Trichuris Trichura Research Articles

Surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018

To monitor the epidemic status of human soil-borne nematodiasis in Danyang City, so as to provide scientific evidence for formulating control measures. The soil-borne nematode infections were tested using a modified Kato-Katz technique among residents aged more than 3 years living in Danyang City from 2012 to 2018, and the Enterobius vermicularis eggs were detected using the transparent adhesive tape anal swab method among children at ages of 3 to 12 years. A total of 13 540 residents were monitored for soil-borne nematode infections from 2012 to 2018, and the prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45%. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichura and Enterobius vermicularis infections was 0.32%, 0.12% and 0.01%, respectively, and a single parasite infection was predominant. There were significant differences in the prevalence of soil-borne nematode (χ2 = 42.610, P < 0.05), A. lumbricoides (χ2 = 26.276, P < 0.05) and T. trichura (χ2 = 20.692, P < 0.05). The prevalence of human soil-borne nematode infections was 0.45% in males and 0.47% in females, and lower prevalence was found in local residents than in floating population (0.28% vs. 0.66%; χ2 = 10.561, P < 0.05). The highest infection was found in subjects at ages of 31 to 40 years (0.59%), followed by in subjects at ages of 41 to 50 years (0.56%), and the lowest infection was seen in children at ages of 3 to 5 years (0.27%). In addition, the prevalence of human soilborne nematode infections varied significantly in occupation (χ2 = 75.692, P < 0.05), with the highest infection seen in boatmen. Among the 5 078 children monitored, the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection was 0.37%, and the prevalence of E. vermicularis infection varied significantly in year (χ2= 15.466, P < 0.05). The human soil-borne nematode infection is at a low level in Danyang City; however, the surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis remains to be intensified in children living in rural areas and immigrant populations.

Comparative study of gastrointestinal parasites from captive and wild olive baboon (&lt;i&gt;Papio anubis&lt;/i&gt;)

This study compared the gastrointestinal parasites of captive and wild Olive Baboon (Papio anubis). A total of 15 and 50 fresh faecal samples were collected in both Federal College of Wildlife Management Mini Zoo and Kainji Lake National Park (Borgu Sector). The study covered a period of 5 months (January to May, 2018), the faecal sample were taken to the laboratory for examination using floatation method to determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites. Out of 65 samples collected, 51(78.46%) were infected with one or more gastrointestinal parasite. The highest prevalence was recorded amongst Baboons in captivity (100%). All the parasites encountered in the different samples were nematodes for both captivity and wild Olive baboons. Parasite ova recovered in captive Baboons are Trichuris trichuria, Ascaris lumbricoides and Haemonchus contortus while that of the wild includes Hookworm spp, A. lumbricoides and Strongyle stercolaris. The study advocates periodic monitoring of the health status of the animals in order to reduce the high prevalence of parasites observed.Keywords: Comparative; olive baboon; gastrointestinal parasites; wild; captive.

Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infestation in HIV Positive and Negative Patients Attending Clinics in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Benue State, Nigeria.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection is usually asymptomatic thus goes unnoticed and untreated for long periods of time, often resulting in other serious health complications. In HIV positive patients, the effects usually are more devastating owing to the fact that such patients are already immunocompromised. For this study, HIV positive patients were raised from the BSUTH STD/ART clinic records while HIV negative patients were recruited from other clinics by confirming their HIV status using Determine test strips to check for HIV antibodies; socio-demographic data was generated from questionnaires administered. Patients already placed on anti-helminths or anti-protozoan medicines were exempted from the study. Stool samples (n=550; 304 males 246 females) were examined for intestinal parasites using the standard parasitological procedures for direct wet mount and Formol-Ether Concentration methods. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from 199 (36.2%) samples implying positive results for these infections: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.1%), Entamoeba coli (4.2%), Trichuris trichuria (3.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.2%), Taenia sp. (1.8%), Trichomonas hominis (0.5%) and hookworms (2.9%). Out of this 199 only 55 (27.6%) were HIV positive; statistically there was a significant relationship between HIV status and the rate of parasitic infection (P&lt;0.05). Personal hygiene practices, environmental sanitary conditions, overcrowding, limited access to clean potable water and poor drainage systems influenced gastrointestinal parasitic infection in both HIV positive and negative patients, HIV status may have increased intensity of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The need for preventive awareness campaigns and mass chemoprophylaxis exercises cannot be overemphasized; government and private sector collaborations will have a wider coverage area and make a lot of impact.

Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infestation in HIV Positive and Negative Patients Attending Clinics in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Benue State, Nigeria.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection is usually asymptomatic thus goes unnoticed and untreated for long periods of time, often resulting in other serious health complications. In HIV positive patients, the effects usually are more devastating owing to the fact that such patients are already immunocompromised. For this study, HIV positive patients were raised from the BSUTH STD/ART clinic records while HIV negative patients were recruited from other clinics by confirming their HIV status using Determine test strips to check for HIV antibodies; socio-demographic data was generated from questionnaires administered. Patients already placed on anti-helminths or anti-protozoan medicines were exempted from the study. Stool samples (n=550; 304 males 246 females) were examined for intestinal parasites using the standard parasitological procedures for direct wet mount and Formol-Ether Concentration methods. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from 199 (36.2%) samples implying positive results for these infections: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.1%), Entamoeba coli (4.2%), Trichuris trichuria (3.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.2%), Taenia sp. (1.8%), Trichomonas hominis (0.5%) and hookworms (2.9%). Out of this 199 only 55 (27.6%) were HIV positive; statistically there was a significant relationship between HIV status and the rate of parasitic infection (P&lt;0.05). Personal hygiene practices, environmental sanitary conditions, overcrowding, limited access to clean potable water and poor drainage systems influenced gastrointestinal parasitic infection in both HIV positive and negative patients, HIV status may have increased intensity of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The need for preventive awareness campaigns and mass chemoprophylaxis exercises cannot be overemphasized; government and private sector collaborations will have a wider coverage area and make a lot of impact.

Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infestation in HIV Positive and Negative Patients Attending Clinics in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Benue State, Nigeria.

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection is usually asymptomatic thus goes unnoticed and untreated for long periods of time, often resulting in other serious health complications. In HIV positive patients, the effects usually are more devastating owing to the fact that such patients are already immunocompromised. For this study, HIV positive patients were raised from the BSUTH STD/ART clinic records while HIV negative patients were recruited from other clinics by confirming their HIV status using Determine test strips to check for HIV antibodies; socio-demographic data was generated from questionnaires administered. Patients already placed on anti-helminths or anti-protozoan medicines were exempted from the study. Stool samples (n=550; 304 males 246 females) were examined for intestinal parasites using the standard parasitological procedures for direct wet mount and Formol-Ether Concentration methods. Gastrointestinal parasites were identified from 199 (36.2%) samples implying positive results for these infections: Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (8.9%), Ascaris lumbricoides (7.1%), Entamoeba coli (4.2%), Trichuris trichuria (3.3%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.2%), Taenia sp. (1.8%), Trichomonas hominis (0.5%) and hookworms (2.9%). Out of this 199 only 55 (27.6%) were HIV positive; statistically there was a significant relationship between HIV status and the rate of parasitic infection (P&lt;0.05). Personal hygiene practices, environmental sanitary conditions, overcrowding, limited access to clean potable water and poor drainage systems influenced gastrointestinal parasitic infection in both HIV positive and negative patients, HIV status may have increased intensity of gastrointestinal parasitic infection. The need for preventive awareness campaigns and mass chemoprophylaxis exercises cannot be overemphasized; government and private sector collaborations will have a wider coverage area and make a lot of impact.

Intestinal helminthiasis and human/environmental factors among primary school pupils in Okuzu-Oba, Anambra State, Nigeria

Intestinal helminthiasis, a health problem in the developing world; is due to factors that promote their survival and transmission, with children at the highest risk. Using direct wet preparation and Formol-Ether concentration techniques; survey carried out revealed an overall prevalence rate of 34.8%. These parasites were identified with their corresponding rates: hookworms – 26.8%, Ascaris lumbricoides – 9.4%, Strongyloides stecoralis – 1.7%, Trichuris trichura – 1.7%, Enterobius vermicularis – 0.7% and Giardia lamblia – 0.7%. A sample size of 138 pupils including 74 male and 64 females, of whom 35.1% and 34.8% were infected respectively. Four age groups: 4 – 6, 7 – 9, 10 – 13 and 14 – 16 had infection rates of: 33.3%, 26.7%, 42% and 25% respectively, with significant difference among the age groups (P>0.05). Sources of drinking water included bore-hole and stream/river, with infection rates according to the sources as: 41.3% and 21.7% respectively, difference highly significant (P>0.01). Drinking water purification by boiling was analyzed and 16.7% of those who did were infected while 35.6% of those who did not purify were infected, difference highly significant (P>0.01). Infection rates according to toilet facility type at home were: 50% for no toilet, 41.2% for water closet and 33.6% for pit toilet owners. Toilet facility at home notwithstanding, some prefer to defecate in the bush of whom 56.7% were infected, while 30.8% of those who use toilet facility at home were infected, difference highly significant (P>0.01). This research showed high prevalence rate, poor sanitary conditions and lack of good water supply. Health education, Mass chemotherapy and provision of good water are recommended.

Prevalence of Parasites of Public Health Significance in Vegetables Sold in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Vegetables are vital for good health but can serve as a means of transmission of parasitic pathogens to man. JUSTIFICATION: There is increase consumption of vegetables due to general awareness of the health benefits. This research intends to explore suggestive management strategies and control in handling vegetables to reduce or if possible eliminate food borne parasites. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The study was to determine parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables with objective to determine the prevalence of parasites of medical importance in vegetables sold in Jos market. METHODOLOGY: A total of 575 samples of fresh vegetables; Lettuce, Cabbage, Carrot, Spinach, Green Pepper, Cucumber, Beetroot, Tomatoes, Garden egg, and Green bean; were bought from sellers from May-June 2016 and examined for helminthes eggs, larva and cysts using wet mount and concentration techniques. RESULT: Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria, Strongyloides stercoralis, cyst of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambia accounted for 7.3%, 8.1%, 4.8%, 58.1%, 9.7% and 12.1% respectively. Cucumber, carrot, cabbage beetroot, spinach, lettuce, green pepper, green beans, garden egg and tomatoes had 0%, 26.7%, 31.7%, 5.7%, 40%, 53.3%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 13.3% and 25% respectively with overall prevalence of 21.6% and strongyloides stercoralis was most prevalent and Trichuris trichiura least prevalent found in cabbage and tomatoes. Lettuce has the highest contamination rate 32(53.3%), followed by spinach 24(40%) while beetroot had the least (5.7%). CONCLUSION: Vegetables in Jos Metropolis are contaminated with parasites. There should be proper washing as they could serve as source of transmission of parasites when eaten raw or undercooked.

Fortification of Carica papaya fruit seeds to school meal snacks may aid Africa mass deworming programs: a preliminary survey

BackgroundSoil transmitted helminths (STHs) are among the world’s neglected tropical diseases. Morbidity due to STHs is greatest in school-age children who typically have the highest burden of infection. In 2001, WHO passed a resolution for the use of large-scale mass drug administration (MDA) to deworm vulnerable children through school based programs. Though effective, there is concern that MDA might not be sustainable over extended periods. Additionally the current MDA strategy does not consider child malnutrition, a very common malady in resource limited countries. We report a pilot evaluation of an innovation that bundles school feeding and deworming.MethodsWe designed a maize (corn) flour fortified with grounded dried papaya (Carica papaya) seeds and used it to prepare porridge as per the usual school meal recipe Children from three primary schools from Nandi County in Kenya were randomized into three arms: One school received 300 ml papaya fortified porridge daily (papaya group), the second school received similar serving of plain porridge without the pawpaw ingredient (control group) and the third school received plain porridge and the conventional MDA approach of one time 400 mg dosage of albendazole (albendazole arm). Prior to the randomization, an initial baseline stool microscopy analysis was done to determine presence and intensity of intestinal worms. Core indicators of nutrition-height, weight and hemoglobin counts were also assessed. The children were monitored daily for two months and final stool sample analysis and clinical monitoring done at the end of the study. Baseline and follow-up data were analyzed and compared through SAS version 9.1 statistical package.ResultsA total of 326 children participated in the trial. The overall prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was 29.4% (96), Trichuris Trichura 5.2% (17) and hookworm 1 (0.3%). Papaya seed fortified porridge reduced the Ascaris lumbricoides egg count by 63.9% after the two month period (mean 209.7epg to 75.7 p < 0.002) as compared to the albendazole arm 78.8% (129.5 epg to 27.5, p value 0.006). The control group showed an increase in egg count (42.epg to 56.3) though it was not statistically significant. Hemoglobin counts in the papaya group increased from a mean of 2 g/dL (11.5 g/dL to 13.5 g/dL, p < 0.001), as compared to the albendazole arm that increased by 1 g/dL (12.8–13.9, p < 0.001). No significant change was observed in the placebo arm (13.2 to 13.1). Interestingly the papaya group showed a significant reduction of children with Tinea capitis (ringworms) (54.4 to 34%, p < 0.002) as compared to the albendazole arm that showed an increase in ringworm infestation though not statistically significant (39.7 to 64.7% p = 0.608).ConclusionPapaya seed fortified porridge had a significant effect on reduction of Ascaris lumbricoides burden. It had a better nutritional outcome and effect on child fungal infections than albendazole. Its application as a routine school meal may aid current national school based nutrition and deworming programs in Africa.Trial registrationThis study was retrospectively registered at Clinicaltrials.gov Ref. NCT02725255 on 31st March 2016.

450. Using Geographical Information Systems to Interpret the Efficacy of Mass Drug Administration for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Rural Madagascar

BackgroundIn Madagascar, mass drug administration (MDA) of anti-parasitics is administered every 6 months to combat soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) in school-aged children, although little information exists as to its efficacy. In recent years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used for visualization of patterns in disease epidemiology. This inexpensive technology may be leveraged to aid in education of local health workers toward a more integrated approach to control STH.MethodsBaseline questionnaires and stool/blood samples were collected from participants of Mangevo, a rural village in southeast Madagascar. GPS coordinates and qualitative descriptions were collected from all village homes, common latrines, and animal pens. All children 5–15 years old were given MDA per WHO protocol. Stool was again collected from these children 2 weeks later and 3 months later. Parasitological examination of stool samples for STH eggs was performed using Spontaneous Sedimentation Technique. Results were overlaid onto GIS maps and used to further educate the local mobile health team.ResultsA total of 183 participants were eligible for the study. Analysis found 89% of adults >15 years old were infected with one or more parasite and 100% of children 5–15 were infected with one or more parasite at time 0. Trichuris trichuria prevalence fell 8% (P < 0.5) in 2 weeks and climbed 17% (P < 0.05) by 3 months follow-up. Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence fell 96% (P < 0.0001) in the 2 weeks and climbed 95% (P < 0.0001) by 3 months follow-up. Hookworm prevalence dropped 89% (P < 0.0001) in 2 weeks and climbed 5% (P < 0.5) by 3 months follow-up. Prevalence data, descriptive results, and GPS coordinates of village homes were integrated into a GIS maps pre- and post-MDA of children, and pre-MDA for adults. ConclusionWhile GIS has been used to yield insights into the ecology of infection, this study examined the efficacy of the current MDA through the lens of small scale GIS mapping. This may be an ideal and inexpensive technology to help in the implementation of future interventions of the government-mandated STH treatment protocol and work toward the strengthening of local health teams.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Parasit Gastrointestinal pada Hewan Ternak di Tempat Pemotongan Hewan Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah

Disease in lifestock due to gastrointestinal parasites can cause economic loss and harmful for health of breeders or people who eat meat from these animals. . Slaughterhouse is an important place for monitoring parasitism in livestock, surveillance of disease in livestock and zoonoosis. Previous studies showed that some people living nearby a swine slaughterhouse were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura. Based on those results, it is required to study about the gastrointestinal parasites in livestock which could transmit to human in Slaughterhouse in Jono Oge Village and Biromaru Slaughterhouse, Sigi regency. This study was a cross-sectional design, and fecal samples collection were carried out on 97 cattles, 33 pigs and 33 goats slaughtered at slaughterhouse of Sigi, Central Sulawesi. Samples from cattleswere examined according to sedimentation method, while those from pigs and goats were examined using Ritchie method. Single infections by Facsiola sp., Paramphistomum sp., Trichuris sp., Oesophagustomum sp., Ascaris sp., Eimeria sp., and Balantidium sp. were found in cattle and pigs. In cattle, dual infections were found which caused by Strongyloidea sp. and Paramphistomum sp., Trichuris sp. and Paramphistomum sp., Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp. A mixed infection also observed in cattles which caused by Paramphistomum sp., Fasciola sp., and Trichuris sp. while Trichostrongylus sp., was found in goat&#x0D;

Intestinal parasites in the slum-dwelling population in Naya Bazar, Kaski, Nepal

Background and Objectives: Gastrointestinal infection is a major cause of diarrhea, anemia, malnutrition and responsible for reducing physical and mental development especially in children. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the intestinal pathogens in the slum-dwelling population in Kaski, Nepal.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in August-September 2012 in slum-dwelling community. Overall 166 human faecal samples were collected and examined using formal ether sedimentation method.Results: The prevalence of gastrointestinal infections in slum-dwelling population was found to be 24.1%. The magnitude of infection was higher (26.9%) among females compared to males. The difference was not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05). The prevalence of infection was higher (37.0%, P &gt; 0.05) in Dalit group. Children (≤10 years) had higher rate of infection than older people. 22% subjects had single and 2.4% had multiple infections. In the overall population, 12.7% had G. lamblia followed by 5.4% Ascaris lumbricoides, 4.8% Hymenolepsis nana and 3.6% Trichuris trichuria. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal infections were common in the slum-dwelling populations. Lack of health education and safe drinking water contributed higher infection rate in the community. Increased exposure time to the contaminated water and gender disparity had influenced the rate of infection. Due to the semi-urban area with absence of moist soil, protozoan infection was prevalent than helminth infections.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in cases of diarrhoea among school children attending a tertiary care hospital: a two year study

Background: Globally every year 1.7 billion cases of diarrhoea are registered as per the WHO report 2017. Intestinal parasitic infections [IPI] are one of the top ten major public health problems in developing countries with an estimated prevalence of 30-60% in developing countries compared to 3% in developed countries. School age children are the common vulnerable group with the highest prevalence and infection intensities. The objective of the present study is to study the prevalence of parasitic infections in school children as a causative factor for diarrhoea and associated risk factors involved with relation to their hygiene and socio demographic characters.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for a period of two years from January 2015 to December 2016 and stool specimens from the children aged 5-18 years suffering from diarrhoea were screened for parasitic infections following standard guidelines and as per the ethical committee guidelines. The socio demographic characters, risk factors and hygienic characters of the cases were noted from the parents or guardians or children in a separate predesigned questionnaire sheet. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 13 and P value&lt;0.05 was considered significant.Results: T The prevalence of parasitic infections in the Present study was 22.95% and males were more common. 8-11 years was the most common age group and mean age was 11.6±1.8 years. Statistically significant association was found with hand washing before meals, socio economic status, and method of hand washing after defecation. Entamoeba histolytica was the major parasitic pathogen followed by Ascaris lumbricoides. Other parasites were Giardia lamblia, Ancylostoma duodenale, Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Enterobius and Trichuris trichura. Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural population.

PROTOCOL: Mass deworming for improving health and cognition of children in endemic helminth areas: a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis.

PROTOCOL: Mass deworming for improving health and cognition of children in endemic helminth areas: a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis.

Detection of Entamoeba sp. and Helmith Eggs From Water Sources in Urban Slum Area in Bandung Municipality

Diarrhea is a waterborne disease due to consumption of contaminated food/water. People in urban slum area have highest risk to get diarrhea because of poor hygiene and sanitation as well as limited access to uncontaminated water. This study aimed to identify conta­mination in watersources by Entamoeba Sp and helmint eggs (Anchylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria) in one of urban slum area in Bandung municipality. Samples were taken from 123 watersources (74 tap water, 21 borehole, 22 dugwell and 6 spring water) which was randomly selected in 10 RW along the Cikapundung river basin in Tamansari subdistrict during period of July-September 2015. Water samples were examined by PCR to detect Entamoeba Sp and microscopic identification for helminth eggs. 90 out of 123 samples were positive for Entamoeba Sp (59 tap water, 16 dugwell, 11 borehole and 4 spring water). Helminth egg of Ascaris lumbricoides was detected from unimproved common dugwell which had very high risk of contamination. Appropriate of water treatment prior to consumption is vastly important. Physical improvement to construct improved dugwell should be done to prevent contamination from helminth eggs in watersources.

Detection of Entamoeba sp. and Helmith Eggs From Water Sources in Urban Slum Area in Bandung Municipality

Diarrhea is a waterborne disease due to consumption of contaminated food/water. People in urban slum area have highest risk to get diarrhea because of poor hygiene and sanitation as well as limited access to uncontaminated water. This study aimed to identify conta­mination in watersources by Entamoeba Sp and helmint eggs (Anchylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichuria) in one of urban slum area in Bandung municipality. Samples were taken from 123 watersources (74 tap water, 21 borehole, 22 dugwell and 6 spring water) which was randomly selected in 10 RW along the Cikapundung river basin in Tamansari subdistrict during period of July-September 2015. Water samples were examined by PCR to detect Entamoeba Sp and microscopic identification for helminth eggs. 90 out of 123 samples were positive for Entamoeba Sp (59 tap water, 16 dugwell, 11 borehole and 4 spring water). Helminth egg of Ascaris lumbricoides was detected from unimproved common dugwell which had very high risk of contamination. Appropriate of water treatment prior to consumption is vastly important. Physical improvement to construct improved dugwell should be done to prevent contamination from helminth eggs in watersources.

Analysis of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015

To analyze the epidemiological situation of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015, so as to provide the reference for formulating prevention and control measures. The surveillance data of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015 were collected and analyzed statistically. From 2006 to 2015, 98 804 person-times of residents were surveyed in Nanjing City, and 465 person-times of residents were detected with intestinal nematode infections. The highest infection rate was in 2006 (1.97%), and the lowest in 2013 and 2015 (both 0.05%). Moreover, the positive rate of human intestinal nematode infections showed a significantly declining trend in total ( χ2 = 552.19, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the numbers of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichura cases were 329, 98 and 25 respectively, and the infection rates were 0.33%, 0.10% and 0.03% respectively. Among them, 443 cases had mild infection intensity (98.66%). There were 462 cases of single-infection (99.35%), and 3 of co-infection of two parasites (0.65%). From 2006 to 2015, 92 539 person-times of children under 12 years old were surveyed for Enterobius vermicularis infection and 352 cases were detected with E. vermicularis infection. Moreover, the positive rate showed a significantly decreasing trend in total (χ2 = 147.94, P <0.001). The control effect of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City is remarkable. However, the surveillance and health education in key groups still should be strengthened, and the prevention and control programs should be adjusted promptly to further consolidating the effectiveness of intestinal nematode disease prevention and control.

Prevalence and correlation of soil transmitted helminth infection to the degree of anemia and nutritional status among pediatric patients of age group 6-14 years in Kishanganj, Bihar, India

Background: Intestinal parasites are a major public health problem in tropical and sub­tropical countries, affecting the physical growth and cognitive development in school age children. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of various helminthes, the symptomatology and clinical manifestations of various helminthes and to correlate the nutritional status with the type of helminthic infestation. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving children aged 6­14 years attending pediatric outpatient department in MGM Medical College, Kishanganj who were screened to estimate the prevalence of soil transmitted helminthes . Results: Out of the 500 children examined, 275 children were positive for one or other helminthic ova in the stool samples giving overall incidence of 55 %. Ascariasis was most common with 58.2% among all the positive cases, hookworm 7.3%, trichuris trichura 14.5%, hymenolepsis nana 3.6%, taenia saginata 1.8% while mixed infestations constitute 14.5%. There was no significant association of gender and infestation (p value >0.05). Patients on non-vegetarian diet were more prone to get infested (Chi- square value = 19.48, p value<0.05). Children with low socio economic status were more likely to have intestinal parasites (Chi-square value = 63.32, p value<0.05). Out of the 275 children with helminthic infestation, 150 children were found anaemic. Out of the 160 children positive for ascariasis, 110 children were anaemic (68.80%). Mild degree of anemia had statically more significant association with ascariasis, Hookworm infestation and mixed infestation in comparison to moderate to severe anemia (p value<0.05). Poor nutritional status was found significantly associated with risk of worm infestations (Chi-square value = 243.48, p value <0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the results similar to other studies of various authors all over India regarding helminthic infestation with respect to epidemiology, clinical manifestations and relation with nutritional status. Helminthic infestations can be brought down by simple measures such as mass education, good personal hygiene, proper and safe disposal of faecal wastes, proper sanitation, and clean eating habits and by periodic deworming of children.

Analysis of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015

To investigate the epidemiological trend of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategies. The surveillance data of human intestinal helminth infections were collected and analyzed in Yancheng City from 2006 to 2015. From 2006 to 2015, 110 746 person-times of residents in Yancheng City were surveyed in Yancheng City, and 1 732 samples were positive of human intestinal helminth infections. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was highest in 2006 [4.59% (410/8 941)], and lowest in 2013 [0.19% (23/12 165)]. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was significantly decreased over time (χ2 = 27.78, P < 0.001). The human infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hook worm and Trichuris trichura were all decreased over time (Z = -27.75, -22.23 and -16.17, all P < 0.001) from 2006 to 2015, with the reduction rates of 96.57%, 92.31% and 96.47%, respectively. The average EPG of A. lumbricoides, hook worm and T. trichura were 2 534, 360 and 154 respectively, and 1 694 (97.81%) cases were light infections. Totally 1 174 cases of Enterobius vermicularis were found in children under 12 years old, and the cases were decreased over time (χ2 = 12.46, P < 0.001). The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes in Yancheng City decreases over time from 2006 to 2015, and the control work is effective. The control work of focus groups and environmental management and health education should be strengthened in the future.

Economic Analysis of the Impact of Overseas and Domestic Treatment and Screening Options for Intestinal Helminth Infection among US-Bound Refugees from Asia.

BackgroundMany U.S.-bound refugees travel from countries where intestinal parasites (hookworm, Trichuris trichuria, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Strongyloides stercoralis) are endemic. These infections are rare in the United States and may be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, leading to potentially serious consequences. This evaluation examined the costs and benefits of combinations of overseas presumptive treatment of parasitic diseases vs. domestic screening/treating vs. no program.MethodsAn economic decision tree model terminating in Markov processes was developed to estimate the cost and health impacts of four interventions on an annual cohort of 27,700 U.S.-bound Asian refugees: 1) “No Program,” 2) U.S. “Domestic Screening and Treatment,” 3) “Overseas Albendazole and Ivermectin” presumptive treatment, and 4) “Overseas Albendazole and Domestic Screening for Strongyloides”. Markov transition state models were used to estimate long-term effects of parasitic infections. Health outcome measures (four parasites) included outpatient cases, hospitalizations, deaths, life years, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).ResultsThe “No Program” option is the least expensive ($165,923 per cohort) and least effective option (145 outpatient cases, 4.0 hospitalizations, and 0.67 deaths discounted over a 60-year period for a one-year cohort). The “Overseas Albendazole and Ivermectin” option ($418,824) is less expensive than “Domestic Screening and Treatment” ($3,832,572) or “Overseas Albendazole and Domestic Screening for Strongyloides” ($2,182,483). According to the model outcomes, the most effective treatment option is “Overseas Albendazole and Ivermectin,” which reduces outpatient cases, deaths and hospitalization by around 80% at an estimated net cost of $458,718 per death averted, or $2,219/$24,036 per QALY/life year gained relative to “No Program”.DiscussionOverseas presumptive treatment for U.S.-bound refugees is a cost-effective intervention that is less expensive and at least as effective as domestic screening and treatment programs. The addition of ivermectin to albendazole reduces the prevalence of chronic strongyloidiasis and the probability of rare, but potentially fatal, disseminated strongyloidiasis.

A survey on parasitic contamination of leafy vegetables in Ihiala LGA of Anambra State, Nigeria

This study was designed to assess the degree of parasitic contamination of vegetables sold in some selected markets in Ihiala Local Government Area, Anambra State Nigeria between January and June 2014. Vegetable samples which includes Amaranthus spp (green leaf), Telfara Occidentalis (pumpkin leaf), Talinium triangulare (waterleaf), Solanum melongena (Gardenegg leaf) nd Ocimum gratissum (scent leaf) were bought and examined for parasitic contamination using wet preparation and Formal-ether Concentration Technique. Results obtained showed that of the 150 vegetables sampled, 66 (44%) had different parasitic stages. Solanum melongera (garden egg leaf) recorded highest contamination rate of 18 (60%), while Ocimum gratissum (scent leaf) was the least contaminated with 3 (10%) respectively. Parasiites encountered were Ascaris lumbricoides , Entamoeba histolytica , Strongyloi desstercoralis Trichuris trichura , hookworm, Taenia spp and Giardia lamblia with Entamoeba histolytica the most prevalent 17 (13.6%) while Trichuris trichura had the least prevalent with 2 (3.0%) respectively. The results showed that vegetables could be a potential source of parasitic infection, therefore thorough washing of all vegetables prior to consumption is recommended. Keywords: vegetable, markets, Ihiala LGA, parasites, contamination