Trichomonas Tenax Research Articles

Retraction: Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis.

Retraction: Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis.

Comparative genomics between Trichomonas tenax and Trichomonas vaginalis: CAZymes and candidate virulence factors.

The oral trichomonad Trichomonas tenax is increasingly appreciated as a likely contributor to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease induced by dysbiotic microbiota, in humans and domestic animals and is strongly associated with its worst prognosis. Our current understanding of the molecular basis of T. tenax interactions with host cells and the microbiota of the oral cavity are still rather limited. One laboratory strain of T. tenax (Hs-4:NIH/ATCC 30207) can be grown axenically and two draft genome assemblies have been published for that strain, although the structural and functional annotation of these genomes is not available. GenSAS and Galaxy were used to annotate two publicly available draft genomes for T. tenax, with a focus on protein-coding genes. A custom pipeline was used to annotate the CAZymes for T. tenax and the human sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the most well-characterized trichomonad. A combination of bioinformatics analyses was used to screen for homologs of T. vaginalis virulence and colonization factors within the T. tenax annotated proteins. Our annotation of the two T. tenax draft genome sequences and their comparison with T. vaginalis proteins provide evidence for several candidate virulence factors. These include candidate surface proteins, secreted proteins and enzymes mediating potential interactions with host cells and/or members of the oral microbiota. The CAZymes annotation identified a broad range of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, with the majority of these being shared between the two Trichomonas species. The presence of candidate T. tenax virulence genes supports the hypothesis that this species is associated with periodontitis through direct and indirect mechanisms. Notably, several GH proteins could represent potential new virulence factors for both Trichomonas species. These data support a model where T. tenax interactions with host cells and members of the oral microbiota could synergistically contribute to the damaging inflammation characteristic of periodontitis, supporting a causal link between T. tenax and periodontitis.

Prospective observational study of Trichomonas tenax infection in patients with pneumonia

Trichomonas tenax, an oral commensal parasite commonly found in the human mouth, is associated with periodontitis and poor oral hygiene. However, it has also been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of individuals with lung diseases. Notably, significant quantities of T. tenax have been isolated following bronchoscopy in cases of empyema and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Furthermore, research has demonstrated its ability to induce inflammation in pulmonary epithelial cells. To comprehend the potential role of T. tenax in pneumonia, it is crucial to elucidate the relationship between the parasite and the disease. We investigated the clinical factors associated with T. tenax infection in patients with pneumonia. Employing nested polymerase chain reactions, we amplified nucleic acids from BALF and analyzed the relationships between T. tenax and various clinical factors. Our data revealed a significant association between T. tenax and bacterial infections, high pneumonia severity index (PSI) scores, nasogastric tube feeding, and pulmonary complications. Logistic regression analyses also showed strong associations between T. tenax and these clinical factors in pneumonia patients. These findings suggest that T. tenax infection in pneumonia is accompanied by bacterial infection and severe clinical manifestations.

Detection of trichomonads in patients with lung cancer and transcription analysis on the response of human pulmonary epithelial cells to Trichomonas tenax invasion

IntroductionLung cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Substantial research has illuminated the intricate interplay between microorganisms and human health, revealing their role in disease regulation. Trichomonads is a flagellated protozoan in the human cavity and have been previously identified as a pathogen associated with pneumonia, contributing to tissue chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. MethodsNested polymerase chain reaction methods were employed to scrutinize the prevalence of trichomonads in the bronchovesicular fluid of patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Subsequently, the influence of Trichomonas tenax invasion on lung cancer cells was elucidated through proliferation assays, migration assays, and transcription analysis. ResultsBronchoalveolar fluid samples from lung cancer patients yielded positive nested PCR results for eight out of twenty-seven samples. Seven of these samples were identified as Trichomonas tenax, while one was identified as Tetratrichomonas spp. Our findings revealed a significant upregulation of pathways associated with carcinogenesis, including cellular proliferation, migration, and drug resistance, in response to T. tenax invasion. ConclusionsThis study underscores the importance of recognizing the presence of trichomonads and the influence of T. tenax invasion on host responses to respiratory diseases. The identified pathways implicated in cancer development may pave the way for developing targeted treatment strategies for pulmonary diseases. These findings hold promise for informing and improving the precision of therapeutic interventions in the context of pulmonary ailments.

Molecular Detection of Trichomonas tenax Using Real-Time Gingivitis Patients in Babylon

Abstract Background: Studies indicate that Trichomonas tenax is a significant factor in the development of gingivitis and periodontitis in the gingival region. This organism is an opportunist that can thrive in the environment created by periodontal disease. Objectives: The aim of this study is to detect T. tenax using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) technique in plaque-induced gingivitis (PIG) patients in Babylon. Materials and Methods: This study involved 50 healthy participants (control group) and 50 patients with PIG. Saliva samples were collected from each patient and transported to the Alharithia and Baghdad laboratories of the Advancement Scientific Office Learning Center for molecular testing. Results: T. tenax infection was identified using RT-qPCR and melting curve analysis in 16% of the gingivitis patients (PIG) exposed to plaque. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation was observed between patient age groups and the presence of PIG disease, as indicated by the t test (27.568, P = 0.000), and between sex, as determined by the t test (8.573, P = 0.000). Conclusion: This study underscores the higher prevalence of T. tenax in patients with PIG disease. Furthermore, it highlights the correlation between these presence of these parasites and the age and sex of PIG disease patients.

Molecular Evaluation of <i>Entamoeba gingivalis</i> and Trichomonas tenax isolated from orthodontic patients in Maysan Province, Iraq.

Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) are two species of parasitic protozoans that inhabit the human buccal cavity. Poor hygiene increases infection with these parasites. There has recently been a need to use orthodontics, despite its benefits, but the damage caused by orthodontics cannot be overlooked. The current study aims to assess the prevalence of oral parasites among individuals who use orthodontic appliances (fixed and mobile). The study included 200 participants, 100(76 females and 24 males) orthodontics patients, and 100(75 females and 25 males) nonorthodontics participants (control). Gathered one pair of swabs from each participant for microscopic analysis, culture, and implementation of the nested PCR method. Chi-square and Fisher’s tests were conducted to identify any statistically significant connection between parasitic infections and orthodontic treatments. The findings indicated that orthodontic patients had elevated infection rates with these parasites. Specifically, the infection rate of E. gingivalis in orthodontic patients was more infected (47%) than in non-orthodontic subjects (25%) which were the control. The prevalence of T. tenax was only 2.0% in the orthodontic patients while it was 1.0% in the control group. The prevalence rates of both parasites (E. gingivalis and T. tenax) in the orthodontic patients exhibited the highest prevalence of 19% and 16% respectively among the control subjects. The study found a significant correlation between infection and orthodontic applications at P= 0.01. The effects of other factors on oral parasite infection such as (sex, age, and orthodontic type) were also studied and compared between the two groups.

Prevalence of Trichomonas tenax in the Population Affected by Periodontal Disease—A Review

Background and Objectives: Trichomonas tenax is a protozoan which participates in the human oral microflora. It is considered as a potential paradontopathogen. This microorganism is also reported in the respiratory tract. We aimed to analyze the available literature about the prevalence of Trichomonas tenax in the population affected by periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Searching the Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords: “Trichomonas tenax” and “periodontal diseases” was able to identify several systematic reviews and original articles up until July 2023. All studies with patients suffering from periodontal disease, which mentioned the year of publication, the country, specified the detection methods, and included the total number of tested samples as well as the percentage of those infected with Trichomonas tenax were included. Irrelevant articles were excluded. Results: We found 137 studies, but only 64 studies about the distribution of Trichomonas tenax in patients with gum disease underwent qualitative analysis. The highest number of studies have been conducted in Iran, Poland and Iraq. Different methods have been used to detect the unicellular organism, each with a different specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions: Interest in Trichomonas tenax has grown considerably since 2000. Because of its association with periodontal disease, Trichomonas tenax’s role in the inflammatory process should not be overlooked.

Oral Protozoa Entamoeba Gingivalis And Trichomonas Tenax Among Periodontitis And Gingivitis Patients In Periodontology Department Dental Section Quetta.

A group of eukaryotic organisms that are either free-living or parasitic and feed on organic matter, such as microorganisms or organic detritus. This group is referred to as a polyphyletic classification. They can be found in a wide variety of patterns and sizes, ranging from an amoeba, which can vary its shape, to a paramecium, which has a fixed shape and a complicated structure. The objective was to find out the occurrence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas among Dental Patients visiting the Periodontology Department Dental Section, Sandeman, Provincial Hospital Quetta. The study design was randomized cross-sectional and conducted in the Department of Periodontology Dental Section, Sandeman Provincial Hospital Quetta, from March 2022 to February 2023. A total of 110 known cases of periodontitis and gingivitis were recruited in this study, and further to laboratory work the bacterial biofilm samples were collected from both gingivitis and periodontitis patients. The dental plaque was placed on individual glass microscope slides and a drop of saline and mixed and covered with a coverslip. The wet smear was examined immediately under 40X, and the objective for the presence and absence of motile amoebae or flagellated protozoa was recorded. . out of 110 known cases of periodontitis and gingivitis 91 (83%) patients were males and 19 (17%) were females among 110 patients, 40 (36%) patients were periodontitis and 70 (64%) patients were gingivitis. Among 40 (36%) periodontitis patients 3(7.5%) were Entamoeba gingivalis and 4(10%) were Trichomonas Tenax while 70 (64%) cases of Gingivitis 20 (28%) of Entamoeba gingivalis and 1(1%) Trichomonas tenax was recorded. No patient had both species of protozoa were seen in this study. The results of this study revealed the frequency of occurrence of E. gingivalis and T. tenax and the state of periodontitis and gingivitis. The prevalence of E. gingivalis was higher than T. tenax. We recommended further research with a higher number of patients and may use more advanced and reliable laboratory techniques such as PCR and electron microscopy.

Prevalence, socio-economic, and associated risk factors of oral cavity parasites in children with intellectual disability from Lorestan province, Iran.

Children with intellectual disability (ID) often face challenges in maintaining proper oral hygiene due to their motor, sensory, and intellectual impairments, which can lead to compromised oral health; therefore, there is a need to enhance the oral health status of these populations and establish an effective system for administering preventive interventions. Here, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among children with ID in Lorestan province, in Western Iran through parasitological and molecular methods. The current descriptive investigation involved 215 in children with ID and 215 healthy children (non-ID) who were referred to health facilities in Lorestan province, Iran between October 2022 and March 2024. The prevalence of protozoa in the oral cavity was found through the utilization of both microscopic analysis and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The total prevalence of the E. gingivalis and T. tenax in children with ID was found to be 87 (40.5%) and 92 (42.8%) through microscopic and PCR methods, respectively. Among the positive samples, 57 (61.9%) and 35 (38.1%) children tested positive for E. gingivalis and T. tenax, respectively. In contrast, among the 215 non-ID children in the control group, 39 (18.1%) and 42 (19.5%) tested positive by microscopic and PCR methods, respectively. Among positive samples in non-ID children, 23 (54.7%) and 19 (45.3%) children were positive for E. gingivalis and T. tenax, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that residing in urban areas, parental education, monthly family income, and tooth brushing p<0.001) were identified as independent risk factors for oral cavity parasites. This study identified a notable prevalence of oral cavity parasites in children with ID in Lorestan province, Western Iran. It is imperative to recognize the primary risk factors associated with these parasites, particularly inadequate teeth brushing, in order to enhance public and oral health strategies for children with ID. Therefore, pediatric dental professionals should remain vigilant regarding these risk factors to effectively recognize and address oral health issues in this population, thereby mitigating the occurrence of oral diseases and infections.

THE ROLE OF TRICHOMONAS TENAX IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction: The oral cavity is a habitat for microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. One of the most common protozoa found in the oral cavity is Trichomonas tenax. Imbalance between microorganisms and host in the oral cavity can cause periodontal disease. This study aims to determine the role T.tenax in periodontal disease. Review: This research is literature review by using the method rapid review of synthesizing and analyzing existing research. Article searches were conducted using the Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOHost databases from November 2022 to February 2023. The research inclusion criteria were international journals from 2012 to 2022 which discussed the role of T.tenax with periodontal disease. Articles that met the inclusion criteria in this study were 5 articles. Articles proving that prevalence T.tenax higher in individuals with periodontal disease as many as 3 articles. 1 article proves that T.tenax have proteinases that play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Articles which prove that the treatment of scaling and root planing can lower T.tenax there is 1 article. Conclusion: T.tenax found in individuals who have periodontal disease indicate that T.tenax role in the development of periodontal disease.

Molecular Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Parasites in Oral Cavity of Children with Malignancies in Western Iran.

This survey was designed to study the molecular epidemiology and risk factors of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in children with underlying malignancies and those on chemotherapy in Lorestan province, West of Iran. The present cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on children who suffering from different types of malignancies or receiving treatment by chemotherapy referring to oncology section of hospitals of Lorestan Province, Iran during May 2021 to April 2022. The frequency of oral cavity protozoa was investigated using microscopic and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E. gingivalis and T. tenax parasites were found in 23 (25.5%) by microscopic method and 28 (31.1%) using PCR in children with malignancy. Among positive samples, 20 (71.4%) were infected with E. gingivalis; whereas 8 (28.6%) of the participants were positive for T. tenax. In the multivariate model, living in rural regions (OR= 3.437; 95% CI= 1.22-9.63; p=0.019) and using mouthwash (OR= 0.082; 95% CI= 0.018-0.37; p<0.001) were significantly related with the frequency of oral cavity parasites. Our results showed the high frequency of oral cavity parasites in children who suffering malignancies or receiving treatment by chemotherapy in Lorestan province, Iran. The awareness of the main risk factors for oral cavity parasites particularly using mouthwash is necessary in improving public and oral health strategies in children with cancer. Consequently, oncologist and dental practitioners must be aware to identify and manage oral health concerns in in children who suffering from different types of malignancies to prevent the oral diseases and infections.

Molecular detection of oral Trichomonas tenax in periodontal disease patients by polymerase chain reaction -based 18S rRNA gene.

Trichomonas tenax, an oral flagellated protozoon found in humans, potentially associated with the inflammation of periodontal tissues and decreased immunity that causes the tissue damage and tooth loss from chronic infection. Currently, there is a lack of data regarding the prevalence of T. tenax infection in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to measure prevalence of T. tenax in periodontal disease patients by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene and to determine the factors associated with the presence of this protozoan. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 230 patients with periodontal disease, who visited the oral health center of Suranaree University of Technology Hospital, Thailand from 2021 to 2022. Dental plaque specimens were collected and examined to identify the presence of T. tenax using the PCR-based 18S rRNA gene. The occurrence of factors associated with T. tenax infection was analyzed by the chi-square test and binary logistic regression. The prevalence of T. tenax infection was 13.48% (31/230), in patients, including 96.77% (30/31) and 3.23% (1/31) in periodontitis and gingivitis patients, respectively. The presence of T. tenax was associated with periodontal disease (p<0.001) and the Periodontal Screening and Record (PSR) index (p=0.001). The significant risk factors for T. tenax infection were periodontitis (ORadj=239.89, 95% CI=23.801-2417.746), no-underlying disease (ORadj=0.31, 95% CI=0.099-0.942), and male sex (ORadj=0.25, 95% CI=0.062-0.981). Dentists should be concerned about this oral protozoan in periodontitis patients. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies of T. tenax are still needed to investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis from T. tenax infection.

Incidence of Tricomonas Tenax in Diseased Mouth

Objective: Is to report the incidence of T. tenax in relation to oral health, age, sex and residency. Materials and Methods: Two hundreds patients with diseased mouths were examined by wet mount preparation and Giemsa’s stained methods for identification of Trichomonas tenax. Results: Its frequency was 9% among the examined swabs. There were 50% infection rate for both males as well as females. The highest incidence (11.25%) was found among 21-40 years old while the lowest (6.66%) in 41-60 years old. There were no significant variation in relation to residency. The association between T. tenax infection and dental caries was noticed at a rate of 66.7%. In addition, different rates for T. tenax were observed among patients with some other oral diseases as bleeding gum, gingivitis and periodonititis. Conclusion: This parasite should be considered as a potential etiological agent in diseased mouth, especially in individuals with poor oral hygiene

Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax among patients with periodontal disease attending Dental Clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan.

Periodontal disease is often caused by bacterial plaque. However, there are indications that some infective agents, including parasites, may play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis, as well as the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, in the oral biofilm of individuals with periodontal diseases using polymerase chain reaction. One hundred and six respondents with periodontal disease participated in the study. All study participants had a full-mouth examination, and dental plaque samples were collected with a sterile curette. Samples were transported to the laboratory in a cold chain and stored frozen till analyzed. DNA was extracted from the samples and amplified using EGO and ENTAM primers for Entamoeba and TGBK primers for T. tenax. The mean age of respondents was 45 ± 16.3 years, with none using tobacco. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis obtained from this study was 84.9% and 15.1%. The prevalence obtained for Entamoeba and T. tenax was 0.9% each; however, no participant had both parasites. The positive samples were from male participants with moderate gingivitis. Gingivitis was more prevalent than periodontitis, though with a high preponderance in females. E. gingivalis and T. tenax may not be of etiologic importance in periodontal disease as they occurred sparsely in the studied population.

Comparative prevalence of oral bacteria and protozoa in patients with periodontitis in Taiwan.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria present in the dental biofilm. However, the presence of two oral protozoans, Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, in patients with the periodontal disease remains largely unknown in Taiwan. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of oral microbial infections between the sites with mild gingivitis and chronic periodontitis in patients. We collected 60 dental biofilm samples from sites with mild gingivitis (probing depth <5 mm) and chronic periodontitis (probing depth ≥5 mm) from 30 patients at the National Cheng Kung University Hospital. The samples were analyzed via polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Among oral protozoans, E. gingivalis and T. tenax were detected in 44 (74.07%) and 14 (23.33%) of all samples, respectively. Among oral bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia were detected in 50 (83.33%), 47 (78.33%), and 48 (80.0%) samples, respectively. This study, which is the first to analyze E. gingivalis and T. tenax presence among patients with periodontitis in Taiwan, revealed an association between periodontitis and oral microbes.

Trichomonas tenax: A Neglected Protozoan Infection in the Oral Cavities of Humans and Dogs-A Scoping Review.

Trichomonas tenax is a flagellated protozoan parasite found in the oral cavities of humans and animals and has been associated with periodontal disease, the most prevalent inflammatory disease affecting them all. Studies have shown that T. tenax can cause damage to mammalian cells and secretes virulent proteins, such as cysteine. It is presently considered zoonotic. Despite the few studies that have been done, the pathogenicity of this oral protozoan is still not fully understood. A database search was performed in July 2022 using PubMed and Google Scholar to retrieve data eligible for this study. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed to conduct this scoping review. A total of 321 articles were found with 87 included in this review after applying the exclusion criteria. Due to its increasing prevalence worldwide in both humans and dogs, detecting and elucidating the pathogenicity of this parasite is paramount for effective global control and prevention of periodontal disease. However, there is a paucity in the literature on this neglected zoonotic trichomonad, which is in large contrast to the closely related human pathogen T. vaginalis. Here, we comprehensively review the history, morphology and reproduction, host, prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenicity, control, and prevention of T. tenax. Hopefully, this article will call attention to both medical and veterinary professionals as well as epidemiologists on this most neglected and zoonotic protozoan. More epidemiological and clinical studies need to be conducted on T. tenax to gain a better understanding of its pathogenicity, to increase the chances of developing effective drugs to aid in the control of this oral parasite, and reduce the spread of periodontal disease worldwide.

Trichomonas tenax induces barrier defects and modulates the inflammatory cytotoxicity of gingival and pulmonary epithelial cells.

Trichomonas tenax is a single-cell flagellated anaerobic organism, commensal in the human oral cavity. Although a previous study indicated that T. tenax could cause cell damage and phagocytose host epithelial cells, its pathological effects on gum cells remain unknown. Furthermore, several case reports have detected T. tenax in several patients with empyema and/or pleural effusion, which may have been aspirated from the oral cavity. However, the cytotoxic effects and immune responses of alveolar cells are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic and immune effects of T. tenax on gums and pulmonary cell lines. The cytopathic effect and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the level of cell damage in gum and lung epithelial cells. Western blot was used to determine the disruption of cell junctions. Finally, epithelial cell cytokines were measured using ELISA to elucidate the immune response to T. tenax. We found that T. tenax induced a cytotoxic effect on gum epithelial cells by disrupting cell junctions; however, it hardly triggered cellular damage in alveolar A549 cells and mucoepidermoid NCI-H292 cells. Furthermore, T. tenax induced the production of IL-6 at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) in gum, A549, and NCI-H292 cells. Our results suggest that T. tenax can trigger gingival cell cytotoxicity, disrupt cell junctions, and induce IL-6 production in gingival and pulmonary cell lines.

Oral parasites and Its Associated with the Population Residency and Some Physiological Disorders Among Population in Erbil City.

Background:The parasitic infection may be caused by the parasites Trichomonas tenax and Entamoeba gingivalis, which were included in this investigation. This studys goal is to estimation the incidence the parasites in patients' oral cavities with associated of some factors like residency, dental caries and diabetics in Erbil, Iraq.Materials and Methods:The current study comprised 354 patients in total. A questionnaire recorded residency (urban and Rural), dental caries and diabetics. Calculi samples were taken by use of a sterile curette and were placed in sterile collection vials, each containing 1 ml of sterile normal saline solution. Saliva samples of the patients were collected in sterile vials, then dilution was done by addition of 1 ml of sterile saline solution to each vial. Then each vial was labeled by patient’s number, name and date of collection. The purpose of collection the calculi and saliva to search about the parasites in the oral cavity. Results:The higher infection ratio of E. gingivalis in the rural regions in comparison with that of urban areas (91.7% and 89% respectively), and the results discovered that the higher positive rate of E. gingivalis (93.3%) was observed among those with dental caries and it was encountered in (86.8%)of subjects free from dental caries, regarding diabetes, diabetes and the presence of E. gingivaliswere shown to have a statistically significant connection (97.1%) and (35.7%) infection rates of E. gingivalis among diabetics and non-diabetic participitants respectively. While T. tenax was more common in individuals with non-diabetes (12.2%) compare to the diabetics (9.5%), but no relation was found.Conclusion:Infection with these parasites is relatively prevalent in people with dental caries, diabetics, and the persons' environment. It appears that continuation of advices are important in regulator of parasitic infection in Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Expression of Concern: Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis.

Expression of Concern: Specific clones of Trichomonas tenax are associated with periodontitis.

Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of oral cavity parasites in hemodialysis patients in western Iran.

Renal disorders are able to make patients more susceptible to infections, including those caused oral cavity infections. Today, it has been proven that during end stage renal failure, hemodialysis results in acquired immune response defects through failings of humoral and cell-mediated immune. This survey was intended to assess the molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax as the main oral cavity protozoa in hemodialysis patients in Lorestan Province, western Iran. The investigation was performed on 73 hemodialysis patients referring to hemodialysis centers of Lorestan Province, Iran during May 2021 to February 2022. The frequency of oral cavity protozoa was investigated using microscopic and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A provided questionnaire with a number of demographical information and related risk factors was completed for each patient. The results showed that E. gingivalis and T. tenax parasites were found in 18 (24.6%) and 20 (27.4%) of the hemodialysis participants by microscopic and PCR test, respectively. Among samples, 13 (17.8%) of the hemodialysis participants were infected with E. gingivalis; whereas 7 (9.6%) of the participants were positive for T. tenax. No significant association was reported between gender, age, education, flossing, use of mouthwash, and prevalence of oral protozoa in hemodialysis participants. However, a significant correlation was observed among between living in rural regions (OR = 13.16; 95% CI = 2.64-56.81; p = 0.002), brushing teeth (OR = 8.51; 95% CI = 1.71-42.3; p = 0.009) and prevalence of oral protozoa in hemodialysis participants. The findings of these epidemiological study clearly showed the high frequency of oral cavity parasites in hemodialysis patients in Lorestan Province, Western Iran. Awareness of the main risk factors for oral cavity parasites particularly teeth brushing is necessary in refining public and oral health policies in hemodialysis patients. Consequently, dental practitioners, nephrologist, and urologist must be alert of these risk factors to carefully identify and achieve oral health concerns in hemodialysis patients to prevent the oral diseases and infections.