors

Trickle-down effects of corporate social responsibility on employee outcomes: the mediating role of family-supportive supervisor behaviors

The Impact of Digitalization on Agricultural Green Development: Evidence from China’s Provinces

Agricultural green development is crucial for achieving the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, with the digital technology revolution acting as a catalyst for both China’s green agricultural transformation and global sustainable development efforts. This study utilizes panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (including autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2012 to 2022 to assess the digitalization level and agricultural green development through a combined entropy weight and TOPSIS method. It also investigates the spatial agglomeration of agricultural green development using Moran’s I index and empirically evaluates the impact of digitalization on agricultural green development through OLS and spatial Durbin models. The findings reveal that, while China’s agricultural green development has progressed slowly yet steadily during the study period, it demonstrates significant spatial agglomeration, driven primarily by agricultural production efficiency and resource recycling. Notably, a non-linear U-shaped relationship exists between digitalization and agricultural green development, suggesting that digitalization fosters agricultural green development only after surpassing a certain threshold. Additionally, digitalization has spatial spillover effects: advancements in neighboring provinces correlate with local agricultural green development in a U-shaped manner, with an initial “siphon effect” followed by a “trickle-down effect.” These insights inform policy recommendations aimed at optimizing the use of digital technology to facilitate green agricultural transformation, offering valuable guidance for policymakers.

Connections and Spatial Network Structure of the Tourism Economy in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei: A Social Network Perspective

In the context of the coordinated development of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, examining the spatial connections and network structure characteristics of the tourism economy holds substantial theoretical and practical significance. This study constructs a tourism economic quality evaluation index system from four dimensions and optimizes the tourism economic gravity model by incorporating time distance and weight factors to dynamically simulate the intensity of tourism economic spatial connection (ITESC). Based on the new perspective of relational data, social network analysis is employed to investigate the spatial correlation network characteristics and group structure changes in the tourism economy within the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA). The results demonstrate a significant improvement in overall tourism economic quality from 2013 to 2022, with the average quality increasing from 0.128 in 2013 to 0.157 in 2022. Tourism economic spatial connections are prevalent among cities, exhibiting heterogeneous characteristics, characterized by density in the north and relatively sparse in the south. The network cohesion of ITESC strengthens, and the network structure evolves from a highly centralized to a multi-centralized configuration, with increasingly frequent cooperation and interaction in tourism between cities. Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang occupy central positions in the network, exhibiting strong ITESC and a high degree of connectivity, generating a significant “trickle-down effect” on peripheral cities. Consequently, strengthening ITESC between peripheral cities and core areas, as well as enhancing the bidirectional spillover of tourism development between cities, is crucial for the future sustainable and coordinated development of tourism in the BTHUA.

Linking the trickle-down effect of supervisor incivility to turnover intentions in the context of SMEs: a serial mediation model

PurposeBased on conservation of resources theory and incivility spiral theory, this study examines the relationship between supervisor incivility and turnover intentions by investigating the mediating roles of co-worker incivility and emotional exhaustion.Design/methodology/approachA serial mediation model was empirically tested with a sample of 600 employees in Greek small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).FindingsResults indicate that supervisor incivility is linked to turnover intentions in three main ways. Directly, indirectly through emotional exhaustion, and indirectly through the serial mediation of co-worker incivility and emotional exhaustion.Research limitations/implicationsPossible limitations of the study include the sampling techniques and the self-reporting measures for data collection.Practical implicationsFindings attest that owners and managers of SMEs should take note of the trickle-down effect, namely that their own misbehavior will fuel co-worker incivility. Supervisor incivility has cumulative, deleterious consequences on employees, depleting their emotional resources and enhancing turnover intentions, and should therefore be restricted through appropriate practices.Originality/valueFew empirical studies have explored the effects of supervisor incivility on the incivility manifested by others and their impact on turnover intentions. The study enriches the trickle-down effect literature by identifying an additional indirect path linking supervisor incivility and turnover intentions. Further, this study took place in SMEs, a context with limited research in abusive supervision and incivility yet highly pertinent, given that SMEs informality might leave such behavior unchecked.

The Synergistic Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Tourism Economy and Urban Green Development Efficiency in the Yellow River Basin

In the context of the “ecological priority and green development” strategy, examining the co-evolution between the tourism economy and the efficiency of urban green development can offer both theoretical insights and quantitative foundations to support ecological preservation and high-quality development in China’s Yellow River Basin. This research utilized approaches such as the Haken model and the geographically and temporally weighted regression model to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns, synergistic characteristics, and driving factors of the tourism economy and urban green development efficiency within the Yellow River Basin. The findings reveal the following: (1) Regional disparities in the tourism economy are progressively widening, whereas the efficiency of green development tends to decline. Furthermore, both the tourism economy and urban green development efficiency display “high-high clustering” and “low-low clustering” spatially. (2) The synergistic evolution of the two systems displays spatial characteristics of transitioning from polarization to trickle-down effects. (3) Natural factors such as topography and vegetation coverage, as well as human economic factors like industrial structure and the degree of openness, positively promote the synergy. However, elements such as temperature, precipitation, economic development level, and openness to innovation have a certain inhibitory effect on the synergistic evolution.

Trickle-Down Effect of Empowering Leadership and Employee Organizational Citizenship Behavior : The Moderating Role of Self-Enhancement Motive

Trickle-Down Effect of Empowering Leadership and Employee Organizational Citizenship Behavior : The Moderating Role of Self-Enhancement Motive

Opportunities and limitations to environmental management system (EMS) implementation in UK small and medium enterprises (SMEs) – A systematic review

Human activity has been the primary driver of wicked problems that have resulted in the twinned climate and biodiversity crises, that must now urgently be addressed by all sectors of society. Such impacts are primarily driven by economic activity and how business is conducted. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) make up the majority of global and UK business with relatively unquantified environmental impact. The present study investigates how UK-based SMEs experience environmental management systems (EMS) – tools used to systematically identify the environmental impact of products and processes - to identify key opportunities and limitations to their implementation.Between 2000 and 2021 the topic has received a consistent, but low level of attention, with a marginal increase that coincides with the introduction of environment, social, and governance (ESG) requirements. The study synthesized the findings of 30 publications identified in a systematic review of literature that were comprised of case studies and review articles. Internal drivers for embarking on an EMS were resource use efficiency and cost-savings, and market advantage was a frequent external driver. Limitations were often more internal than external, and included inadequacies in human resource, knowledge and skill to undertake an EMS in house. Legal compliance featured as both a key internal and external driver, but a lack of mandate for EMS implementation and external (e.g., governmental) support were critical external limitations. Consequently, key focal areas to upscale the ambition of EMS for SMEs were the provision of guidance and training, as well as top-down pressure.Overall, there are increasing pressures upon the SME sector to improve their sustainability performance due to the trickle-down effect of stronger, international ESG related policy and legislation into the value chain and EMSs may offer an established framework to enable SMEs to move with larger corporates into a more sustainable future.

Effort-Aware Fault-Proneness Prediction Using Non-API-Based Package-Modularization Metrics

Source code complexity of legacy object-oriented (OO) software has a trickle-down effect over the key activities of software development and maintenance. Package-based OO design is widely believed to be an effective modularization. Recently, theories and methodologies have been proposed to assess the complementary aspects of legacy OO systems through package-modularization metrics. These package-modularization metrics basically address non-API-based object-oriented principles, like encapsulation, commonality-of-goal, changeability, maintainability, and analyzability. Despite their ability to characterize package organization, their application towards cost-effective fault-proneness prediction is yet to be determined. In this paper, we present theoretical illustration and empirical perspective of non-API-based package-modularization metrics towards effort-aware fault-proneness prediction. First, we employ correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship between faults and package-level metrics. Second, we use multivariate logistic regression with effort-aware performance indicators (ranking and classification) to investigate the practical application of proposed metrics. Our experimental analysis over open-source Java software systems provides statistical evidence for fault-proneness prediction and relatively better explanatory power than traditional metrics. Consequently, these results guide developers for reliable and modular package-based software design.

Weathering the storm: examining how organisations navigate the sea of cybersecurity regulations

ABSTRACT Governments around the world routinely regulate the activities of private enterprises to guide the behaviour of individuals and organisations towards acceptable norms. This holds true in a cybersecurity context. However, practitioners report that cybersecurity regulations are often out of date and compliance is confusing, expensive, and time consuming. As a result, organisational leaders are often uncertain about the practicalities of adopting and implementing the various rules, which can lead to trickle-down effects on the robustness of lower-level cybersecurity controls and compliance activities. In this research, we aim to clarify how cybersecurity regulations are operationalised in organisations, as well as reveal the compliance and performance consequences of cybersecurity regulations. To do so, we interviewed 22 senior leaders with expertise in cybersecurity regulations. Our analysis reveals 7 distinct themes (i.e., concept groupings) that are ordered within four phases (i.e., temporal stages), which we use to create the Institutional Cybersecurity Regulations Model (ICRM). The results provide a holistic view of the cybersecurity regulations process in organisations that can serve to clarify current theory relationships and inform future research. As well, the ICRM can provide a practical roadmap for managers to navigate regulatory cybersecurity challenges in their own companies.

Analysis of Theil Comparative Decomposition Index to Measure Regional Inequality Due to Industrialization Residues

The Industrial sector in Kendal County, Indonesia, is one of the national strategic projects aimed at promoting investment accumulation and job creation. Unfortunately, the rapid development of this Industrial sector has resulted in income inequality compared to other sectors. This research aims to examine and measure the contribution of the Industrial sector in Kendal County to aggregate inequality. Methodologically, this research uses a quantitative descriptive approach, which involves indexing inequality to reveal economic phenomena. The inequality indices include the Gini ratio index, the Williamson index, and the Theil index. In Kendal County, inequality is at a moderate to high level, as evidenced by a Gini ratio index of 0.411 and a Williamson index of 0.775. On the other hand, the Theil index reaches 0.519, placing it in between the Gini ratio and the Williamson index. The high inequality in Kendal County is attributed to the Industrial sector, accounting for 41.19%. The Industrial sector significantly contributes to the widening of inequality in Kendal County. This is due to the Industrial sector attracting production input factors such as investments, resources, human capital, monetary conditions, and technological innovation. However, the trickle-down effect does not occur between the Industrial sector and other economic sectors such as agriculture, food and beverages, trade, services, and accommodation.

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POVERTY: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF INCOME INEQUALITY

The trickle-down effect assumes that the progress of a group of people will automatically trickle down, thus creating jobs which in turn will promote the necessary conditions for equitable economic growth. However, previous studies on the association between economic growth and poverty have shown inconclusive results.This study fills the gap of the above research differences by introducing income inequality as a moderating variable in the relationship between economic growth and poverty. Secondary data from 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2016-2020 period were analyzed using panel data moderated regression. The results showed that while simple linear regression model indicates positive significant effect of economic growth on poverty, the interaction between economic growth and income inequality shows negative significant effect on poverty. This paper concludes that income inequality as measured by the Gini index moderates the effect of economic growth on poverty which supports the importance of inclusive economic growth.

THE LINKAGES BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE HIDING & KNOWLEDGE SHARING VIA LMX & AGREEABLENESS: A MEDIATED MODERATED MODEL

The study will contribute to the knowledge hiding literature by providing interesting insights in trickledown effect of supervisor knowledge hiding on subordinate knowledge sharing behavior with the co-workers, while; here, LMX as mediator would extend literature of knowledge hiding. Drawing on SET & COR theory by using cross-sectional data collected over structured questionnaire from employees of TEVTA organization, the research will be a considerable addition in both knowledge hiding and knowledge sharing literature. It would also provide the considerable knowledge in OB studies where personality traits i.e., agreeableness as moderator will influence upon relationship of LMX and knowledge sharing by subordinate with coworkers. It argues that, the effects of supervisor knowledge hiding (predictor) not stop at subordinate end while it transmits (trickledown) in coworker and badly affect their social well-being (outcome). More interestingly, agreeableness will moderate relation of LMX & subordinate knowledge sharing behavior with co-workers while the COR will support to author’s stance. In addition, theoretical and practical implications of the study are also a key point of the present research.

CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN HARYANA

The emphasis on GDP per capita has been long cross examined as the sole measure of development. Does this parameter offers holistic insights about the distributional efficiency and welfare assessment at all levels? Considering it, the paper tries to interpret HDI ‘with caution’ and gauge into the trickle-down effect of development process in general with special reference to Haryana while analysing attainment and deprivation dimensions in particular.

Spatial Effects of Economic Modernization on Carbon Balance in China

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas.

Attitudes Toward Gender Quota Legislation on TMT-level Positions

In 2010, Iceland became the second country in the world after Norway to enact a minimum 40% gender quota for corporate boards. The legislation did not pass without resistance, and concerns were voiced that gender quotas undermined competitiveness and merit-based selection. The legislation had the effect of improving the gender imbalance on corporate boards. Nevertheless, the expected trickle-down effect on the top management team (TMT) level has not materialized; women face apparent exclusion from senior executive positions, and men hold 22 out of 26 CEO positions at listed companies. Women hold 31.6% of TMT-level positions in listed companies, and women business leaders in Iceland have started calling for a gender quota on TMT-level positions. This study aims to measure public attitudes toward interventions to close the gender gap and ensure equal opportunities for men and women to reach top management positions. The study focuses on attitudes toward gender quota legislation on TMT-level positions, with a requirement of at least 40/60% gender balance, identified in qualitative interview studies with board members representing all listed companies in Iceland. We find gender differences in the attitudes toward the TMT-level quota in conjunction with beliefs about equal opportunities for men and women to be hired as CEOs, beliefs about the effect of gender quota legislation on merit-based hiring, and beliefs about the rate of progress toward gender balance. The study contributes to the literature on closing the gender gap by exploring public attitudes toward a legislative intervention that has not been the focus of research so far.

Systems Thinking for Supply Chains: Identifying Bottlenecks Using Process Mapping of a Child Health Intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

The quality of supply chains in public health interventions in low- and middle-income countries can determine how effectively a program is able to treat its intended population group and subsequently achieve its health targets. We aimed to disentangle where challenges exist hierarchically and administratively through the application of process mapping to the supply chain of an integrated community case management (iCCM) intervention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). We conducted a document review, semi-structured key informant interviews, and focus group discussions with program agents involved in supply chain processes of the child health intervention. Enterprise architecture was used to map the intervention’s supply chain and its participatory actors, and detailed bottlenecks of the chain through the application of a health systems framework. The results of this study will be used to inform a system dynamics model of the supply chain of iCCM in DRC. The greatest bottlenecks leading to stockouts at the community level occurred upstream (from national to province and from zone to health facility). While the use of local procurement processes was partially attempted to strengthen systems, parallel supply chain activities compromised sustainable system integration and development. Initial delays in stock dispensation were due to international procurement at the supplier, inducing a trickle-down effect. Inadequate quantification of supply needs and subsequent insufficient product procuration were the single most important steps that led to stockouts. This study demonstrated that the community health supply chain would be most impacted by improvements made in processes at the highest administrative strata, while exposing its delicate dependence on activities at the lowest levels. Visibility of inventory at all levels and improved data quality and use through a transparent tracking system have the potential to significantly reduce stockouts. Future interventions should take care to not develop parallel processes or exclude local health system agents to avoid disruption and ensure sustainable health outcome gains. Causal loop studies and system dynamics can further identify the systems interactions and relationships and their underlying causal mechanisms in need of intervention.

Leading by example: understanding the trickle-down effect of voluntary green behavior in the workplace

PurposeDrawing on the framework of the trickle-down effect and social learning theory, this study aims to examine how and when leaders' voluntary green behavior (VGB) stimulates that of employees.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a time-lagged multisource field survey. The final sample consisted of 417 employees matched to 67 leaders. The unconflated multilevel modeling (MLM) approach was employed.FindingsA social learning mechanism underlies the trickle-down effect of leaders' VGB, which involves observation and imitation. The green role model influence serves as a mediator of these two processes. Moreover, leader-member exchange (LMX) moderates the strength of the social learning mechanism.Practical implicationsLeaders can gain useful insights of how to promote employees' VGB and are further inspired to reflect on the managerial philosophy of leading by example.Originality/valueThis study contributes to workplace green behavior literature by examining the trickle-down effect of leader VGB and uncovering a social learning mechanism. This study also offers promising directions for leadership research concerning about role modeling.

Embracing artificial intelligence (AI) with job crafting: Exploring trickle-down effect and employees’ outcomes

The wide application of AI in the service industry has dramatically changed job tasks and required knowledge. It becomes more urgent and necessary to craft their job proactively to cope with the changes. However, we have limited knowledge about how and why some employees craft their jobs to adjust to AI and whether it works. Integrating the AI literature with the job crafting literature, we introduce the construct of AI crafting as a domain-specific kind of job crafting and investigate its outcomes and antecedents. Using a three-wave, multi-source field study, we adopted multilevel path modeling to analyze the data. Results revealed that leader AI crafting was positively related to employee AI crafting, which in turn positively related to employee AI engagement and AI helping. Furthermore, employee-attributed performance enhancement/impression management motives enhanced/attenuated the indirect effects. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings and propose future research directions.