Trichomonas Tenax Research Articles

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among Patients ‎suffering from Chronic Systemic Diseases in Egypt ‎

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among Patients ‎suffering from Chronic Systemic Diseases in Egypt ‎

Prevalence and risk factors of oral cavity parasites in pregnant women in Western Iran

BackgroundWe aimed to study the frequency and risk factors of oral cavity protozoa (Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis) in pregnant women in Lorestan province, western Iran. MethodsThe current cross-sectional descriptive work was performed on 200 pregnant women referring to health centers of Lorestan Province, Iran during August 2021 to February 2022. Two specimens were obtained from each women by means of sterile swabs from saliva and dental plaques. The frequency of oral cavity protozoa was investigated using microscopic and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ResultsE. gingivalis and T. tenax parasites were found in 41 (20.5%) and 46 (23%) of the pregnant women by microscopic and PCR test, respectively. Among positive samples, 29 (63.1%) of the pregnant women were infected with E. gingivalis; whereas 19 (36.9%) of the participants were positive for T. tenax. In the multivariate model, living in rural regions (p < 0.001) and brushing teeth (p = 0.021) were considerably linked with the prevalence of oral cavity parasites. ConclusionThe current study evidently exhibited the high frequency of oral cavity parasites (E. gingivalis and T. tenax) in pregnant women in Lorestan province, Western Iran. Awareness of the main risk factors for oral cavity parasites especially teeth brushing is necessary in refining public and oral health approaches in pregnant women. Thus, dental practitioners and gynecologists must be alert of these risk factors to carefully identify and manage oral health concerns in pregnant women to prevent the oral diseases and infections.

Cytokine array analysis of mediators produced by human macrophages stimulated with Trichomonastenax

The incidence of oral colonization by the protozoan Trichomonas tenax correlates with gingival inflammation and periodontitis in humans. To determine whether T. tenax might contribute to inflammation by eliciting cytokines from human cells, differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1) macrophages were cultured with live or sonicated T. tenax trophozoites, and the conditioned media were assayed for 36 different mediators by a membrane-based cytokine array. Scanning densitometry of the membranes revealed that live T. tenax trophozoites stimulated secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-1β, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) from dTHP-1 macrophages. T. tenax lysates stimulated release of IL-8, MIF, and IL-1ra. Despite often being classified as a commensal organism, T. tenax elicited a wider variety of cytokines than the human urogenital pathogen, T. vaginalis, which elicited only IL-8 and MIF production from dTHP-1 cells.

Isolation Trichomonas tenax and study of the relationship between parasite prevalence and periodontal disease and diabetes in Nineveh Governorate /Iraq

The current study included the collection and examination of 286 samples taken in the form of swabs from the periodontal pocket from people with periodontal disease, distributed among 186 samples from the auditors of the periodontal diseases branch of the Teaching Hospital at the College of Dentistry/University of Mosul, some outpatient clinics for dentists, and 100 samples from health centers in Tal Afar and Sinjar districts. Affiliated to Nineveh Governorate to investigate the parasite Trichomonas tenax, where the total infection rate was 0.07% and the percentage was higher in males .09% than in females 5.22%. The highest infection rate appeared in the age group 49-59 years, reaching 14.06%. Infection with oral diseases such as inflammation and bleeding of the gums had a clear effect on the presence of the parasite T. tenax, where a clear significant effect was observed in the high rate of infection, which amounted to 8.33% among people with gum disease, compared to the rate of infection among people without gum disease, which amounted to 2.86%, and it showed The results showed that the presence of dental plaque and the layer of calcifications had a significant and clear effect on increasing the parasite infection rate,.....

Are There any Association Between Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in Dental and Periodontal Diseases? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

There are frequent epidemiological and experimental proofs to propose that Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax infections are ignored factors for the development of dental and periodontal diseases. For a more comprehensive review, the present study was designed and conducted, including a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for retrieving related reports up to December 01, 2019. Finally, 48 studies (a total of 70 datasets), including 30 datasets with case-control designs (1711 patients and 614 controls) and 40 datasets with cross-sectional designs (a total of 7257 participants) met the eligibility criteria. Based on the random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of protozoan infections in dental and periodontal patients was estimated to be 25.2% (95% CI, 21.2-29.8%; 2210/8968). In case-control designed studies, the prevalence of protozoan infections in dental and periodontal patients (35.8%, 614/1711) was found to be significantly higher than in controls (14.4%, 198/1371; OR: 4.15, 95% CI: 2.92-5.92). In addition, E. gingivalis (OR: 3.81, 95% CI: 2.36-6.14) and T. tenax (OR: 5.08, 95% CI: 2.81-9.20) were significantly higher in dental and periodontal patients compared to the controls. Our results demonstrated an apparently significant association between these protozoan infections in dental and periodontal patients. In conclusion, more standardized experimental designs are proposed using the animal model, and longitudinal (cohort) studies support the association between these protozoan infections in dental and periodontal patients to understand whether E. gingivalis and T. tenax infections are a co-factor in the development of dental and periodontal patients.

A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay Specific to Trichomonas tenax Is Suitable for Use at Point-of-Care.

Trichomonas tenax is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits the human and canine oral cavity in patients with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay could provide clinicians with a quick, cheap and reliable diagnostic test used for the detection of T. tenax in various settings. In this study, we aimed to develop a LAMP assay that can detect T. tenax with high sensitivity and specificity. A set of LAMP primers were specifically designed to detect the ITS and 5.8S rRNA gene of T. tenax. The newly developed LAMP assay was 1000 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The limit of detection of the LAMP assay was 10 fg of genomic DNA, or 0.2–1 cell. Moreover, the LAMP assay was specific, resulting in no cross-reaction even with a closely related protozoan T. vaginalis or other microorganisms (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans) used. The present LAMP assay can be performed directly without prior DNA extraction, making the assay an easy, fast, cheap, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of T. tenax at the point-of-care of both medical and veterinary clinics in developed and developing countries.

Assessment of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in Patients with Chronic Diseases and its Correlation with Some Risk Factors.

Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) and Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) are two oral protozoan parasites that are universal and found in patients with poor oral hygiene, as well as chronic and periodontal diseases. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of some parameters, such as age, gender, education, residency, smoking, and dental cleaning routines, on the incidence of these parasites in the oral cavity of the patients participating in this study. A total of 230 individuals with chronic diseases, 97 of whom were patients (44 females and 53 males) participated in the present study. Dental plaque and saliva samples were collected from each patient and examined under light microscopy with Giemsa staining. Out of 230 dental plaque samples, 60 (26.08%) samples were positive for E. gingivalis, while 37 (16.08%) cases were positive for T. tenax. Diabetic patients showed high E. gingivalis percentage (n=12; 20%) (P=0.000*). However, thyroid disorders showed a low percentage. Hypertensive patients showed a high percentage for T. tenax (n=6; 16.21%) (P=0.000*), while tuberculosis patients showed the lowest percentage. Patients with hypertension, smoking, heart disease, and diabetes showed statistical significance for the presence of these parasites. Equally, patients older than 30 years have shown a higher rate of infection. According to the findings, E. gingivalis was detected in 58.33% and 41.66% of the urban and rural populations, respectively. Furthermore, T. tenax was detected in 81.08% and 18.91% of the urban and rural populations, respectively. Parasitic contagions were comparatively popular in patients with chronic and periodontal illness.

Medicinski značaj protozoa usne duplje u stomatološkoj praksi

Introduction: Oral cavity is the colonization site of most diverse microorganisms. The homeostasis of oral microbioma is affected by numerous factors. Periodontal diseases occur as a consequence of disturbed oral microbioma homeostasis, when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the periodontal tissue. The impact of parasites on periodontal pathophysiology has not been sufficiently studied, and present and future research should hopefully answer quite a few questions concerning the issue. Aim of the paper: In the light of the present knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and epidemiology of oral cavity infections caused by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, the aim of the paper was review of literature which could to point to the importance of protozoa in the practice of dentistry and to possible oral cavity manifestations of parasitic infections relevant for public health. Conclusion: Dentists have an essential role in the diagnosis of oral diseases caused by oral cavity protozoa, and protozoa relevant for public health that produce systemic infections, the pathological changes of which may manifest in the oral cavity. Their identification represents a challenge and requires multidisciplinary approach for a timely diagnosis and adequate management.

Parasites in Periodontal Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease triggered by the infection of the periodontal sulcus by microbes. Together with the abundant eubacterial microbiota, at least two parasites have often been identified: the amoeba Entamoeba gingivalis and the flagellate Trichomonas tenax. The role of these protists in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease remains to be deciphered. A high diversity in their measured prevalence, mainly due to methodological concerns, prevents further analysis of the aetiological link between these parasites and periodontitis. To determine E. gingivalis and T. tenax prevalence in periodontal pockets as compared to healthy sulci, we have conducted a systematic review, searching 3 remote databases (Pubmed, LILACS, and Google Scholar), restricting to papers in which the diagnostic of the parasite was made using molecular methods. A total of 5 studies for E. gingivalis and 2 studies for T. tenax were included for the meta-analysis. In the periodontal pockets, the prevalence of parasites is 76.9% (95%-CI: 71.5-81.7%) for E. gingivalis and 38.6% (95%-CI: 27.2-50.0%) for T. tenax . Both parasites are more abundant in periodontal pockets as compared to healthy sulci, with a risk ratio of 3.96 (95%-CI: 1.57-9.98) for E. gingivalis and 21.82 (95%-CI: 6.71-70.96) for T. tenax . The two subtypes of E. gingivalis exhibited the same risk ratio: 3.30 (95%-CI: 1.27-8.55) for ST1 and 3.30 (95%-CI: 0.42-26.03) for ST2, but ST1 was more prevalent (70.6%, 95%-CI: 65.0-76.2%) than ST2 (43.9%, 95%-CI: 35.5-52.4%) in periodontal pockets. Altogether, the data show that parasites are more prevalent in the diseased than in the healthy. However, the differences in prevalence between species and subtypes call for more studies to be able to conclude about their individual contributions in the pathophysiology of periodontal diseases. The heterogeneity in prevalence estimation should be investigated further, in particular to make out biological from methodological heterogeneity.

Oral Colonization by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax: A PCR-Based Study in Health, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis.

BackgroundThe etiology of periodontitis remains unclear, as is the place of gingivitis in its pathophysiology. A few studies linked the colonization by oral parasites (Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax) to periodontal disease and its severity. The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of these oral parasites among healthy individuals, and in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis in Jordan.MethodsThe study was conducted during July 2019–December 2019. Samples were composed of saliva and periodontal material including dental plaque sampled with probes. The detection of oral parasites was done using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe total number of study participants was 237: healthy (n=94), gingivitis (n=53) and periodontitis (n=90). The prevalence of E. gingivalis was 88.9% among the periodontitis patients, 84.9% among the gingivitis patients and 47.9% in the healthy group. For T. tenax, the prevalence was 25.6% among the periodontitis patients, 5.7% among the gingivitis patients and 3.2% in the heathy group. Positivity for E. gingivalis was significantly correlated with the presence of periodontal disease compared to the healthy group with odds ratio (OR) of 6.6. Periodontal disease was also correlated with lower monthly income (OR=8.2), lack of dental care (OR=4.8), and history of diabetes mellitus (OR=4.5). Colonization by E. gingivalis was correlated with gingivitis (OR=6.1) compared to the healthy group. Colonization by E. gingivalis and T. tenax were significantly correlated with periodontitis (OR=6.4 for E. gingivalis, and OR=4.7, for T. tenax) compared to the healthy group. T. tenax was only detected among individuals with generalized periodontal disease compared to its total absence among those with localized disease (19.6% vs. 0.0%; p=0.039). The co-infection rate by the two oral parasites was 11.0%.ConclusionsThe higher prevalence of human oral parasites in periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals appears to be more than a mere marker for the disease and might also be associated with disease severity and potential for progression. Thus, the dogmatic view of E. gingivalis and T. tenax as commensals needs to be re-evaluated and their contribution to pathophysiology of periodontal diseases cannot be neglected.

Pyopneumothorax from coinfection by Trichomonas tenax and Geotrichum capitatum in a child from China: a case report

BackgroundTrichomonas tenax may appear in the oral cavity of humans due to poor dentition or oral hygiene. Pyopneumothorax is a serious complication of lower respiratory tract infections that very rarely can be caused by a trichomonad species in predisposed individuals. We report a rare case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus.Case presentationWe describe a 16-year-old patient with cerebral palsy who presented with severe pyopneumothorax. T. tenax was identified by microscopic examination of the pleural effusion and next-generation sequencing. We also identified Geotrichum capitatum in the pleural effusion and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures. Treatment with voriconazole and metronidazole successfully eliminated these pathogens and relieved the clinical symptoms. A literature review indicated this is the first reported case of pleurisy due to T. tenax with coinfection by a fungus.ConclusionThe rarity of pyopneumothorax caused by T. tenax coinfection with a fungus should not be overlooked in the clinic. These patients should be and treated in a timely manner.

Prevalence of trichomonads in the cloaca of wild wetland birds in the Netherlands

ABSTRACT Severe granulomatosis in productive layer chickens due to Tetratrichomonas gallinarum strain 13/16632 infection occurred in 2013 and 2017 on farms situated in a wetland area in the Netherlands. We hypothesized that wetland birds could be the source of the infection. Therefore, a prevalence study on trichomonads was performed by analysing cloaca swabs of 526 birds belonging to 13 species of wetland birds. The number of birds sampled ranged from 1 to 275 per species. Birds were sampled at 15 locations in the Netherlands. DNA extracted from the cloaca swabs was subjected to nested PCR using trichomonad-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)–5.8S rRNA–ITS2 region followed by cloning and sequencing. In nine bird species, trichomonads were detected; the overall prevalence was 9% (47/526), while the prevalence in the five species for which a substantial number of birds were examined (at least 39 per species) ranged from 4% to 24%. Three trichomonad species were found: T. gallinarum, Trichomonas tenax and Simplicimonas sp. of which T. gallinarum dominated. The virulent T. gallinarum strain 13/16632 was not detected, but closely related strains were. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all T. gallinarum isolates belonged to two clusters within lineage 15 of Tetratrichomonas lineages. All T. tenax isolates were identical and clustered with reference strain H95, while Simplicimonas sp. isolates showed large genetic diversity. Some isolates may represent a new species of the genus Simplicimonas. We conclude that trichomonads are widespread amongst wetland birds, raising the question, amongst others, of their relevance for commercial poultry. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Trichomonads occur among wild wetland birds in the Netherlands. T. gallinarum is the dominant trichomonad species in the cloaca of wetland birds. Some T. gallinarum isolates are closely related to a strain causing granulomas in layer chickens. Some isolates may represent a new species of the genus Simplicimonas.

Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in Periodontal Disease

This review is aimed at elucidating the role of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in the aetiology of periodontal disease. Periodontal disease results from localised inflammation of the periodontium due to plaque accumulation and if left untreated can lead to loss of teeth. Although dental plaque is composed mainly of bacteria, Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, both of which are protozoan parasites have been found in plaque and implicated in periodontal disease. E. gingivalis is an amoeba associated with poor oral hygiene while T. tenax is a pyriform flagellate that lives in the tartar around the teeth, cavities of carious teeth, necrotic mucosal cells in the gingival margins of gums and pus pockets in tonsillar follicles. These parasites are transmitted by close contact, saliva, droplet spray and kissing or use of contaminated dishes, cups, spoons and forks as well as drinking water. Age, gender, socio-economic status, dental condition and gingival pathology have been reported to influence the presence of the parasite. Genetic variability and stress are also some of the factors that determine the transition of the periodontium at some gingival sites from healthy to inflame. Researchers have observed that the prevalence and severity of periodontitis is higher in developing countries than developed countries. But with good oral hygiene, regular scaling and polishing and use of antiparasitic drugs, periodontal disease caused by these parasites can be prevented and periodontal health restored.

PREVALENCE OF ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS AND TRICHOMONAS TENAX AMONG HEALTHY AND PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN BENGHAZI – LIBYA.

The oral cavity of human is colonized by many microorganisms among these Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis, is known as common parasite of oral cavity and sub maxillary glands especially with poor oral hygiene and presence of periodontal disease. This paper describes the prevalence and patterns of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomona stenaxin person with and without periodontitis in Benghazi, Libya, emphasizing on the gender, age, pH of the saliva, smoking habit. Methods Bio film and saliva samples were taken from 70 patients with periodontitis and 30 healthy individuals. They were spread on sterile swab sample, diluted with saline and examined with a light microscope. Descriptive statistic and chi-square test were used. The overall prevalence of oral parasitic infections among individuals of the sample participant was 24\100 (24%), the prevalence of Trichomonastenax (31.6%) and Entamoeba gingivalis (68.4%) among individuals with periodontal disease, while Trichomonas tenax recorded (20% ) and Entamoeba gingivalis (80%) among healthy gingival individuals there was a high significant difference between periodontal disease compared to healthy gingival group (P=0.000) in the rate of harboring these parasitic infections. Prevalence of oral parasitic infections among individuals of the sample participant was 24\100 (24%). However, further studies are needed to determine the relationship between these species and periodontitis.

The Neglected Role of Trichomonas tenax in Oral Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) is a commensal flagellated protozoan found in periodontal microenvironment of the oral cavity, with a possible role in periodontal diseases. The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the worldwide prevalence of T. tenax infection and to show the neglected association of this parasitic infection with oral diseases. To find literatures published until August 2020, five English databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were explored. Finally, 65 papers were qualified to be included in the current study. Our results revealed a global pooled prevalence of 17% (95% CI 14-22%) for T. tenax infection. The highest prevalence was estimated at 56% (42-69%) in Chile, while the lowest prevalence was related to Kenya with 3% (1-6%). The age-based analysis found that the infection was most common in 46-55 mean age group with 15% (0-100%). The overall prevalence regarding culture method, molecular method and direct method was 21% (12-32%), 19% (8-35%) and 17% (12-23%), respectively. Moreover, the subgroup analysis showed the pooled prevalence in patient with candidiasis [22% (3-52%)], gingivitis [21% (9-36%)] and periodontitis [27% (10-48%)]. Our study specified a connection between T. tenax protozoa and periodontitis disease. However, more epidemiological studies as well as clinical trials are needed to precisely identify this relation.

RISING PROFILE OF ORAL CAVITY PROTOZOA AMONGST DENTAL PATIENTS IN SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

The observed low knowledge of oral hygiene and the need to investigate the possible cause(s) of the existing oral diseases in our study area motivated this study. This study investigated the prevalence of human oral protozoan parasites amongst dental patients attending the clinic at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, South Eastern Nigeria. A total of 180 patients (72 males and 108 females) were sampled. Dental plaque, dental calculus, and saliva samples were collected from the patients. Samples were analyzed following standard methods. An overall prevalence rate of 40% occurred. Entamoeba gingivalis was the most encountered 28 (15.56%), followed by Trichomonas tenax 24 (13.33%) while mixed infections were recorded in 20 (11.11%) patients. The prevalence of both protozoans was higher in females 44 (40.74%) than in males 28 (38.89%). The highest prevalence was recorded among patients within the age range of ≤ 50 years (22 (81.48 %)) and least within the age range of ≤ 20 years 4(16.00%). There was an observed significant relationship between age and oral hygiene status. We, therefore report that poor oral hygiene is a predisposing factor that exposes the buccal cavity to frequent colonization by parasites. Constant oral health education should be encouraged especially among dental patients.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and morphological peculiarities of urogenital trichomoniasis nowadays

Importance of the topic is stipulated with the current significant spread of infectious diseases of the urogenital tract, caused by the representatives of the protozoa genus Trichomonas.Aim. Evaluate the prevalence and peculiarities of contemporary trichomonas infection (Trichomonas vaginalis, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Trichomonas tenax), with the consideration of the associated bacterial infections that cause the urogenital pathology and the ultrastructural peculiarities of Trichomonas vaginalis morphotypes in the patients with chronic infectious diseases of the genitourinary organs.Material and methods. The research was carried out among 377 patients with chronic infectious diseases of the genitourinary organs. Routine bacterioscopic and bacteriological methods were applied. In addition, Trichomonas tenax and Pentatrichomonas hominis were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction and applying original experimental primers. The ultrastructure of the trichomonads was studied using a PEM-125K electron microscope equipped with the SAI-01A (SELMI) system, using a CCD camera DX 2 and KAPPA software package.Results. Trichomonas vaginalis was detected in 48.3 % using the methods of optical microscopy and culture media inoculation. Trichomonas tenax was detected in 18.2 % and Pentatrichomonas hominis was detected in 67.1 % with the polymerase chain reaction. Development of the pathological process in the urogenital system of the studied patients (up to 90 %) was caused with the microbial associations, in particular, with Ureaplasma urealyticum (26.1 %), Chlamydia trachomatis (16.7 %), Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium (13.9 %) and various kinds of opportunistic pathogenic microflora (up to 60 %), which lead to dysbiosis of urogenital system. It was proved that the oval morphotype Trichomonas vaginalis may be referred to the virulent forms; it was detected more often (68 %) than the piriform morphotype.Conclusions. Possible presence of trichomonads of three species: Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas tenax, Pentatrichomonas hominis, in particular in pathological microbial associations, as important factors of the emergence and / or development of the pathological process, was established in the human genitourinary system. It is reasonable to refer the oval morphotype Trichomonas vaginalis to the virulent forms of this agent.

Incidence of Entamoeba Gingivalis and Trichomonas Tenax in Periodontitis and Gingivitis Patients Who Attended to Private Clincs in Babylon Province

Trichomonas tenax, a commensal flagellated protozoan, inhabits in human oral cavity. This parasite is cosmopolitan and frequently found in patients with poor oral hygiene and advanced periodontal disease. By using wet mount smear and giemsa staining to detect the prevalence of oral protozoa in patients with oral diseases and a healthy control group. From October 2014 to April 2015, the subgingival dental plaques of 310 patients with gingivitis or periodontitis and 310 controls who attended to clinics periodontics , in Babylon province. 64 (20.6 %) of patients were positive (40.2 % periodontitis ,14.2 % gingivitis) by using wet preparation and Giemsa staining. The prevalence of oral Trichomonas tenax in our study (20.6%) and Entamoeba gingivalis was (42.9 %) was compatible with many other published reports which mostly has ranged from 12%-32%.The study revealed dependence between the frequency of occurrence of protozoa and the state of periodontitis.the age group (41-50)yr. Have high incidence of T.tenax compared with an other groups,as well as the males have high incidence(24.7 %) than females (16.8 %).

Detection of Oral Entamoeba Gingivalis and Trichomonas Tenax in Adult Quilombola Population with Periodontal Disease

The objective was to analyze the periodontal condition severity and the occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity of an adult population of an Afrodescent Community of northeastern Brazil. This is an observational and cross-sectional study performed through an oral clinical examination, using a standardized clinical record. For the subjects with periodontal disease, the bacterial biofilm was collected in a Petri dish containing 0.9% physiological solution to detect the presence of microorganisms Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, and later observed under an optical microscope. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the prevalence of periodontal disease and the frequency of the protozoa in the bacterial biofilm. Statistical significance of the relationships researched was verified by Fisher's exact test. It was evaluated 29 subjects pertaining to the Quilombola Patioba community, aged 35 to 44 years. The results showed that among the adults of the community, there was a high prevalence of periodontal disease (75.86%), being higher in the 1st and 6th sextants of the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). E. gingivalis positivity occurred in most sextants affected by gingivitis, while in the condition of periodontitis, this microorganism was not present in the 3rd, 4th and 6th sextants. In all sextants affected by periodontal disease, T. Tenax was observed when associated with gingivitis. It is worth mentioning the begging of the elaboration of health policies, social and professional commitment that foster a greater promotion of oral health and quality of life for the quilombolas of northeastern Brazil.

The Prevalence of Entamoeba Gingivalis and Trichomonas Tenax in Children Treated with Orthodontic Appliances in AL Muthanna Province, Iraq

The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax inchildren treated with Orthodontic appliances and their correlation with oral health. The study conducted on95 children in age (9-12), treated by using orthodontic appliances (fixed or removable) in the pediatric oralcenter in dentistry faculty at AL Muthanna University, Iraq. Both microscopical method and PCR techniquehave been used in determining the presence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax. T. tenax hasn’tdetected by both diagnostic method the presence of E. gingivaliswas in 9(9.47%) samples and 15(15.78%)samplesby the microscopical method and PCR technique respectively. The higher percentage was in theage(9-10) by both method. The statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the infection andage at p?0.05. Furthermore, depending on oral health, the highest percentage was in the mild gingivitis byboth method, statistically no significant correlation between oral health and the presence of the E. gingivalisat p?0.05. The percentage of the parasite depends on the orthodontic appliance treatment was similar (9.58%)in the fixed and (9.09%) in the removable by microscopical method, while by PCR technique was (12.32%)in the fixed and (27.27%) in the removable table, statistically no correlation between the infection with theparasite and orthodontic appliances type at p?0.05.