Trichomonas Foetus Research Articles

In Silico Annotation and Immunoinformatics Guided Epitope Mapping of Potential Antigenic Proteins of Trichomonas foetus

Bovine trichomonosis is one of the neglected tropical diseases of cattle that is resulting in severe reproductive failure. With present knowledge, disease diagnosis and maintaining the infected animals in the quarantine are the only available strategies. Several spillover incidences of Trichomonas foetus had also resulted in zoonotic transmission to humans. In spite of above circumstances, till date there are no point of care diagnostics developed for screening bovine trichomoniasis in cattle. In the light of above circumstances, there exists a demand for cost-effective diagnostic kits to be provided to farming community. This current study highlights evaluation of few surface proteins of Trichomonas foetus for the suitability as sero-diagnostic markers. Few target Proteins such as Adhesin, Immuno-dominant variable surface antigen-like protein, Polymorphic membrane protein - like protein, GP-63-like (Clan MA, family M8) protein and Hypothetical protein (OHS95735.1) were evaluated for suitable pH, Signal Peptide, protein glycosylation pattern using freely available Bioinformatics tools. Mapping of potential epitopes of all the target proteins was done using immunoinformatics tools. Among the above proteins, GP63-like protein, immuno-dominant variable antigenic domain-like protein, and polymorphic membrane protein-like proteins are most suitable as diagnostic targets, owing to their higher levels of glycosylation, large epitope domains, and showing structural similarities with the domains of known toxic proteins. On the other hand, adhesin protein has the potential to be exploited as a vaccine candidate. The above proteins are suitable to be expressed in suitable host system and validated the immunogenic potential by animal inoculation and by testing with the real samples.

Molecular detection of Trichomonas foetus in women and cow in Babylon province, Iraq

Molecular detection of Trichomonas foetus in women and cow in Babylon province, Iraq

Heterologous expression of Cysteine Protease 8 from Trichomonas foetus in Pichia pastoris

Bovine trichomonosis is one of the most neglected venereal diseases of cattle. Trichomonas foetus, the causative organism was known over decades and is responsible for severe reproductive failure. Except for a few lab-based assays, to date, there are no point-of-care diagnostics developed to screen for the presence of infectious agents in cattle. In this study, we have identified cysteine protease 8 as a suitable antigenic protein for developing sero-diagnostics. A 960 bp Tf CP8 gene was cloned into methylotrophic Pichia pastoris X-33 by homologous recombination using a pPICZαA vector for recombinant protein expression. The traditional fed-batch method of induction with methanol resulted in inconsistent expression in 48h incubation, hence a novel single batch culture with 1% methanol induction for 24h was standardised and obtained optimal recovery of approximately 36 KDa recombinant protein secreted into media. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cloning and expression of genes from Trichomonas foetus. This CP8 protein could be further optimised for developing lateral flow assays and ELISA as point-of-care tools.

Investigation of Tritrichomonas Foetus in Cattle Using Different Methods in Basrah City – Iraq

Tritrichomonas foetus causes a venereal disease in cattle called bovine trichomoniasis. T. foetus lives in the reproductive tract of the cow, the surface of the penis and prepuce of the bull and causing early fetal loss and sometimes late term abortions. It can also extend breeding / calving season. In this study, 155 cows of different ages (2-6 years old) and with a variety of clinical signs (repeat breeders, abortions, and discharge only) were examined from different areas in Basrah Province, Iraq from November 2020 to July 2021, and 75 samples collected from healthy animals (without any symptom). The infection rate was detected in wet mount techniques found fewer positive findings than in pouch techniques, with 12 (40%) recorded and in pouch systems, 30 (100%) recorded while in the culture 24(80 %), Giemsa-stained smears 19(63.3%) and Acridine orange was 20 (66.6%). The present study improved that cows more than three years are more susceptible to be infected than cows less than three years. The study concluded that if no control method is applied in Basrah, there is a serious risk of spreading Trichomonas foetus.

Investigation of the outbreaks of abortions and orchitis in livestock in Namibia during 2016-2018.

This study investigated outbreaks of seemingly related abortions and orchitis which occurred in the Khomas, Omaheke and Otjozondjupa regions of Namibia from 2016 to 2018, affecting cattle, sheep and goats. Fifty-nine questionnaires were administered, and 48 were completed giving an 81.4% return. The outbreaks were limited to Namibia's east and central regions, mainly on farms rearing cattle, sheep and goats and on farms with a mixture of these species. There was no significant difference between Khomas and other regions on abortion reporting at the farm level [X2(1,N = 48) = 0.0002,p = 0.987851]. However, there was a significant difference in the abortions at the animal level among the three regions [X2(2,N = 6246) = 239.8339,p = .00001]. In addition, the proportions of abortions calculated at the animal level at each farm were significantly different when the Khomas region was compared to the other regions. Seventeen cattle sera, 35 sheep sera, 52 caprine sera, 18 bovine liver samples, one caprine liver, five aborted cattle foetuses, two cattle placentas, 18 testes (one bull, eight bucks and nine rams) and ten bull sheath scrapings were collected and tested. Histopathology, microbiology, serology, immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and mineral analytical techniques were used to establish the aetiology of the abortion and orchitis outbreaks. The gross and histopathological findings on the 18 testicles were characteristic of chronic orchitis. In aborted foetuses, significant histopathological findings included meconium aspiration, funisitis and cardiomyopathy. Placentitis and endometritis were the primary pathologies observed in cows. The bacteria isolated from microbiological samples included Enterococcus spp. (65.5% [19/29]), Enterobacter spp. (6.9% [2/29]) and Streptococcus spp. (10.3% [3/29]), Trueperella pyogenes (3.4% [1/29]), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.4% [1/29]), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.4% [1/29]), Providencia rettgeri (3.4% [1/29]) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (3.4% [1/29]), mostly opportunistic bacteria. On mineral analysis, 28%, 33%, 83%, 33% and 17% (n = 18) of cattle livers were low in copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and iron, respectively. Twenty-three percent (12/52) of the caprine sera were positive for Brucella melitensis on the Rose Bengal and complement fixation tests. Thirty-five ovine sera were tested for B. melitensis, B. ovis and Coxiella burnetii, and the prevalence for each was 2.9% (1/35). PCR tests on foetuses were all negative for Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter fetus spp., Leptospira pathogenic strains, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and bovine herpes virus 4 Campylobacter fetus spp. and Trichomonas foetus spp. The authors concluded that Brucella spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Streptococcus spp., Trueperella pyogenes and Coxiella burnetii could have contributed to this outbreak. Micronutrient imbalances and pathogenic abiotic nanoparticles were also identified as possible contributors to the abortion outbreaks.

Detection of Trichomonas SPP. from Penile Bulls Fluid in Iraq

Trichomonas fetus. lives on the surface .of the penis and. prepuce of the. bull and in the. reproductive tract of .the cow . Bovine .trichomoniasis is a venereal. disease of cattle. caused by the. protozoan Trichomonas. fetus . Samples: In our study 100 samples were collected from penal bulls which send to the slaughter house , the samples were collected randomly from mature bulls before slaughtering. For diagnosis of trichomoniases we made the direct method (using slise smear). The result show that there are (2) positive samples of trichomonas Fetus found in preputial fluid of bulls penis , this indicate that bulls have trichomoniases because of the disease represent as sexually transmitted disease.

Review on Major Protozoal Causes of Abortion in Cattle

Neospora caninum was organism described as parasite of domestic dog. The tissues cysts seen in neural tissues. The disease can be transmitted by vertical and horizontal. Trans-placental infected pubis: the typical presentation is a flaccid and hind limb paresis Neospora abortion tends to peaks at mid gestation. Serological positive calves will ultimately give birth to calves that are infective and seronegative. Seropositive cow produce less milk than seronegative cows. Neosparn caninum was shown to use cattle as intermediate host and dog as definitive hosts. The most recommendation for prevention is try to prevent fecal contamination of feed and water on the dairy. Trichomonas fetus found in the vagina, uterus, macerated fetus, prepuce, epididymis and vasdeferense. Bovine trichomoniasis is venereal disease manifest in the cow and heifers by infertility, abortion up to 5 ts month after breading pyometra, and fetal mummification. Therefore, some of the common causes of abortion on cattle are discussed in detail in this review. Keywords: abortion, cattle, trichomoniasis, diagnosis, neosporiasis DOI : 10.7176/JBAH/9-21-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2019

Scrotal tick damage as a cause of infertility in communal bulls in Moretele, South Africa.

Calving rate in communal cattle influences both food security and socio-economics in rural households. A previous study indicated that scrotal damage caused by ticks could affect the fertility of communal bulls and reduce the annual calving rate. The objectives of the study were to investigate the annual calving rate in communal herds by counting calves during herd visits, perform breeding soundness examinations on bulls and identify adult ticks attached to their genitalia. This prospective longitudinal survey was based on participatory rural appraisal. Calving rates were estimated in cows (n = 2398) from 100 randomly selected communal herds in Moretele over 12 months in 2013, during routine visits by animal health technicians. Randomly selected bulls (n = 50) from these herds were tested for Brucella abortus, Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis. The calving rate was 35.86% (0.359). The mean scrotal circumference was 37.63 ± 3.42 cm. Total sperm motility was 78.73 ± 35.73%; progressive sperm motility was 27.39 ± 15.81% and non-progressive sperm motility was 51.34 ± 19.92%. Thirty-five of the 38 bulls examined for breeding soundness exhibited severe scrotal and preputial lesions caused by the adult ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and Hyalomma rufipes. Tick control methods used included spraying (n = 20), pour-on (n = 11), no control (n = 1) and various (n = 18). It was concluded that in Moretele genital tick damage had a more serious impact on the fertility of communal bulls than contagious diseases. Targeted acaricidal spot treatment of the genitalia of communal bulls to prevent infestation is recommended, as tick control strategies used by farmers appeared to be inadequate.

Immunohistochemical and molecular approaches for the diagnosis of Trichomonas fetus in natural cases of bovine abortion

Immunohistochemical and molecular approaches for the diagnosis of Trichomonas fetus in natural cases of bovine abortion

In vitro effects of cysteine protease inhibitors on Trichomonas foetus-induced cytopathic changes in porcine intestinal epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of specific cysteine protease (CP) inhibitors on cytopathic changes to porcine intestinal epithelial cells induced by Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from naturally infected cats. SAMPLE T foetus isolates from 4 naturally infected cats and nontransformed porcine intestinal epithelial cells. PROCEDURES T foetus isolates were treated with or without 0.1 to 1.0mM of the CP inhibitors antipain, cystatin, leupeptin, and chymostatin and the vinyl sulfone inhibitors WRR-483 and K11777. In-gel gelatin zymography was performed to evaluate the effects of these inhibitors on CP activity of T foetus isolates. Each treated or untreated isolate was also cocultured with monolayers of porcine intestinal epithelial cells for 24 hours, and cytopathic effects of T foetus were evaluated by light microscopy and crystal violet spectrophotometry. RESULTS Results of in-gel gelatin zymography suggested an ability of WRR-483, K11777, and cystatin to target specific zones of CP activity of the T foetus isolates. These inhibitors had no effect on T foetus growth, and the cytopathic changes to the intestinal epithelium induced by all 4 T foetus isolates were significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study revealed that certain protease inhibitors were capable of inhibiting regions of CP activity (which has been suggested to cause intestinal cell damage in cats) in T foetus organisms and of ameliorating T foetus-induced cytopathic changes to porcine intestinal epithelium in vitro. Although additional research is needed, these inhibitors might be useful in the treatment of cats with trichomonosis.

DETECTION OF BOVINE TRICHOMONIASIS OF BULLS IN BASRAH SLAUGHTERHOUSE

Bovine trichomoniasis is a venereal disease of cattle caused by the protozoan Trichomonas fetus . The study based on collection and diagnosis 200 samples of preputial wash from bulls that send to the Al-Tuaisa slaughter house in Basrah private by made a slide smear stained with Gemza stain . The study starts at 2011 and extend to 2012 . The result shows that the percentage of infection in bulls that slaughtered in a slaughter house of Basrah private was 2% .

English

  Trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis are diseases caused by Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter foetus respectively. These diseases pose economic losses due to infertility and abortion. The aim of this retrospective study was to estimate the prevalence of C. foetus and T. foetus among southern African cattle. Sheath washings and scrapings were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis of these microorganisms. Out of 3, 458 samples that were tested for T. foetus, 142 (4.1%) were positive. Campylobacter foetus was detected in 60 of the 3, 161 (1.9%) samples. The use of PCR was convenient for estimatingthe prevalence of C. foetus and T. foetus.   Key words: Species-specific PCR, diagnosis, venereal disease, Campylobacter foetus, Trichomonas foetus.

A study of some infectious causes of reproductive disorders in cattle owned by resource-poor farmers in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Two hundred and thirty-nine cattle from Gauteng Province in South Africa were tested for various pathogens causing reproductive diseases includingbovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus, Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus usingvarious tests. For BVD/MD virus, 49.37% tested positive, 74.47% for IBR/IPV virus, 8.96% for Neospora caninum and 3.8% for Brucella abortus. The result for Brucella abortus is higher than the national average, possibly due to the small sample size. A high seroprevalence of antibodies to both BVD/MD virus and IBR/IPV virus was evident. These 2 viruses should be considered, in addition to Brucella abortus, when trying to establish causes of abortion in cattle. The clinical significance of Neospora caninum as a cause of abortion in Gauteng needs further investigation. One hundred and forty-three bulls were tested for Campylobacter fetus and Trichomonas fetus, and a low prevalence of 1.4% and 2.1% respectively was found in this study. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Antitrichomonal agents. Triazen derivatives.

Abstract Six new triazens have been synthesised. One of these compounds, 3-(2′-diethylaminoethyl)-3-ethyl-1-(p-nitrophenyl)-triazen was active in mice against Trichomonas vaginalis but inactive against Trichomonas foetus

PERFIL DE EXPRESSÃO DE IL-8 APÓS INFECÇÃO IN VITRO DE CÉLULAS EPITELIAIS POR Tritrichomonas foetus

Trichomonas foetus is the causative agent of bovine trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection of cattle that leads to reproductive losses. Epithelial cell chemokine production is a major mechanism of inflammatory induction. This study evaluates IL-8 expression in HeLa cells after T. foetus infection. HeLa cells were infected with two strains to assess IL-8 induction at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 hours post infection. IL-8 mRNA levels peaked between 18 and 21h and decreased at 24h, which suggests its importance in T. foetus infection.

Karatungiols A and B, Two Novel Antimicrobial Polyol Compounds, from the Symbiotic Marine Dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp.

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Karatungiols A and B, two novel antimicrobial polyol compounds, from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp.

Karatungiols A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), two novel antimicrobial polyol compounds, were isolated from the cultivated symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis and degradation reactions. Karatungiols A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) consisted of a C69-linear chain with a ketone moiety, 24 or 25 hydroxyl groups, and two tetrahydropyran rings. Karatungiol A ( 1 ) exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger at 12 μg/disc and antiprotozoan activity against Trichomonas foetus at 1 μg/ml.

Observation of multinucleated cells of trichomonas foetus in in vitro culture

Observation of multinucleated cells of trichomonas foetus in in vitro culture

Use of an Animal Model of Trichomoniasis as a Basis for Understanding This Disease in Women

Studies of host-parasite relationships in bovine trichomoniasis are presented as a basis for understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis and protection in trichomoniasis in women. The bovine infection is caused by Trichomonas foetus, a trichomonad species closely related to the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. An estrogenized murine model infected with T. vaginalis is useful for the study of virulence factors, but the bovine model has advantages for the study of immunity because T. foetus infection is common in this natural host. In vitro, several virulence factors similar to those of T. vaginalis have been studied, including cysteine proteinases, binding of host cell proteins, and factors involved in attachment to vaginal cells. The biggest advantage of the bovine model, however, is that an efficacious systemic vaccination has been demonstrated to both prevent and treat T. foetus infection. The specificity and isotype of antibodies involved in protection have also been defined. These findings provide encouragement for the development of vaccines against trichomoniasis in humans.

A pilot study of elevated abortion and stillbirth ratios in cattle in the foothills of the Eastern plains of Colombia

Health and production monitoring of around 80 commercial cattle enterprises in the foothills of the Eastern plains of Colombia showed that abortion and stillbirth ratios exceeded 0.10 in about one-quarter of the farms. A case-control approach comparing three farms with elevated abortion/stillbirth ratios (at least 0.10) with six farms with low ratios (0.03 or less) was adopted for an initial appraisal of the possible role of various infectious as well as non-infectious causes. The abortion histories and estimates of the age of the aborted fetuses were compiled from the available records. Management practices and environmental variables were assessed using a questionnaire. Laboratory examinations were carried out on a sample of 30 female cattle from each of the nine farms (serology for Brucella abortus and Chlamydia psittaci, five serovars of Leptospira interrogans, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus ) and the breeding bulls (isolation attempts of Trichomonas fetus, Campylobacter fetus, and Haemophilus somnus). The prevalence of antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci was significantly lower and the seroprevalence of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was significantly higher on the case farms while no distinct differences were found for any of the other variables examined. On two of the case farms, 28.3% of the cattle had titers of at least 1:400 to serovar hardjo as opposed to 2.2% of cattle on the control farms ( P < 0.01). On these two farms 36% ( 10 28 ) of the abortions occurred in the second trimester of gestation while on the third case farm most abortions occurred around term at the end of the dry season.