Triceps Skinfold Thickness Research Articles

Large mid-upper arm circumference is associated with reduced insulin resistance independent of BMI and waist circumference: A cross-sectional study in the Chinese population.

Body mass index (BMI) is a common indicator in clinical practice, but it is not sufficient to predict insulin resistance (IR). Other anthropometric methods supplement BMI in the assessment of body composition, which can be predicted more accurately. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and IR in Chinese adults. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey database. The study population was divided into four groups according to the MUAC quartiles, and the homeostasis mode assessment was used to evaluate the degree of IR. Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with adjustments for multiple covariates. Subgroup analyses stratified by age, sex, BMI, waist circumference (WC), smoking status, and alcohol consumption were performed. In total, 8,070 participants were included in the analysis. As MUAC increased, BMI, TSF thickness, MAMC, and the proportion of IR tended to increase. However, we found that there was a significant negative association between MUAC and MAMC and IR in the logistic regression analysis, independent of BMI and WC, the ORs for the highest quartiles compared with the lowest quartiles were 0.662 (95%CI: 0.540-0.811) and 0.723 (95%CI: 0.609-0.860), respectively. There was no significant association was observed between the TSF thickness and IR (OR=1.035 [95%CI: 0.870-1.231]). The inverse associations were more pronounced among participants with lower BMI and WC. No significant age-specific differences were observed (P-heterogeneity > 0.05). After adjusting for BMI and WC, MUAC was negatively associated with IR in Chinese adults, and the association between MUAC and IR was derived from arm muscle instead of subcutaneous fat. MUAC could be an additional predictor of IR besides BMI and WC in clinical practice.

Association between body image dissatisfaction and body anthropometric indices among Chinese children and adolescents at different developmental stages.

Children at different developmental stages show different physical development and psychological cognitive characteristics and may pay different attention to body parts. The purpose of this study was to analyze the associations between body image dissatisfaction (BID) and body anthropometric indices (BAIs) among Chinese children and adolescents at different developmental stages. A total of 609 Chinese primary and secondary school students aged 8-15 years (329 boys and 280 girls) were selected using stratified cluster sampling. The students' body height, sitting height (SH), weight, chest circumference (CC), hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), scapular skinfold thickness (SST), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), and abdominal skinfold thickness (AST) were measured. Boys' testicular volumes and first spermatorrhea and girls' breast measures and menarche were assessed using the Tanner stage standard. A body shape questionnaire (BSQ) was used to survey the subject's BID. In boys with testicular volume < 4 ml, the hip-to-height ratio (HHR) was positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 8.17, P < 0.01). In boys with testicular volume ≥4 ml and nonfirst spermatorrhea, the HHR and SST were positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 2.51, P = 0.04; β = 4.98, P < 0.01). In boys with first spermatorrhea, weight was positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 10.30, P < 0.01). In girls with breast development < Tanner stage II, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 5.12, P < 0.01); In girls with breast development ≥ Tanner stage II and nonmenarche, chest-to-sitting height ratio (CSHR) was positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 10.82, P < 0.01), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was negatively correlated with BSQ score (β = -3.61, P = 0.04). In girls with menarche, WHtR and sitting height-to-height ratio (SHHR) were positively correlated with BSQ score (β = 6.09, P < 0.01; β = 2.05, P = 0.02). The associations between body image dissatisfaction and anthropometric indices among Chinese children and adolescents at different developmental stages are different.

MUSCLE DEPLETED OBESITY IN INDIVIDUALS SCREENED FOR COLORECTAL CÂNCER.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most incident cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer death. Significant decreases in incidence and mortality can be achieved by reducing risk factors and adhering to healthy lifestyle recommendations, as well as screening for the disease. To evaluate the clinical nutritional profile of individuals at medium risk screened for CRC residing in the city of Piranhas/Alagoas. Cross-sectional study conducted from September to October 2020, with individuals at medium risk for CRC, of both sexes and aged between 50 and 70 years old. Participants were screened for CRC with fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) and colonoscopy. Personal, socioeconomic, clinical, lifestyle and nutritional assessment data were collected. The latter was performed using anthropometric data (weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness), body composition (bioimpedance) and physical examination. Descriptive analysis of data frequencies and dichotomization according to the presence or absence of overweight was performed, followed by comparison of means and medians and frequencies by chi-square or Fisher's exact test. In total, 82 people agreed to undergo the clinical nutritional assessment, most of them female (56.1%; n=46), adults (56.1%; n=46), with a mean age of 59.02 years (±6.30 SD). Pre-cancerous lesions were identified in 54.5% (n=42) of those screened, 52.4% (n=43) were smokers or former smokers, and 65.9% (n=54) did not practice scheduled physical activity. Nutritional assessment showed that 64.6% (n=53) were overweight according to body mass index. On the other hand, the muscle mass, % arm muscle circumference adequacy and body muscle mass (kg) markers showed that 32.9% (n=27) and 47.6% (n=39) of the subjects were muscle depleted, respectively. Above all, overweight participants had, in parallel, lower muscle mass (P<0.05), suggesting sarcopenic obesity in this population. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for CRC; when concomitant with sarcopenia, it favors worse health outcomes. In this context, evidence shows the need to assess muscle composition in people with obesity, especially through other methods of assessing body composition. Our results add to the evidence on the importance of the population being guided about screening and adherence to healthy lifestyle recommendations, especially strategies aimed at weight control and the practice of physical activity.

Development and Initial Validation of a Frailty Score for Pediatric Patients with Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease.

Frailty is a multi-dimensional clinical syndrome that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and decreased quality of life. Children/adolescents with heart disease (HD) perform significantly worse for each frailty domain compared to non-HD peers. Our study aimed to create a composite frailty score (CFS) that can be applied to children/adolescents with HD and evaluate associations between the CFS and outcomes. Children and adolescents (n = 30) with HD (73% single ventricle, 20% heart failure, 7% pulmonary hypertension) were recruited from 2016 to 2017 (baseline). Five frailty domains were assessed at baseline using measures validated for pediatrics: (1) Slowness: 6-min walk test; (2) Weakness: handgrip strength; (3) Fatigue: PedsQL Multi-dimensional Fatigue Scale; (4) Body composition: triceps skinfold thickness; and (5) Physical activity questionnaire. Frailty points per domain (range = 0-5) were assigned based on z-scores or raw questionnaire scores and summed to produce a CFS (0 = least frail; 25 = most frail). Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to identify correlations between CFS and cross-sectional change in outcomes over 2.2 ± 0.2years. The mean CFS was 12.5 ± 3.5. In cross-sectional analyses of baseline data, correlations (|r|≥ 0.30) were observed between CFS and NYHA class, the number of ancillary specialists, total prescribed medications, heart failure medications/day, exercise test derived chronotropic index and percent predicted VO2peak, and between child and parent proxy PEDsQL. At follow-up, CFS was correlated with an increase in the number of heart failure medications (r = 0.31). CFS was associated with cross-sectional outcomes in youth with heart disease. Longitudinal analyses were limited by small sample sizes due to loss to follow-up.

Associations of Prenatal First Trimester Essential and Nonessential Metal Mixtures with Body Size and Adiposity in Childhood.

Prenatal nonessential metals may contribute to postnatal adiposity, whereas essential metals may have metabolic benefits. We evaluated joint and individual associations between prenatal metals and childhood adiposity. We measured concentrations of six nonessential (arsenic, barium, cadmium, cesium, lead, and mercury) and four essential (magnesium, manganese, selenium, and zinc) metals in first trimester maternal blood from a prebirth cohort. We collected anthropometric measures in early childhood, mid-childhood, and early adolescence including subscapular+tricep skinfold thickness (mm) (N = 715-859), waist circumference (cm) (N = 717-882), and body mass index (BMI) (z-score) (N = 716-875). We measured adiposity in mid-childhood and early adolescence using bone densitometry total- and trunk- fat mass index (kg/m 2 ) (N = 511-599). We estimated associations using adjusted quantile g-computation and linear regression. The nonessential metal mixture was associated with higher total (β = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.12) and trunk fat mass index (β = 0.12, CI = 0.02, 0.22), waist circumference (β = 0.01, CI = 0.00, 0.01), and BMI (β = 0.24, CI = 0.07, 0.41) in mid-childhood, and total fat mass index (β = 0.07, CI = 0.01, 0.14), and BMI (β = 0.19, CI = 0.02, 0.37) in early adolescence. The essential metal mixture was associated with lower early adolescence total-(β = -0.11, CI = -0.17, -0.04) and trunk- fat mass index (β = -0.13, CI = -0.21, -0.05), subscapular+tricep skinfold thickness (β = -0.02, CI = -0.03, -0.00), waist circumference (β = -0.003, CI = -0.01, -0.00), and BMI (β = -0.16, CI = -0.28, -0.04). Cadmium and cesium were individually associated with childhood adiposity at different timepoints. Prenatal first-trimester essential metals were associated with lower childhood adiposity, whereas nonessential metals were associated with higher adiposity into adolescence.

Diversity of change in body mass index and skinfold thickness between different study courses within four years of study among the male students in a university in Poland

Objective: This study examined whether there were significant changes (expectedly increase) in BMI (Body Mass Index), and relative subcutaneous body fat during the four years of study in a university and compared these changes between the students of different courses, viz., Computer science, Law and administration, Humanities and Physical education. Design: This was a prospective follow up study with measurements at two time points with gap of four years. Body mass index, Triceps, subscapular, mid-axillary, abdominal, supra-illiac and medial-calf skinfold thicknesses were measured at two points of time, just after entrance to university and again after completion of four years. Student’s T-test, one-way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANNOVA (two-way) were employed to assess significance of differences in anthropometric measures between groups of students. Setting: The study was conducted at the University of Rzeszów, Poland. Participants: 191 young men university students aged approximately 19.5 years and 24.0 years, at the beginning and after four years, respectively, during this study. Results: Students of all courses underwent increments in BMI, absolute- and relative skinfold thicknesses, except that the students of physical education course did not show change in skinfold thicknesses relative to BMI. Conclusions: It has been concluded that the change in the adiposity profile during the years of study at university varied according to the course types. Further, detailed studies on the nature and cause of such variation occurring between course types may lead to better understanding etiology of overweight and obesity before entering to adult life.

Malnutrition and inflammatory parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3–5 from northern India

BackgroundMalnutrition is highly prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study is conducted to find out the prevalence of malnutrition and its association with inflammation in patients with CKD stages 3–5.MethodThis is a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted at the Sri Ram Murti Smarak Institute of Medical Science, Uttar Pradesh, India. CKD stages 3–5 patients were included. The nutritional status was assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA). Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were also checked at the time of enrollment.ResultsA total of 213/354 (60.2%) of patients were malnourished. The triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT) was 8.2 ± 1.2 mm and 10.9 ± 1.2 mm in the malnourished and well-nourished groups, respectively; p < 0.001. TSFT was ≤ 10 mm in 91.1% of patients with malnutrition. Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) was 21.3 ± 2.2 cm and 24 ± 2.9 cm, and the body mass index (BMI) was 19.8 ± 1.5 and 22.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2 in the malnourished and well-nourished group, respectively; p < 0.001. A significant direct correlation between BMI, TSFT, MAMC, and eGFR was noted. Median eGFR was 11.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the malnourished compared to 24.2 ml/min/1.73 m2 in the well-nourished group; p < 0.001. Serum ferritin level was 246.77 ± 18.24 mg/L in the malnourished group, higher than the well-nourished group at 237.23 ± 16.13 mg/L; p < 0.001. CRP was elevated (> 0.6 mg/dl) in 53.5% patients with malnutrition; p 0.003.ConclusionsMalnutrition is highly prevalent in the CKD population. The incidence increases as the eGFR decrease. TSFT ≤ 10 mm compares favorably with SGA in detecting malnutrition (sensitivity > 90%), and BMI > 20 kg/m2 compares favorably with SGA in ruling out malnutrition (specificity 97%). Malnutrition and inflammation often coexist. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial.

Nutritional Assessment and Clinical Determinants in Patients Awaiting Liver Transplant

Background: Malnutrition is a usual problem in liver cirrhosis patients, progressing with advancement of disease. Protein-calorie malnutrition is related with illness and death, and the value of nutritional status assessment tools for malnutrition is debated. We conducted this study to monitor undernutrition assessment among cirrhotics using subjective global assessment (SGA) and standard anthropometric parameters and to observe the association of different clinical characteristics with SGA score and Child-Pugh classification. Methods: Patients enrolled were end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients and obtained informed consent. The nutritional screening was performed using the SGA and standard anthropometry along with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), triceps skin fold thickness (TST), and hand grip strength (HGS). Results: 141 ESLD patients awaiting liver transplant (LT) were enrolled in the study and among them, 113 (80.1%) were males and 28 (19.9%) females. Patient’s average age at presentation was 49.5 years. Alcoholism was the major etiological factor (51.1%) and its median duration was 10 years. The liver disease severity as per Child-Pugh classification was as follows: the majority, 66 (46.8%), were in Child-Pugh category B, and 27 (19.1%) were in Child-Pugh category C. The comparison of nutritional parameters with the Child-Pugh classification showed a statistical significance (P&lt;0.05) with BMI (body mass index) and MAMC between the Child-Pugh categories. The comparison of SGA nutrition scores shows that it does not significantly differ on average between gender, Child-Pugh classification, aetiologies, co-morbidity, oedema, and ascites status. The nutritional score was further categorized as normal, moderately malnourished, and severely malnourished based on the SGA score, and it shows that the nutritional level is significantly correlated with Child-Pugh classification and co-morbidity. The level of liver function parameters was not correlated with the level of different nutritional parameters. Conclusion: SGA and HGS can be used as an easy and economical tool for evaluating the level of nutrition among cirrhotics and can be consistently used in liver clinics for malnutrition screening, and one can plan for nutrition education and counselling. Nutritional level monitoring is challenging in patients with ESLD due to fluid retention, and SGA will be a better nutritional screening tool for nutritional assessment./p&gt;

Cut-off of Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Status among Elderly Outpatients in a Tertiary Health Care Center in Telangana.

Introduction:Geriatric population is most vulnerable to various emerging communicable and noncommunicable diseases due to various socio-economic, physiological, psychological and nutritional risk factors. Adequate nutritional status is utmost important in older age as it helps in maintaining the immune response and preventing the morbidities and mortalities in this age. Thus, the opportunistic screening of malnutrition among geriatric population gives an extra edge for achievement of healthy ageing in the elderly. The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional status among the elderly population and provide cut-off values of various anthropometric measurements for detecting the risk of malnutrition among old age people. Materials and methods:The present cross-sectional study was carried out among people aged . 60 years who visited the geriatric clinic of a tertiary health care center between May and December 2021. The nutritional status of the 468 selected elderly was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool and various anthropometric measurements. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index were used to determine the cut-off values of anthropometric measurements. Correlation between various anthropometric parameters was studied. Data was analyzed using SPSS vs. 20 software. Results:Out of the 468 subjects, around one third had a risk of malnutrition and 7% malnutrition as per the MNA scale. Cut-off values of triceps skinfold thickness, neck circumference and arm muscle circumference were 12.5 cm, 32.5 cm, 18.3 cm and 11.5 cm, 35.5 cm, 21.2 cm for detecting malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, respectively. Neck circumference was found to be the most suitable measurement, with a cut-off value of 32.5 cm and 35.5 cm for detecting malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, respectively, as it possessed the highest Youden index and AUC. Conclusion:The prevalence of malnutrition was found to be low in the present study setting. Our findings firmly established that the neck circumference could be used as a simple, rapid, non-invasive and valid screening tool, with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting the risk of malnutrition in geriatric clinics or primary health care settings.

Sex differences in the association of triceps skinfold thickness and colorectal cancer mortality

ObjectivesTriceps skinfold thickness (TSF) is an economical and effective anthropometric method for estimating cellulite. It has attracted increasing attention as a parameter to assess cancer prognosis. Owing to physiologic differences, the sex-specific value of TSF in the prognostic assessment of colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the sex differences in the association of TSF and CRC mortality and provide practical clinical guidelines for optimizing prognostic strategies and nutritional guidance for patients with CRC. MethodsRestricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was used to flexibly analyze the sex-specific relationship between continuous TSF and mortality. Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the independent association between TSF and mortality in CRC patients. Finally, the study population was randomly allocated to two validation cohorts for internal randomization validation. ResultsWe found an L-shaped association between the TSF and survival of CRC patients. Multivariable-adjusted RCS showed that TSF was associated with non-significant reduced mortality in men (P = 0.076). However, in women, continuous TSF was significantly associated with reduced mortality (P = 0.002). Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression analyses confirmed that TSF was an independent factor affecting the prognosis of women with CRC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.834; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.748–0.930; log-rank P = 0.001), but not men with CRC (HR, 0.943; 95% CI, 0.869–1.024; log-rank P = 0.161). TSF was also an independent factor for predicting life function, cachexia, and malnutrition in patients with CRC. The randomization internal validation also showed a stronger association between TSF and all-cause mortality in women than in men. ConclusionsTSF is an independent factor affecting the prognosis of women with CRC; however, the prognostic value of TSF in men with CRC may be limited.

Accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity to identify high blood pressure in adolescents-systematic review.

BackgroundAnthropometric indicators of obesity have been associated with blood pressure in adolescents. However, the accuracy of anthropometric indicators of obesity for screening for high blood pressure (HBP) in adolescents is not known. Thus, the aim of the present study was to summarize the set of evidence regarding the predictive ability of anthropometric indicators of obesity to identify HBP in adolescents.MethodsSearches were performed in five databases: MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Electronic online (SciELO) and SportDiscus. The inclusion criteria for studies were: adolescents aged 10–19 years or mean age included in this range, observational and intervention studies, studies that proposed cutoff points for anthropometric indicators of obesity, and studies in English, Portuguese and Spanish. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the QUADAS-2 instrument.ResultsTen studies met the inclusion criteria and had their information summarized. Based on the information described in these studies, the anthropometric indicators body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR), triceps skinfold thickness, body adiposity index, C index, body mass, waist-to-arm span ratio, arm fat area, average arm perimeter, fat percentage and arm span were likely to be used in high blood pressure (HBP) screening among adolescents. However, only one study showed acceptable values (moderate to high precision) in relation to the accuracy measurements of described cutoffs.ConclusionCaution is suggested in the use of anthropometric indicators of obesity for HBP screening in adolescents, in which a greater number of studies with accurate diagnostic tools are necessary.

FOOD CONSUMPTION OF MACRONUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PEOPLE WITH OSTOMY

Objective: To evaluate the food intake of macronutrients and nutritional status of people with ostomy in the Amazonian context. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out in the specialized reference unit for people with ostomy, in the period from January to March 2020. The sample consisted of 77 people with ostomies, aged 21 to 88 years old, of both genders. We used sociodemographic information, clinical and behavioral aspects, anthropometric measurements and 24-hour recall. Statistical analysis was performed using BioEstat 5.0 and EpiInfo 3.5.1 software. Results: Most were male, aged between 35 and 50 years old. The most frequent types of ostomy were: colostomy (69%) and ileostomy (21%), with a temporary nature (43%), with neoplastic etiology in both sexes (60%). As for the nutritional status, most presented eutrophy according to the body mass index, but waist circumference showed increased metabolic risk in females, and the triceps skinfold thickness indicated excess adiposity in males (&lt;0.0001). Regarding food consumption, there was inadequacy of energy and macronutrients. Conclusion: Eating habits in the Amazonian context may be related to inadequate food consumption and changes in nutritional status.

The Influence of Parents’ Education on Growth Pattern of Children Aged 5-12 Years From Kazaure Emirate, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Anthropometry is defined as the measurements of different parts of the body and is widely used in surveys as an indicator of nutritional and health status. Studies revealed that large number of socio-economic variables are associated with the physical development of children. These variables consist of parental profession, income, education, birth order, family size, and urbanization. Materials used for the study were Stadiometer, non-elastic measuring tape, Skin fold caliper. The study involved a cross-sectional survey comprising of 863 pupils randomly selected from public primary schools in Kazaure emirate. The subjects were noted for sex and age. A stadiometer was used to measure height to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight to the nearest 0.5 kg. A non-elastic measuring tape was used for the measurement of head, neck, chest, mid upper arm, hip, waist and calf circumferences to the nearest 0.1cm respectively. A Harpenden skin fold caliper was used for the measurement of biceps and triceps skin fold thicknesses to the nearest 0.1 mm respectively. The study participants were apparently healthy public primary school pupils aged between 5 - 12years, from Kazaure Emirate and ofHausa ethnic group (parents and grandparents are Hausa). Based on lack of parents’ formal education, males had higher values of neck circumference (NC) and chest circumference (CTC) than females with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05. However,females had higher values ofcephalic index (CI) than males with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05.Based on the level of education of parents (primary, secondary and tertiary education), males had higher values of height (HT), weight (WT), BMI, head circumference (HDC), NC, CTC, waist circumference (WC) and calf circumference (CC) than females with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05. However, females showed higher mean values of triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and hip circumference (HC) than males with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05. Males had higher values ofhead length (HDL), head breadth (HDB), facial length (FL) and facial breadth (FB) than females with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05. Conversely, females showed higher mean value ofcephalic index (CI) than males with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05.Males had higher values of right humerus length (RHML), left humerus length LHML), right ulna length (RUL), left ulna length (LUL), right radial length (RRL), left radial length (LRL), right hand length (RHNL), left hand length (LHNL), right hand breadth (RHNB) and left hand breadth (LHNB) than females with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05. Males had higher values of right tibial length (RTBL), left tibial length (LTBL), right fibula length (RFBL), left fibula length (LFBL), right foot length (RFTL), left foot length (LFTL), right foot breadth (RFTB) and left foot breadth (LFTB) than females with statistical difference at p&lt;0.05.

Malnutrition in Children with Uncomplicated Versus Complicated Appendicitis

Background : Acute appendicitis is one of the commonest surgical emergencies in children and malnutrition is prevalent in the country. This study was designed to compare if complicated appendicitis occurs more in malnourished children.&#x0D; Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chittagong Medical College Hospital from March 2017 to December 2019 with 155 children. Anthropometric measurements (Height, weight, Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) Triceps Skin Fold Thickness (TSFT) were recorded and biochemical assessment (Haemoglobin, albumin and total lymphocyte count) were done before surgery. Patients were grouped into two groups: Group A (Acute uncomplicated appendicitis; n=65) and Group B (Acute complicated appendicitis, n=90). Anthropometric and biochemical indices were compared between these two groups. &#x0D; Results: Age ranged from 2 -12 years (Mean 9.2 ±2.5 years) (Male: female- 1.35:1). Among the five anthropometric indices abnormal measurements in Group A vs Group B were respectively. Abnormal TSFT (73.8% vs 80%, p=0.4) wasting (38.5% vs 44.4%, p=0.4) low MUAC for age (13.8% vs 17.8%, p=0.8) low weight for age (30.8% vs 36.7%, p=0.5) and low height for age (21.5% vs 24.4%, p=0.7) low albumin (52.3% vs 83.3%, p&lt;0,001); low haemoglobin (61.5% vs 60.0%, p=0.6)) and low total lymphocyte count (39.5% vs 44.8%, p=0.7).&#x0D; Conclusions: Malnutrition was widely prevalent in both groups. Although the proportion of malnutrition was more with acute complicated appendicitis, it was not statistically significant. The lower serum albumin level in these patients might be due to the consequence of the disease rather than prevailing malnutrition.&#x0D; JCMCTA 2022 ; 33 (1) : 66-70

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Anthropometry for Assessment of Nutritional Status at Diagnosis in Children with Cancer: A Single-Center Experience from India

Background The survival of children with cancer has improved owing to advances in chemotherapy and better supportive care, and nutritional support is an important component of the latter especially in low- and middle-income countries like India. Materials and Methods A prospective observational study of 137 newly diagnosed children with cancer aged less than 18 years was planned. Nutritional assessment was done using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometry, and serum albumin. Patients were followed for 3 months for assessment of treatment-related morbidity. Results Lean body mass (LBM; DXA), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and body mass index detected undernutrition in 44, 45, and 14% patients, respectively. Combination of arm anthropometry (MUAC and triceps skinfold thickness) with serum albumin categorized patients as adequately nourished (32%), moderately depleted (18%), and severely depleted (49%). Patients with hematological malignancy had a higher prevalence of undernutrition but there was no difference in morbidities between the undernourished and adequately nourished children by any parameter. Hypoalbuminemia observed in 25% patients was associated with significant chemotherapy delays (p, 0.01) and interval admissions (p, 0.03). Using LBM as a criterion, linear regression analysis revealed MUAC (R 2 = 0.681) as the best predictor of undernutrition with lowest standard error. Conclusion Our study reports undernutrition among two-fifths of newly diagnosed patients of childhood cancer associated with high prevalence of sarcopenia and adiposity. These findings are of utmost clinical relevance in planning interventional strategies.

Associations of Cord Blood Lipids with Childhood Adiposity at the Age of Three Years: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study.

We aimed to examine the associations between cord blood lipids and childhood adiposity and to investigate whether these associations vary across birth weight categories (small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and large for gestational age (LGA)) in 1306 infants in the Born in Guangzhou Cohort Study, China. Adiposity outcomes at the age of three years included z-scores of weight-for-length/height (WFLZ), body mass index (BMIZ), subscapular (SSTZ) and triceps skinfold thickness (TSTZ), and the sum of skinfold thicknesses (SSFTZ). Cord blood triglycerides (TG) levels were negatively associated with WFLZ and BMIZ, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were positively associated with WFLZ, BMIZ, TSTZ and SSFTZ. These associations were attenuated after adjustment for birth weight. Stratified analyses revealed that total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were positively associated with childhood adiposity indicators among AGA infants but tended to be negatively associated with the adiposity indicators among LGA infants (p values for interaction <0.05). Furthermore, TG levels appeared to be positively associated with adiposity indicators among SGA infants but negatively associated with the outcomes among LGA infants (p values for interaction <0.05). Cord blood lipids levels might be associated with childhood adiposity, and these associations appear to differ across different birth weight categories. If confirmed in future studies, our findings suggest that individualized management plans might be warranted in preventing obesity.

The Relationship between A Skinfold Thicknesses with Level of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Elderly Woman

Aging causes changes in body composition such as a decrease in muscle mass and an increase in adiposity associated with inflammation. High sensitivity C-reactive protein is the marker of inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Skinfold Thicknesses with the Level of High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Elderly women. This observational study used a cross-sectional design. Subjects were determined using consecutive sampling and adjusted for inclusion criteria with minimal sample were 53 subjects. Data collected were skinfold thicknesses measured with skinfold caliper and serum HsCRP analyzed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), physical activity level measured by International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and dietary intake measured by food recall 3 x 24 hours. Data analysis using Ranks Spearman correlation test. The median value thickness of the biceps is 17.94 ± 10.60 mm, the thickness of the triceps skinfold thickness is 23.40 ± 8.06 mm, the subscapular skinfold thickness is 14.95 ± 7.48 mm, the suprailiac skinfold thickness is 17.00 ± 8.85 mm while the median HsCRP serum 2.09 ± 2.11 mg/L is classified as moderate. There was a relationship between suprailiac skinfold thickness (r = 0.45 p = 0.001) and subscapular (r =0.40 p =0.003). However, there was no relationship between biceps skinfold thickness (r =0.29 p =0.34) and triceps (r=0.75 p =0.47) with HsCRP levels. There was a significant relationship between suprailiac and subscapular skinfold thickness. However, there was no significant relationship between biceps and triceps skinfold thickness.

Assessment of Body Composition and Physical Performance of Young Soccer Players: Differences According to the Competitive Level.

Simple SummaryIn recent years, soccer teams require greater physical and technical-tactical capabilities from not to younger players, especially in elite team. Although dribble and kicking skills, strength, endurance, speed, and agility abilities are the most relevant features, it is not clear whether anthropometric and body composition aspects could be considered appropriate talent characteristics in soccer players. In addition, it rests unclear which are the principal differences, when they appear, and what metrics discriminate between elite and non-elite teams. The main aim of this study is to compare anthropometric, body composition and physical performance between and within four juvenile categories of two (elite and non-elite) soccer teams and investigates factors that better discriminate among two teams. Despite the physical performance results as the most relevant factor in discriminating among the two soccer societies, the elite players report better anthropometric and body characteristics, especially in the youngest categories.Soccer is a multifactorial sport, in which players are expected to possess well developed physical, psychological, technical, and tactical skills. Thus, the anthropometric and fitness measures play a determinant role and could vary according to the competitive level. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify differences in body composition and physical performance between two soccer team. 162 young soccer players (from the Under 12 to Under 15 age categories; age: 13.01 ± 1.15 years) of different competitive levels (elite—n = 98 and non-elite—n = 64) were recruited. Anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, lengths, widths, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses (SK)), bioelectrical impedance, physical performance test as countermovement jump (CMJ), 15 m straight-line sprints, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo), and 20 + 20 m repeated-sprint ability (RSA)) were carried out. In addition, Body mass index (BMI), body composition parameters (percentage of fat mass (%F), Fat mass (FM, kg), and Fat-free mass (FFM, kg)) and the areas of the upper arm, calf and thigh were calculated, and the Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) procedures were applied. In addition, a linear discriminant analysis was assessed to determine which factors better discriminate between an elite and non-elite football team. Many differences were observed in body composition between and within each football team’s category, especially in triceps SK (p < 0.05), %F (p < 0.05), and all performance tests (p < 0.01). The canonical correlation was 0.717 (F(7,128) = 19.37, p < 0.0001), and the coefficients that better discriminated between two teams were 15 m sprint (−2.39), RSA (1−26), suprailiac SK (−0.5) and CMJ (−0.45). Elite soccer team players present a better body composition and greater physical efficiency. In addition, BIVA outcome could be a relevant selection criterion to scout among younger soccer players.

Associations Between Adult Triceps Skinfold Thickness and All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality in NHANES 1999-2010: A Retrospective National Study.

Background:The association between triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness and mortality in previous studies was controversial. This study aimed to explore how TSF thickness affects all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality among the United States (U.S.) general population.MethodsOur research included 25,954 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2010. Participants were categorized by the baseline TSF quartiles [quartile 1 (Q1): < 11.8, (Q2): 11.8–17.4, (Q3): 17.4–25, and (Q4): ≥25; unit: millimeter (mm)]. Cox regression models were used to assess the association of TSF with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality. The association between mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and mortality was also explored. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess heterogeneity in different subgroups.ResultsThe highest TSF group (Q4) had the lowest risk to experience all-cause (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.38–0.59; P < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23–0.54; P < 0.001) than the lowest TSF group (Q1) after multivariate adjustment. However, there was no relationship between TSF quartiles and cerebrovascular mortality (HR, 0.98; 95%CI, 0.42–2.30; P = 0.97). The protective effects of TSF thickness on mortality still existed after adjusting for BMI and MAMC. For every 1 mm increase in TSF thickness, the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death decreased by 4% (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.95–0.97; P < 0.001) and 6% (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.93–0.96; P < 0.001), respectively. In the stratified analysis, the relationships between TSF and mortality risk were generally similar across all subgroups.ConclusionsHigher TSF thickness was associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of BMI and MAMC. Our study revealed that the TSF thickness may be a convenient and credible indicator to predict mortality, especially in those with severe cardiovascular diseases.

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Dietary Patterns in Early Pregnancy and Maternal/Infant Health Outcomes in a Chinese Cohort.

BackgroundStudies assessing links between maternal diet and pregnancy outcomes have focused predominantly on individual nutrients or foods. However, nutrients are typically consumed in combinations of foods or beverages (i.e., dietary patterns). Taking into account the diet as a whole appreciates that nutrient absorption and metabolism are influenced by other nutrients and the food matrix.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary pattern consumption in early pregnancy and pregnancy/infant outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational weight gain, preeclampsia, placental weight, gestational age at delivery, small-for-gestational-age, large-for-gestational-age, macrosomia, measures of infant body composition, and scores on two main indices of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development [Mental Development Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI)] at 12 months.DesignOur study included 1,437 participants from a mother-infant cohort in Chongqing, China. Maternal diet was assessed using a 96-item food frequency questionnaire at 11–14 weeks gestation. Dietary patterns were constructed using principal component analysis. Multivariate regressions were performed to assess associations between maternal dietary pattern scores and pregnancy and infant outcomes, adjusting for confounders.ResultsTwo dietary patterns were derived: a pattern high in pasta, sweetened beverages, and oils and condiments (PSO-based dietary pattern) and a pattern high in fish, poultry, and vegetables (FPV-based dietary pattern). Higher scores on the PSO-based dietary pattern were associated with lower infant standardized scores on the PDI of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, β (95% confidence interval) = −1.276 (−2.392, −0.160); lower placental weight, β (95% CI) = −6.413 (−12.352g, −0.473); and higher infant's tricep skinfold thickness at 6 weeks of age. β (95% CI) = 0.279 (0.033, 0.526). Higher scores on the FPV-based dietary pattern were associated with higher gestational weight gain between visit 1 (11–14 week's gestation) and 3 (32–34 week's gestation). β (95% CI) = 25.612 (13.255, 37.969). No significant associations were observed between dietary pattern scores and the remaining pregnancy/infant outcomes investigated or MDI scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. This was the first study to investigate the association between dietary patterns in early pregnancy and infant neurocognition in a Chinese cohort.