Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Research Articles

Asymptomatic infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is common in settings with limited access to diagnostic testing. However, this approach does not capture asymptomatic STIs. Untreated asymptomatic infections may result in serious complications and sequelae in women. We aimed to estimate the proportion and the prevalence of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections among women in low- and middle-income countries. We searched Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between 2000 and 2022. We used random effect models to compute the proportion and prevalence estimates and performed sub-group analysis. We evaluated the quality of each article using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and performed sensitivity analyses. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022286673. Forty-eight eligible studies were included. The proportion of asymptomatic CT, NG, and TV infections were: 60.7% [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 50.4; 70.5], 53.3% [37.1; 69.1], and 56.9% [44.6; 68.9], respectively. The proportion of women with asymptomatic infections was the highest in Africa for the three pathogens. The pooled prevalence of asymptomatic CT, NG, and TV infection was 4.70 per 100 women [95%CI: 3.39; 6.20], 3.11 [1.34; 5.54], and 5.98 [3.46; 9.12], respectively. More than half of the women infected by CT, NG, or TV were asymptomatic. To avoid undiagnosed and untreated asymptomatic infections leading to complications, alternative approaches to syndromic management urgently need to be considered.

Prevalence of Trichomonas Infection in Relation to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Pap Smear Samples of Female Patients Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd (Iran).

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections have been proposed as risk factors for cervical cancer. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of TV and its relationship with HPV in women who underwent Pap smear testing as part of cancer screenings. Materials and methods The sampling of liquid-based cervical tissue was conducted among 500 women referred to the women's clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The studied samples were examined for Pap smear tests and microscopic identification of TV, as well as HPV-DNA detection and the determination of high-risk and low-risk HPV types by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) software. Results The individuals included in the study were 16-72 years old. The prevalence rate of TV infection in this population was found to be 29.2%, and the frequency rate of HPV was reported to be approximately 19.4%, with high-risk HPV, including HPV-56, having the highest frequency. The Pap smear test results were reported as abnormal in 20.2%, anda significant correlation was observed between HPV infection and an abnormal Pap smear test (P < 0.05). In addition, a notable correlation was detected between TV infection and high-risk and low-risk HPV (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to the significant relationship found between the two pathogens, TV and HPV, in the abnormal Pap smear test results, TV infection can be considered a risk factor for HPV infection, as well as uterine lesions and cancer.

Comparative Clinical Evaluation of the Alinity m STI Multiplex PCR Assay for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium.

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) are routinely tested and reported; however, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most common STI in the US and the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infections is likely higher than estimated. We examined the clinical performance of the Alinity m STI assay for detection and surveillance of CT/NG/TV/MG in urine specimens from patients at a large academic medical center. Urine specimen from 198 patients were tested in this evaluation. Alinity m STI and Aptima Combo 2 CT/NG and TV assay (Panther System) results were compared, with discrepant results run on the cobas 6800 CT/NG, TV/MG assays. Analyzer turnaround times (TAT), time from loading the specimen on the analyzer to results reporting, were determined for Alinity m and Panther systems. Overall percent agreement of the Alinity m in comparison with the Aptima and cobas assays for CT, NG, TV, and MG were respectively: 99.5% (97.2, 99.9%), 99.5% (97.2, 99.9%), 98.4% (95.5, 99.5%), and 86.4% (66.7, 95.3). There were 5 discrepant samples (CT = 1, NG = 1, TV = 3) between the Alinity m and the Aptima assays, and 3 MG discrepant samples between the Alinity m STI and cobas 6800. Two of the five Aptima and Alinity m discrepant samples were resolved as they yielded similar results on both Alinity m and cobas 6800. TV and MG infections comprised 54% of the positive samples and were more often asymptomatic than CT and NG infections. Analyzer TAT was 3 hours 25 minutes for the Aptima CT/NG, 3 hours 25 minutes for Aptima TV, and 1 hour 55 minutes for Alinity m STI assay. The Alinity m STI assay allows for fast and simultaneous detection of the four major STI pathogens, which can facilitate surveillance and provide accurate results to help clinicians diagnose for initiation of appropriate treatment.

1824. Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Preferred Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis

Abstract Background The 2021 CDC Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Treatment Guideline modified preferred therapy for Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) from single dose to a 7-day course. Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are non-medical factors that influence a person’s life; little is known regarding the association between SDOH and TV and CT treatment. The study objective was to evaluate treatment of TV and CT infections after the guideline update and determine if health inequities exist with use of preferred therapy. Methods IRB approved, retrospective cohort of patients ≥ 15 years with confirmed diagnosis of uncomplicated TV or CT in outpatient settings. Excluded: pregnant/nursing, allergy to preferred therapy, unable to take oral. Primary outcome: proportion who received guideline preferred vs non-preferred (alternative, discordant, or null) antibiotic therapy. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with preferred treatment; SDOH were exposures of interest. Secondary outcomes: test of cure (≤ 3 months), any repeat positive test (recurrence/reinfection), any retreatment, expedited partner therapy (EPT) offered. A sample of 712 patients was needed to detect a 10% difference between two exposures (α=0.05, β=0.2). Results 473 (66%) patients received preferred therapy; patient characteristics are in Table 1. Patients &amp;lt; 25 years had more asymptomatic disease compared to older patients (198 [54%] vs 150 [44%], P=0.01). Patients who received Emergency Department (ED) care were more likely to receive preferred therapy compared to outpatient clinics (201/264 [76%] vs 272/448 [61%], P=&amp;lt; 0.001). Black race, lower median income, and public insurance covaried with ED care. After adjusting for female sex, receipt of ED care was independently associated with preferred therapy (Table 2). 181 (25%) patients had 3-month test of cure performed; repeat positive test/retreatment was more frequent in patients who received non-preferred therapy (25 [11%] vs 24 [5%], P=0.01). EPT was offered in 35 (7%) and 8 (3%) patients in the preferred and non-preferred groups (P=0.03).Table 2:Variables Associated with Receipt of Preferred Therapy. Abbreviations: ED, Emergency Department; UnAdjOR, unadjusted odds ratio; AdjOR, adjusted odds ratio Conclusion Preferred therapy was more frequent in patients who received ED care. EDs represent an important safety net and provide high-level care for patients with SDOH barriers. Disclosures Erin Eriksson, PharmD, BCPS, BCIDP, Stryker Corp: Stocks/Bonds Indira Brar, MD, Gilead: Advisor/Consultant|Gilead: Grant/Research Support|Gilead: Honoraria|Janssen: Grant/Research Support|Janssen: Honoraria|ViiV: Advisor/Consultant|ViiV: Grant/Research Support|ViiV: Honoraria Michael Veve, PharmD, MPH, National Institutes of Health: Grant/Research Support|Paratek Pharmaceuticals: Grant/Research Support

Prevalence of trichomoniasis infection among adults in Nigerian community settings.

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is a sexually transmitted pathogen. The study was conducted to determine its prevalence among 300 adult patients in 4 public health facilities in the Nsukka District of Enugu State, Nigeria. The researchers collected high vagina swabs and urine samples were collected from 150 men and 150 women, respectively. The specimens were scrutinized for color, odor of discharge and urine, and motile trichomoniasis. The prevalence of the TV was 45.0% (135/300) with women showing the highest prevalence (63.7%). Among the patients attending the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Medical Center, the prevalence was the highest at 31.9%. TV infection was more common among older adults aged 38 to 47 years (39.3%), married adults (76.3%), and those with secondary education (68.9%). Urogenital analysis reported that males with pains during urination were 51.0% and males with penile tingling were 12.2%. The highest vaginal Hydrogen ion concentration level of 6.8 was observed in women aged 38 to 47 years. Additionally, the results reported that Vaginal candidiasis, Bacterial vaginosis, and Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies were not independently associated with TV infection. In the unadjusted analysis, the odds of TV infection were higher in men (8.1), while Chlamydia trachomatis infection was higher in women (8.8). Among the adults diagnosed with herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies, the odds of TV infection were 3.9 for both men and women. Men with penile human papillomavirus infection had lower odds of TV infection (1.9), while women with vaginal human papillomavirus infection had higher odds of TV infection (2.2). The prevalence of TV infection is high among sexually active adults in the Nigerian community. It is therefore crucial to implement the increased public health actions such as regular and early diagnosis to reduce its prevalence.

TRiCit: A High-Throughput Approach to Detect Trichomonas vaginalis from ITS1 Amplicon Sequencing.

Trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, affecting over 174 million people annually and is frequently associated with reproductive co-morbidities. However, its detection can be time-consuming, subjective, and expensive for large cohort studies. This case-control study, conducted at the Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center in New York City, involved 36 women with prevalent TV infections and 36 controls. The objective was to examine Internal Transcribed Spacer region-1 (ITS1) amplicon-derived communities for the detection of prevalent TV infections with the same precision as clinical microscopy and the independent amplification of the TV-specific TVK3/7 gene. DNA was isolated from clinician-collected cervicovaginal samples and amplified using ITS1 primers in a research laboratory. Results were compared to microscopic wet-mount TV detection of concurrently collected cervicovaginal samples and confirmed against TV-specific TVK3/7 gene PCR. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for diagnosing TV using ITS1 communities was 0.92. ITS1 amplicons displayed an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.96 (95% CI: 0.93-0.98) compared to TVK3/7 PCR fragment testing. TV cases showed an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis (BV) compared to the TV-negative controls (OR = 8.67, 95% CI: 2.24-48.54, p-value = 0.0011), with no significant differences regarding genital yeast or chlamydia infections. This study presents a bioinformatics approach to ITS1 amplicon next-generation sequencing that is capable of detecting prevalent TV infections. This approach enables high-throughput testing for TV in stored DNA from large-scale epidemiological studies.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection and risk of cervical neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The evidence in the literature regarding the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection and cervical neoplasia is conflicting. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of the risk of cervical neoplasia associated with TV infection. A meta-analysis of observational studies, which provided raw data on the association of TV infection with cervical neoplasia, was performed. For this aim, we searched scientific databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, the Web of Sciences, and Embase) from inception to March 15, 2023. A random-effects model was applied by Stata 17.0 to calculate the pooled and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), including subgroup, sensitivity, and cumulative analyses to explore sources of heterogeneity. Of the 2584 records initially identified, 35 eligible studies contributed data for 67,856 women with cervical neoplasia, and 933,697 healthy controls from 14 countries were included. The pooled (2.15; 1.61-2.87; I2 = 87.7%) and adjusted (2.17; 1.82-2.60; I2 = 31.27%) ORs indicated a significant positive association between TV infection and the development of cervical neoplasia. There was no significant change in pooled and adjusted ORs by applying sensitivity and cumulative analyses, indicating the robustness of our findings. The pooled OR was significant in most sub-group analyses. There was no publication bias in the included studies. Our findings indicated that women with a TV infection are at significantly greater risk of cervical neoplasia. Future research, particularly longitudinal and experimental studies, should be done to better understand the various aspects of this association.

Signature of real-time PCR in detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection and its association with human papillomavirus genotype 16.

Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. The objective of the study was to investigate the incidence of TV infection and its association with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in a sample of Egyptian females. 96 Egyptian females suspected for trichomoniasis were involved in our study. Vaginal washouts and cervical (cytobrush) samples were obtained from all patients and examined for T. vaginalis by direct wet mount, modified Diamond's culture medium, and real-time PCR. Cervical (cytobrush) samples were examined for HPV using real-time PCR. Out of 96 patients, 28 (29%) was positive for T. vaginalis by real-time PCR. HPV was detected in 33 patients (34.4%); 31 cases (32.3%) were infected with HPV of genotype 16, whereas only two cases (2.1%) had genotype 18 infection. A significant association was found between TV and HPV infection [Odds ratio (OR)=10.58; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.819 - 29.29; p<0.001]. When it comes to diagnosing trichomoniasis in a susceptible population, real-time PCR is more reliable than traditional standard approaches. A significant association between TV and HPV infection was found. Further research into the processes by which these two organisms interact at the cellular level could be revealed.

High Presence of NETotic Cells and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Vaginal Discharges of Women with Vaginitis: An Exploratory Study.

Infectious vaginitis is a microbiological syndrome of great importance in public health that affects millions of women worldwide. However, no studies have explored the phenomenon of the production of the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are released into the female reproductive tract in these pathologies. This study aimed to determine the presence of NETosis in vaginal discharges of women with bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis by characterizing NETs. Extracellular DNA with neutrophil elastase and citrullinated histones was identified to confirm the NET components (n = 10). The concentration, phenotypes of NETs, and number of NETotic cells were determined. The results showed an increase in NETotic cells in women with Candida albicans (CA) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and an increase in NETs in TV-induced vaginitis. Samples of CA- and TV-infected women showed different NET phenotypes (diffNETs, sprNETs, and aggNETs); diffNETs were found in high concentrations in samples with CA and were increased in three types of NETs in TV infections. Samples with intermediate microbiota and bacterial vaginosis showed increased NETotic cells while the intermediate microbiota presented a higher concentration of NETs. Therefore, alterations in the microbiota and the presence of fungal and parasitic infections are important stimuli for the activation and induction of NETosis, and their cytotoxic effects could enhance tissue damage.

Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Patients by Rapid Immunochromatographic Test.

This study aims to evaluate associations between the immunochromatographic rapid test technique and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infection in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in Taiwan. All patients received post-prostate massage urine (VB3) Trichomonas rapid tests. The demographic characteristics and urogenital symptoms of CP/CPPS were recorded. Routine urinalysis of VB3 was also performed, and laboratory examination results of semen were recorded if available. A total of 29 patients with TV infection and 109 without TV infection were enrolled, which reflected that the prevalence in patients with TV infection was approximately 21%. Patients with TV infection displayed a significantly higher frequency of suprapubic/lower abdominal pain (p = 0.034), semen leukocyte > 5/high-power field (HPF) (p = 0.020), and an inflammatory type (category IIIA) (p = 0.005) than patients without TV infection. A higher prevalence of TV infection was found in patients with category IIIA (47.37%). No significant difference was found in the symptom duration and other clinical symptoms. In conclusion, the high prevalence of TV infection was revealed in CP/CPPS patients using the VB3 rapid Trichomonas test, especially in CP/CPPS patients with category IIIA. Thus, rapid TV testing might be vital for CP/CPPS patients in the hospital.

Trichomonas vaginalis and Spontaneous Preterm Birth in a High-Risk Obstetric Cohort in Atlanta, GA.

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection globally, but routine screening is not recommended in HIV-negative individuals. There is a significant racial/ethnic health disparity in TV infection rates. Evidence regarding the association between TV and adverse perinatal outcomes is conflicting, but a recent large meta-analysis found a modest increased risk of preterm birth with TV infection (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.50). The current study was undertaken to evaluate whether TV infection increases the risk of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) in a high-risk obstetric cohort in Atlanta, GA. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women delivering at a safety-net hospital in Atlanta between July 2016 and June 2018. Women delivering a singleton live fetus at >20 weeks' gestation were included. The diagnosis of TV was by nucleic acid amplification testing. The outcome of interest was sPTB before 37 weeks' gestation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate the effect of TV on sPTB, controlling for confounding variables, including clinical and demographic characteristics. Several sensitivity analyses were undertaken. There were 3723 deliveries during the study period, and approximately half (46%) were screened for TV with nucleic acid amplification testing. After exclusions, the analytic cohort included 1629 women. Median age was 26 years (interquartile range, 22-31 years), and 70% of participants were listed as non-Hispanic Black in the electronic medical record. The prevalence of TV was 16% (n = 257). The sPTB rate was 7% (n = 112). In multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling, TV infection was not associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of sPTB (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-2.13; P = 0.22). Factors associated with sPTB included history of PTB, adequate plus or transfer of prenatal care (vs. adequate/intermediate prenatal care utilization using the Kotelchuck index), recreational substance use, and Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosed during the current pregnancy. Results were not substantively different in sensitivity analyses. The prevalence of TV was high in this cohort. Its infection was not associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of sPTB. Nevertheless, the magnitude of effect is consistent with prior meta-analyses.

Trichomonas Infection Rates in Males Presenting to the Emergency Department for Sexually Transmitted Infections.

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Overall prevalence is reported to be 3.1%, with rates approaching 12.9-14.4% in high-risk female populations. Although there is a plethora of data on TV in the female population, the corresponding data for the male population are limited. Our aim was to determine the infection rate of TV in male patients seeking care for STIs in the emergency department (ED) and determine the symptoms associated with TV infection in male patients. We conducted a retrospective study of male patients aged 13 years or older who presented to the ED for STI evaluation. Male patients included had nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) TV testing as part of standard STI evaluation. Of the 2137 male patients included, 95 (4.4%) were positive for TV. Male patients who tested positive were significantly older (mean age 38.9 years vs. 30.7 years for male patients who tested negative; p < 0.05). Black male patients were more likely than White male patients to be positive for TV (6.3% prevalence vs. 1.8%; p < 0.05). TV-positive male patients were more likely to have discharge, specifically clear penile discharge, on examination (p < 0.05), and were less likely to have testicular pain or testicular tenderness (p < 0.05). Higher rates of TV were seen in an urban (4.9%) compared with suburban ED (1.6%; p < 0.05). Rates of TV in male patients who receive STI testing in the ED are similar to rates published previously for female patients. We found higher rates among older and African-American male patients. TV among male patients is prevalent and testing should continue when evaluating for STIs.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection Among Women: a Population-Based Controlled Study in Saudi Arabia.

Information on Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection in Saudi Arabia is scarce. The aim of study was to assess the burden and risk factors of T. vaginalis infection for a cohort of women living in Saudi Arabia. Women aged ≥ 18 years who were seeking medical care at the King Faisal Medical Complex Gynecology Clinic in Taif city, Western Saudi Arabia, were enrolled in a non-randomized case-control study between June 2018 and May 2019. Participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire for a number of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Vaginal swabs obtained from each participant were screened for T. vaginalis infection with direct wet mount smear microscopy, the OSOM Trichomonas rapid test 'OSOM Trich' (Genzyme Diagnostics, Cambridge, MA, USA) and a published nested PCR. Over the study period, 155 women were recruited: 79 with symptoms of vaginitis (i.e. cases) and 76 with no symptoms (i.e. controls). The T. vaginalis infection was detected in ~20% (16/79) of cases and ~9% (7/76) of the controls by the nested PCR. Using the PCR test results as a gold standard, the wet mount microscopy's sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value were 69.5%, 100%, 94.9%, and 100%, respectively, whereas the OSOM Trich's were 86.9%, 100%, 97.7%, and 100%, respectively. The main high-risk factors included age between 30 and 39 years (~35%), marriage for 10 - 30 years (~62%), non-education (~41%), urban residence (~29%), and employment (~36%). Highly significant differences were observed concerning infection distribution among cases for the presence of lower abdominal pain (~64%) and abnormal vaginal discharge (38%) as presenting symptoms (χ2 = 20.42; p < 0.001 and χ2 = 5.63; p = 0.017, respectively). The burden of infection with T. vaginalis is unexpectedly high in the population studied. Regular screening for T. vaginalis infection, particularly in high-risk women, is required.

Expedited Partner Therapy in Female Adolescents: A Study of Acceptance and the Impact on Reinfection Rates.

Given the high risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents and young adults (AYAs), this study evaluated expedited partner therapy (EPT) acceptance and STI reinfection rates in female AYA before and after availability of EPT. The pre-EPT cohort was a 3-year (November 2012 to November 2015) retrospective chart review of female AYA positive for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and/or Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) before introduction of EPT. An EPT protocol for CT and TV infections was implemented after legalization in Ohio in 2016. The post-EPT cohort was a prospective review of patients positive for CT and TV for 2 years (5/2016-5/2018) after EPT introduction. We evaluated EPT acceptance and compared reinfection rates (positive test 1-6 months after initial infection) in the pre-EPT versus post-EPT cohorts and by EPT acceptance. Among patients offered EPT, 28% (67/237) with CT and 25% (24/97) with TV accepted EPT. There were no significant differences in the reinfection rates for CT or TV in the pre-EPT versus post-EPT cohorts (CT: 24% (57/240) vs 20% (38/192), P = 0.42; TV: 23% (22/97) versus 14% (12/87), P = 0.11). Although lower, reinfections rates were not significantly different among patients who accepted versus did not accept EPT (CT, 13% (6/48) vs 21% (23/110), P = 0.50 and TV, 6% (1/18) vs 18% (9/49), P = 0.69). Despite the implementation of an EPT protocol, STI reinfection rates among female AYA remained high, and many declined EPT. Further research is needed to identify barriers to the provision and acceptance of EPT and ways to address these factors.

Prevalence and spatial heterogeneity of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among the female population and association with climate in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, Southern China

Background: Two cervical cancer screening (CCS) projects have been ongoing for years in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region (Guangxi), and some Trichomonas vaginalis infection (TVI) cases have been found as an opportunistic finding. This study aimed to identify the high-risk population and expound the spatial epidemiological features of TVI in Guangxi. Methods: This study was based on CCS from 2012 to 2019. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR), and spatial analyses were used to identify the high-risk subgroups, as well as to depict the spatial epidemiological feature and its relationship with meteorological factors. Results: The infection rate of TVI was 0.38% in 873,880 samples. Significant association with a high risk of TVI was found in the following: females aged 40–49 years (aOR=4.464; 95% CI, 3.359–5.932; p<0.001), aged 50–59 years (aOR=3.169; 95% CI, 2.370–4.237; p<0.001), from urban (aOR=1.577; 95% CI, 1.471–1.691; p<0.001), from minority areas (aOR=1.183; 95% CI, 1.060–1.320; p=0.003), areas with GPD <41,500 CNY (aOR=1.191; 95% CI, 1.106–1.282; p<0.001), and inland areas (aOR=1.520; 95% CI, 1.339–1.726; p<0.001). Counties with higher infection rate were concentrated in northwest Guangxi's mountainous area (Z-score=3.9656, p<0.001), in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River and Yu River, and with a significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I=0.581, p=0.002). Spatial error model showed significantly negative regressions among temperature (B=-0.295, p=0.002), annual temperature range (B=-0.295, p=0.002), and TVI spatial distribution. Conclusion: The spatial clustering and disparity of TVI in northwest Guangxi warrant further study, and meteorological conditions may play an important role in TVI in northwest Guangxi.

Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections Among Youth in Detention in the Southeastern United States

Most juvenile detention facilities do not screen for Trichomonas Vaginalis (TV) despite being the most common parasitic STI. We aimed to assess TV prevalence and risk factors among young women in a large urban juvenile detention center. We evaluated a retrospective cohort from April to December 2016. Youth submitted an intake urine sample for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing; we tested remnant urine for TV. Outcomes included prevalence of TV and risk factors for infection. A total of 1009 samples were collected, 374 from young women ages 13 – 17 years old. Among females, 8% tested positive for TV with co-infection of either gonorrhea, chlamydia or both occurring in 12/29 (41%) patients. Compared to youth without TV females with TV were more likely to be African American (76%) and report symptoms (41%) (p<0.05). In our study population, prevalence of TV was 8%. As nearly half of those with TV were asymptomatic, we recommend routine screening among this population.

Vaginal Microbiota of the Sexually Transmitted Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis in Women with Vaginitis in Taiwan.

The three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). The prevalence of these STIs in Taiwan remains largely unknown and the risk of STI acquisition affected by the vaginal microbiota is also elusive. In this study, a total of 327 vaginal swabs collected from women with vaginitis were analyzed to determine the presence of STIs and the associated microorganisms by using the BD Max CT/GC/TV molecular assay, microbial cultures, and 16S rRNA sequencing. The prevalence of CT, TV, and GC was 10.8%, 2.2% and 0.6%, respectively. A culture-dependent method identified that Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) were more likely to be associated with CT and TV infections. In CT-positive patients, the vaginal microbiota was dominated by L. iners, and the relative abundance of Gardnerella vaginalis (12.46%) was also higher than that in TV-positive patients and the non-STIs group. However, Lactobacillus spp. was significantly lower in TV-positive patients, while GBS (10.11%), Prevotella bivia (6.19%), Sneathia sanguinegens (12.75%), and Gemella asaccharolytica (5.31%) were significantly enriched. Using an in vitro co-culture assay, we demonstrated that the growth of L. iners was suppressed in the initial interaction with TV, but it may adapt and survive after longer exposure to TV. Additionally, it is noteworthy that TV was able to promote GBS growth. Our study highlights the vaginal microbiota composition associated with the common STIs and the crosstalk between TV and the associated bacteria, paving the way for future development of health interventions targeting the specific vaginal bacterial taxa to reduce the risk of common STIs.

Trichomonas vaginalis and growing concern over drug resistance: a systematic review.

In the late 90s, a sharp increase of treatment failures of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections with metronidazole (MTZ) was reported, representing a problem due to limited treatment options. We proposed to review the available evidence on the frequency of MTZ resistance by TV isolates and the relationship between treatment failure and invitro resistance to MTZ. A systematic review based on the PRISMA guidelines was conducted by searching published studies in three different databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) up to December 2020. The extracted studies were uploaded to Covidence software; screening was guided based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Additionally, different articles were included through other sources. For each article, study design, objectives, study population and key outcomes were summarized. We found 403 references from the databases and four extra studies. After duplicate removal and screening of title, abstract and full text, 27 studies were included. The selected studies were published between 1983 and 2019; all except one addressed only vaginal TV infection. We identified four major populations invitro MTZ resistance: two studies evaluated female adolescents; other two assessed HIV-positive women. Fifteen studies considered MTZ resistance in newly diagnosed vaginal TV infection. Finally, eight articles studied invitro susceptibility of isolates from women with clinical resistant trichomoniasis. High level of invitro MTZ resistance was rare; low-moderate level was described in most of the cases. Although clinical resistance to MTZ of trichomoniasis was widely reported, there was a paucity of prospective controlled studies. Our review unveiled the need to standardize susceptibility testing, to define breakpoints for detection of MTZ-resistant isolates and to correlate with clinical outcome. It is important to establish criteria to define clinical resistance to MTZ. Such a consensus would foster the development of surveillance studies about clinical and microbiological response to MTZ treatment.

The Natural Course of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in Pregnant and Post-Delivery Women in Pemba Island, Tanzania.

This study aimed to determine the persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infections during pregnancy and after delivery in vaginal swabs of women from Pemba Island, Tanzania. In the context of an earlier biobanking effort, vaginal swabs were collected at two timepoints during pregnancy and once post-delivery. Detection of CT, NG, TV, and MG was performed by PCR using validated detection kits in samples from 441 pregnant women aged 16–48 years old. Among those, 202 samples were matched during pregnancy and 38 at the second timepoint of the pregnancy and post-delivery CT infection persistence during pregnancy was 100% (n = 11) after an average of eight weeks, that of TV infection 82% (n = 11) after ten weeks, and that of MG infection 75% (n = 4) after ten weeks. Post-delivery (after approximately 22 weeks) infection persistence was 100% for CT (n = 1) and 20% for TV (n = 5). NG was only detected at the last collection timepoint, its persistence rate could not be determined. These results show persistence and clearance of curable infections during and after pregnancy. Analysis of biobanked samples is a valuable approach in the investigation of the natural history of curable pathogens.

Trichomonas vaginalis as a risk factor for human papillomavirus: a study with women undergoing cervical cancer screening in a northeast region of Brazil

BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) globally. The latter has contributed to a variety of adverse outcomes for both sexes. Moreover, in Brazil, epidemiological studies on patients with STIs are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of TV and its association with HPV in women undergoing cervical cancer screening.MethodsWomen with a normal cervix were recruited from a community-based cervical cancer screening program. Gynecological examinations were conducted, and questionnaires were provided. Vaginal canal and uterine cervix samples were collected for cytological examinations (reported using the 2001 Bethesda System) and tested for the presence of TV and HPV DNA.ResultsIn total, 562 women who attended public primary healthcare were included in the study. The T. vaginalis was present in 19.0% (107) and HPV DNA was present in 46.8% (263) of women. Among the women of TV 73.8% (79) had a co-infection with HPV (p = 0.001).ConclusionsWe concluded that a TV infection is associated with an HPV infection of the cervix as well as with the cervical cytological abnormalities. Further studies could reveal the mechanisms by which these two organisms interact at the cellular level, with control for shared behavioral risk factors.