Triceps Extension Research Articles

Postexercise Hypotension and Heart Rate Variability Responses Subsequent to Traditional, Paired Set, and Superset Resistance Training Methods.

Paz, GA, Iglesias-Soler, E, Willardson, JM, Maia, MdF, and Miranda, H. Postexercise hypotension and heart rate variability responses subsequent to traditional, paired set, and superset resistance training methods. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2433-2442, 2019-The purpose of this study was to compare training volume, postexercise hypotension (PEH), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses to different strength training methods. Thirteen trained men volunteered for this study. Three training methods were completed in a randomized design, which included: Traditional Set (TS)-3 successive sets for the lying bench press (LBP), lat pulldown (LPD), incline 45° bench press (BP45), seated close-grip row (SCR), triceps extension (TE), and biceps curl (BC), with a 90-second rest interval between sets and exercises; Paired Set (PS)-3 paired sets for the LBP-LPD, BP45-SCR, and TE-BC, with a 90-second rest interval between sets and exercises; and superset (SS)-3 supersets for the LBP-LPD, BP45-SCR, and TE-BC. During the SS session, no rest was permitted between PSs, followed by 180 seconds of rest after each SS. Ten repetition-maximum (RM) loads were adopted for all exercises. Blood pressure (BP) and HRV were measured at baseline, immediately aftersession, and at 10-minute intervals until 60 minutes after session. Significantly greater training volume was noted under the SS method (8,608.6 ± 2,062.2 kg) vs. the TS method (7,527.5 ± 2,365.1 kg), respectively. Significantly greater training volume was also observed under the PS method (8,262.3 ± 2,491.2 kg) vs. the TS method (p ≤ 0.05). No main effects for HRV and PEH were noted between protocols (p > 0.05). However, similar PEH response intraprotocols were observed for the TS, PS, and SS methods (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the duration of the PEH intraprotocol, large effect sizes were noted for the SS and PS methods vs. the TS method in diastolic and mean BP. Therefore, both the PS and SS methods may be an alternative to the TS method to achieve greater total repetitions and training volume with a tendency toward a longer PEH response.

The Effect of Exercise Order on Maximum Strength Development in Resistance Trainings

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise order on maximum strength development in resistance trainings. Thirty six male wrestlers (age = 21.6 ± 2.0 years; height = 169.8 ± 8.7 cm; body mass = 76.6 ± 11.1 kg) participated in the study. The participants performed two different resistance training programs for 12 weeks. First group (Gr1) performed the exercises involving large muscle groups at initial. The other group (Gr2) performed the same exercises in the opposite order. For the Gr1, the exercise order was bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LPD), shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC), triceps extension (TE). For the Gr2, the exercise order was TE, BC, SP, LPD and BP. Before and after the 12-week training period, 1 repeat maximum (1RM) loads were measured in all exercises. According to the results, 1RM loads of all exercises increased significantly in both groups

Separate and combined effects of local and systemic hypoxia in resistance exercise.

This study quantified performance, physiological, and perceptual responses during resistance exercise to task failure with blood flow restriction (BFR), in systemic hypoxia, and with these stimuli combined. Fourteen young men were tested for 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell biceps curl and lying triceps extension exercises. On separate visits, subjects performed exercise trials (4 sets to failure at 70% 1RM with 90s between sets) in six separate randomized conditions, i.e., in normoxia or hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with three different levels of BFR (0%, 45%, or 60% of resting arterial occlusion pressure). Muscle activation and oxygenation were monitored via surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perceptual responses were assessed following each set. Compared to set 1, the number of repetitions before failure decreased in sets 2, 3, and 4 for both exercises (all P < 0.001), independently of the condition (P > 0.065). Arterial oxygen saturation was lower with systemic hypoxia (P < 0.001), but not BFR, while heart rate did not differ between conditions (P > 0.341). Muscle oxygenation and activation during exercise trials remained unaffected by the different conditions (all P ≥ 0.206). A significant main effect of time, but not condition, was observed for overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing, and limb discomfort (all P < 0.001). Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, did not modify the fatigue-induced change in performance, trends of muscle activation or oxygenation, nor exercise-related sensations during a multi-set resistance exercise to task failure.

Are wearable heart rate measurements accurate to estimate aerobic energy cost during low-intensity resistance exercise?

The aim of the present study was to assess the accuracy of heart rate to estimate energy cost during eight resistance exercises performed at low intensities: half squat, 45° inclined leg press, leg extension, horizontal bench press, 45° inclined bench press, lat pull down, triceps extension and biceps curl. 56 males (27.5 ± 4.9 years, 1.78 ± 0.06 m height, 78.67 ± 10.7 kg body mass and 11.4 ± 4.1% estimated body fat) were randomly divided into four groups of 14 subjects each. Two exercises were randomly assigned to each group and subjects performed four bouts of 4-min constant-intensity at each assigned exercise: 12%, 16%, 20% and 24% 1-RM. Exercise and intensity order were random. Each subject performed no more than 2 bouts in the same testing session. A minimum recovery of 24h was kept between sessions. During testing VO2 was measured with Cosmed K4b2 and heart rate was measured with Polar V800 monitor. Energy cost was calculated from mean VO2 during the last 30-s of each bout by using the energy equivalent 1 ml O2 = 5 calorie. Linear regressions with heart rate as predictor and energy cost as dependent variable were build using mean data from all subjects. Robustness of the regression lines was given by the scatter around the regression line (Sy.x) and Bland-Altman plots confirmed the agreement between measured and estimated energy costs. Significance level was set at p≤0.05. The regressions between heart rate and energy cost in the eight exercises were significant (p<0.01) and robustness was: half squat (Sy.x = 0,48 kcal·min-1), 45° inclined leg press (Sy.x = 0,54 kcal·min-1), leg extension (Sy.x = 0,59 kcal·min-1), horizontal bench press (Sy.x = 0,47 kcal·min-1), 45° inclined bench press (Sy.x = 0,54 kcal·min-1), lat pull down (Sy.x = 0,28 kcal·min-1), triceps extension (Sy.x = 0,08 kcal·min-1) and biceps curl (Sy.x = 0,13 kcal·min-1). We conclude that during low-intensity resistance exercises it is possible to estimate aerobic energy cost by wearable heart rate monitors with errors below 10% in healthy young trained males.

Optimal loads for power in older men and women using plate-loaded resistance machines.

Age-related decrements in power affect quality of life in older adults; however, no studies have determined the optimal loads that maximize power outputs using the most commonly employed lifting equipment, plate-loaded machines. Fifteen older men (69.2 ± 6.9 y) and 22 older women (68.9 ± 5.9 y) performed two sessions of strength and power testing. Individuals completed ten plate-loaded exercises to determine their maximum dynamic strengths (1RM) and peak power outputs (PP). Power was tested at 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% 1RM using a linear position transducer. PP was expressed relative to the highest power produced (PPREL). Multi-joint exercises produced optimal load values at 50-60%1RM for leg press, 50%1RM for chest press, and 40-60%1RM for seated row, with no significant differences among loads for shoulder press. Single-joint exercise optimal loads were seen at 50-60% for hip adduction, 50-70%1RM for calf raise, 60-80%1RM for biceps curl, and 50-80%1RM for triceps extension, with no significant differences between loads for hip abduction or leg curl. No significant differences were found between sexes for any exercise. Different optimal load ranges are required for individual plate-loaded exercises in older persons. Specifically, multi-joint exercises demonstrated a narrow optimal load range favoring the velocity end of the load-velocity curve, while single-joint exercises produced a wider optimal load range extending into the upper limits of the load end of the curve.

Maximal strength performance, efficiency, and myoelectric responses with differing intra-set rest intervals during paired set training

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different rest intervals within paired sets (PS) on total work and training volume, efficiency (training volume load/session duration time), and myoelectric activity. MethodFifteen trained men participated in this study. Four experimental protocols were applied: P30 (30 s rest), P60 (60 s rest), P90 (90 s rest), and P120 (120 s rest). The PS bout consisted of a bench press (BP)/lat pull down (LPD), 30° incline bench press (BP30)/wide-grip seated row (SR), and triceps extension (TE)/biceps curl (BC) exercises. Surface electromyography (sEMG) activity of the biceps and triceps brachii were recorded. ResultsVolume load (repetitions x number of exercise sets x loads) was significantly lower for the P30 (5385.8 ± 1224 kg) versus the P60 (6755.6 ± 1398.5 kg), P90 (7358.3 ± 1490.3 kg), and P120 (7463 ± 1310 kg) protocols. No significant differences in sEMG activity was noted between protocols. The efficiency (kg·min−1) of P30 (633.6 ± 144) was significantly higher versus P60 (397.4 ± 82.2), P90 (288.5 ± 58.4), and P120 (219.5 ± 38.5). ConclusionShort intra-set rest intervals (60 s) within PS may be a potential alternative for increasing the volume load, since longer intra-rest (90 s and 120 s) intervals do not provide additional benefits.

Biceps and Triceps Contribute to Pitching Performance in College Baseball

Training for pitching traditionally focuses on core and leg work, but there may be justification for isolated arm muscle training to enhance performance. PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of biceps and triceps function during pitching. METHODS: Pitchers (n=10) from a Division-1 collegiate team were recruited. Throwing mechanics and isolated arm movements were assessed using Proteus technology (Boston Biomotion Inc). A single set of biceps and triceps movements (with 12 and 10 lbs respective resistance) and biomechanical assessment of a throwing movement were collected. All movements completed on Proteus result in seven variables: power, explosiveness, braking, consistency, endurance, velocity, and range of motion (ROM). Pearson correlation coefficients were employed to analyze relationships between the Proteus variables for biceps curls and triceps extensions, throw mechanics, and statistics from in-game performances from the 2017 season. RESULTS: The strongest relationship among all comparisons was biceps curl endurance and ERA (r=-0.959; p=0.001). The biceps curl ROM was also weakly related to throw power (r=0.429; p=0.076). Throw endurance corresponded with positive trends for biceps curl power (r=0.419; p=0.089), explosiveness (r=0.452; p=0.060), velocity (r=0.417; p=0.085), and ROM (r=0.429; p=0.075). A strong positive relationship was observed between throw endurance and biceps curl braking (r=0.535; p=0.022) and a positive trend between biceps curl ROM and throw velocity (r=0.429; p=0.075). Triceps extensions corresponded closely with throwing mechanics and in-game statistics; trends were found between triceps explosiveness and strikeouts per nine innings (r=0.728; p=0.064) and Proteus throw velocity (r=0.462; p=0.053). Throw endurance was related to triceps extension braking (r=0.496; p=0.037) and it displayed a trend with triceps extension endurance (r=0.435; p=0.071). CONCLUSIONS: New technology permits advanced biomechanical analysis of baseball pitching. Preliminary testing reveals the importance of arm conditioning for a pitcher’s ability to maintain power output. As more players are tested, we may further our understanding of the role of biceps and triceps function in throwing mechanics.

Effect of a 2-Week Strength Training Learning Intervention on Self-selected Weight Training Intensity

PURPOSE: Research has found that novice clients, fail to self-select weight that is heavy enough to promote strength gain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 2-week strength training learning intervention on self-selected resistance training intensity. METHODS: Subjects between 18-40 y were placed in a control (CON n = 7) or experimental (EXP n = 8) group. Each subject was provided practice training on 5 resistance training machines (chest press, leg press, triceps extension, bicep curl, shoulder press). On 6 different training days, separated by at least 48 h, subjects completed 2 sets on each machine while blinded to the load. CON were instructed to self-select a load to build strength without feedback. Load, repetitions and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Starting with a self-selected load, EXP were encouraged to lift to fatigue. If EXP exceeded 12 repetitions, the load was increased (Goal- attain 70%1RM). RPE was assessed each set. Post training days, CON and EXP completed self-selection trials for all lifts, plus 3 novel lifts (pec fly, leg extension, shoulder raise). One repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed last. All loads were converted to % 1RM. Comparisons between groups were made using 2Way ANOVA. RESULTS: For % 1RM there were significant main effects for both condition and day (Day 1 EXP = 57.2±12.0%; CON = 47.2±13.7%; Day 6 EXP = 74.7±10.8%; CON = 66.2±13.4%). For repetitions there were significant effects across days (Day 1 EXP = 10.8± 4.8; CON = 12.3± 4.0; Day 6 EXP = 9.3±3.6; CON = 10.0±3.0) with significant interaction effects indicating CON did not change repetition number as load increased. There were significant main effects across days for RPE (Day 1 = 15.4±2.0; Day 6 = 16.5±1.9). All loads selected exceeded 60% 1RM indicating that both EXP and CON treatment achieved adequate training loads. However, among the novel lifts only the pec fly was greater than 60% 1RM (pec fly 63.0±11.0%; leg extension 39.8±12.5%; shoulder raise 53.1±12.8%). CONCLUSION: Two weeks of supervised resistance training resulted in EXP and CON self-selecting loads greater than 60% 1RM. Repeated training exposure resulted in higher self-selected training loads suggesting that repeated exposure to resistance training sessions is an important factor to attain loads that promote strength gain.

The Effects of Different Types of Strength Training for Recreational Purposes on the Body Composition and Strength Development of University Students

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CrossFit and resistance training on maximal strength, isometric strength and strength continuity in recreational student athletes. 28 healthy male volunteer students who were doing sport for recreational purposes participated in the study. After the participants were randomly divided into two groups, strength tests were performed and body composition measurements were taken before and after the 16-week training period. Bench press and squat were applied to determine maximal force; leg and handgrip strength were applied to determine isometric force; pull-up and push-up tests were applied to determine the continuity of strength. Body composition measurements were performed with electronic scales. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 program. Significance level was accepted as p &lt;0.05. The CrossFit training program included consecutive 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises for 20 minutes (CrossFit-Cindy). Resistance training program consisted of 3 sets of bench press, lat pull down, leg press, biceps curl and triceps extension exercises with 3 minute intervals using 70% of the weights the participants could perform with pre-determined maximum 1 repetition. The results of the study showed that body fat percentages of both groups decreased significantly, performance variables increased significantly and body weight did not change significantly. In addition, the increase in push-up exercise was higher in the CrossFit group than in the resistance group. Thus, this study shows that although CrossFit training is short-termed, it can be used as an alternative to classical resistance training.

Effects of Adding Single Joint Exercises to a Resistance Training Programme in Trained Women.

Background: The present study’s aim was to compare the changes in muscle performance and anthropometric measures in trained women performing RT programs composed only of MJ exercises or programmes that involve the addition of SJ exercises. Methods: Seventeen trained women were randomised to MJ or MJ+SJ. Both groups performed the same MJ exercises following a nonlinear periodisation model for 8 weeks. The only difference was that the MJ+SJ group also performed SJ exercises. The participants were tested for 10 repetition maximum (10 RM), flexed arm circumference, and both biceps and triceps skinfold. Results: Both groups significantly increased 10 RM load for the bench press (12.6% MJ and 9.2% MJ+SJ), triceps (15.6% MJ and 17.9% MJ+SJ), pull down (9.8% MJ and 8.3% MJ+SJ), biceps (14.0% MJ and 13.0% MJ+SJ), leg press (15.2% MJ and 12.8% MJ+SJ) and knee extension (10.2% MJ and 9.1% MJ+SJ). The decreases in triceps (−5.1% MJ and −5.3% MJ+SJ) and biceps (−6.5% MJ and −5.7% MJ+SJ) skinfolds were also significant as were the increases in arm circumference (1.47% MJ and 1.58% MJ+SJ). In all tests there was nothing significantly different between groups. Conclusions: The use of SJ exercises as a complement to a RT programme containing MJ exercises brings no additional benefit to trained women.

PO-090 Effects of 6-week Hypoxic Exercise on Glucose Metabolism in overweight/obese Males

Objective Early studies have shown that exercise can have positive impacts on the body's glucose metabolism, but there has been no experiment revealing the different effects between normal and hypoxia, two different exercise conditions, on the glucose metabolism of adult males. The aim of this study is to expose the effects of hypoxic exercise intervention on glucose metabolism in 18-45 years old overweight/obese males. In this study, 40 males were given exercise intervention with different exercise condition. The research aims to discriminate the exercise environment that has a better influence on glucose metabolism by detecting and calculating the changes in glucose metabolism-related indicators during the different oxygen content environments exercise.&#x0D; Methods A parallel group design was used to study 40 healthy 18-47 years old overweight/obese males. The overweight standard is BMI≥24 and the obesity standard is BMI≥28. All 40 males were randomly divided into the hypoxia group(HG) and normal group(NG) matched on BMI and age at the pretest. The HG was provided a hypoxic exercise environment by wearing a suction-type atmospheric hypoxic device, and the oxygen content of the inhaled mixed gas is 16%; the NG was provided a normal environment. Nutritional education was given to 40 males prior to the start of exercise intervention, but diet was not restricted during exercise intervention. Both groups involved a 6-week exercise intervention which three times per week and there will be a one-day recovery time after each exercise. The intervention consists of a strength training session and an endurance training session, each intervention was generally composed of a 5minutes warm-up, 30minutes strength training, 30minute endurance training, and 5minute cooldown. The strength training contains deadlift, upright row, squat, shoulder press, calf jump, bow step, biceps curl, triceps extension, all these training loading 12RM, repeating twice and there being 0.5mins rest between sets. The treadmill was used for the endurance training, adjusting running speed according to the target heart rate interval. The calculation method of the target heart rate interval is (220-ages) ×60%~(220-ages) ×70%, and the slope is 0°. Both groups were measured body weight and taken of fasting venous blood samples, measured fasting blood glucose (GLU), glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) and insulin (INS), calculated insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) before and after the exercise intervention. &#x0D; Results After the intervention, the fasting blood GLU, INS and HOMA-IR level in the HG were significantly lower (P≤0.05). The fasting blood GLU, INS and HOMA-IR level in the NG were increased, but there was no statistically significant difference before and after the intervention (P&gt;0.05). There was a significant difference when compared the HG with NG in the fasting blood GLU, INS and HOMA-IR level (P≤0.05). After the intervention, the GHb levels in the HG and NG both increased, but there was no significant difference compared with the pre-intervention group (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the GHb change rate between the HG and the NG (P &gt;0.05), either.&#x0D; Conclusions Through 6-week intervention, the exercise in the hypoxic environment can more effectively improve the indicators of glucose metabolism in adult obese men compared with the normal environment. The condition of hypoxic mode has more significant benign effects especially for fasting blood GLU, INS, and HOMA-IR. For the GHb results of this experiment, because this index reflects the overall glycemic control in the past 1-2 months, and this study only carried out six weeks of uncontrolled diet exercise intervention, there may be insufficient time for exercise intervention，or the long, excessive glucose intake during the intervention, resulting in no significant differences in the comparison before and after the intervention.

PO-092 Effects of hypoxic exercise on weight loss and lipid metabolism in overweight/obese men

PO-092 Effects of hypoxic exercise on weight loss and lipid metabolism in overweight/obese men

PO-093 Effects of 6-week hypoxic exercise on aerobic capacity-related proteins in overweight/obese women

Objective To explore the effects of hypoxic and normoxic exercise on hemoglobin (Hb), erythropoietin (EPO), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in overweight women.&#x0D; Methods This study enrolled 40 female overweight/obese subjects, age is among 18-47 years old, with no abnormal physical examination. The overweight standard is BMI ≥ 24, and the obesity standard is BMI ≥ 28. All subjects were paired according to body weight, divided into hypoxia group and normoxia group, doing 6 weeks of exercise intervention, 3 times a week, every next day one time. The exercise intervention includes 30 minutes of strength training and 30 minutes of endurance training. There are 5 minutes of warm up before training and 5 minutes cool down after the training. Strength training uses the device as a dumbbell. The training content consists of 8 movements, there are dead lift, upright row, squat, shoulder press, calf Jump, advance junge, biceps curl and triceps extension, and the weight is 12RM. 2 sets for each action, rest between sets is 30s. Endurance training uses a treadmill with a slope of 0°, and the speed is adjusted according to the target heart rate interval. The calculation method of the target heart rate interval is (220-age)×60%～(220-age)×70%. Among them, the hypoxic group is equipped with a suction-type atmospheric hypoxic device, which moves with low-oxygen environment, and the oxygen content of the inhaled mixed gas is 16%; the normoxic group moves with normal oxygen environment. Nutritional education was given to all subjects prior before the start of exercise intervention, but diet was not restricted during the intervention. Fasting venous blood was taken before and after Fasting venous blood before and after exercise intervention intervention, and Hb, EPO, HIF1α, and VEGF were detected. All the test results were expressed by mean±standard deviation (x±SD). The data between two groups were compared by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The intra-group data were compared using a nonparametric Wilcoxon match for the symbol level test, with a significance level of P &lt; 0.05 and a very significant level of P &lt; 0.01.&#x0D; Results After the intervention, the Hb level in the hypoxic group was increased, but there was no significant difference compared with the pre-intervention group (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the Hb change rate between the hypoxic group and the normoxic group (P&gt;0.05). The EPO level in the hypoxic group was significantly increased, and there was a statistically significant difference compared with the pre-intervention group (P&lt;0.01). There was no significant change in the EPO level in the normoxic group (P&gt;0.05). The EPO change rate in the hypoxic group was compared with the normoxic group. There was no statistical difference (P&gt;0.05). The level of HIF1α in the hypoxic group was significantly higher than that before the intervention (P&lt;0.01). The level of HIF1α in the normoxic group was significantly lower than that before the intervention (P&lt;0.01). The rate of change of HIF1α in the oxygen group was statistically different from that in the normox group (P&lt;0.01). The level of VEGF in the hypoxic group was increased, but the level of VEGF in the normoxic group was decreased, but there was no significant difference compared with the pre-intervention group (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of VEGF in the hypoxic group compared with the normoxic group(P&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions Compared with normotensive exercise, 6-week exercise increased the levels of Hb and EPO in overweight women, but the difference between hypoxia and normoxia was not significant. The level of HIF1α in the hypoxic group was increased, and the level of HIF1α in the normoxic group was decreased. This index was significantly affected by hypoxia. The level of VEGF in the hypoxic group was increased, and the level of VEGF in the normoxic group was decreased, but the effects of hypoxia and exercise were not obvious.

PO-077 Hypoxia exercise improves glucose metabolism in the overweight and obese women

Objective With the increase of social pressure and the unreasonable diet structure, the proportion of the overweight and obese people is increasing. Obesity is an important factor causing many chronic diseases, such as type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and so on. Epidemiological studies show that the proportion of obese people in China is still high. It has seriously hindered the further development of the Chinese health. The combination of diet and exercise is effective for reducing the weight. However, this method isn’t effective for overweight and obese people. Therefore, the way to reduce weight has become a central issue for many researchers. Studies have shown that the exposure of hypoxia condition can decrease weight and exercise can promote energy consumption. Exercises in a hypoxic environment provide a new way of thinking for the prevention and treatment of obesity and national fitness, and which are also a research hotspot for weight loss.&#x0D; Methods The study enrolled 40 young women with overweight/obese subjects, aged 18-47 years, with no abnormal physical examination. The criterion for overweight is BMI ≥ 24 and the criterion for obesity is BMI ≥ 28. All subjects were paired according to their body weight, divided into hypoxia group and normoxia group and they exercised for 6 weeks, 3 times a week, every other day. The content of the exercise intervention includes 30 minutes strength training and 30minutes endurance training. Strength training is in front and endurance training is in the back. There are 5 minutes of warm-up and finishing activities before and after training. Strength training uses dumbbells, chooses 12RM weight, exercise with 8 actions, which are dead lift, upright row, squat, shoulder press, calf Jump, advance junge, biceps curl and triceps extension, each action 2 Group, rest between groups for 30s. Endurance training uses a treadmill with a slope of 0°, and the speed is adjusted according to the target heart rate interval. The calculation method of the target heart rate interval is (220-age)×60%～(220-age)×70%. Meanwhile, the hypoxia group wears inhaled atmospheric hypoxia equipment and they exercised in a low-oxygen condition. The oxygen content of the inhaled mixed gas is 16%; the normoxia group exercises under the normal oxygen condition. Nutritional education was given to all subjects prior to the start of exercise intervention and the personal diet was controlled as much as possible, but diet was not restricted during the intervention. Body weight was measured before and after intervention. Fasting venous blood was taken. Blood glucose (GLU), insulin (INS) and glycated hemoglobin (GHb) were measured. Insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. All test results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between groups, and non-parametric Wilcoxon matching was used for symbol level test. The significance level was P&lt;0.05, the level of very significant was P&lt;0.01.&#x0D; Results After intervention, the fasting blood glucose level of the hypoxia group and normoxia group decreased and the hypoxia group decreased more, but there was no significant difference compared with before intervention (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference between the rate and the normoxia group (P&gt;0.05). After intervention, the GHb levels in the hypoxia group and the normoxia group decreased, but there was a significant difference between the hypoxia group and the hypoxia group (P&lt;0.05). The difference between the normoxia group was not significant (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of GHb change between the oxygen exercise group and the normoxia group (P&gt;0.05). After intervention, the fasting INS levels in the hypoxia group and the normoxia group decreased, but there was a significant difference between the hypoxia group and the hypoxia group (P&lt;0.05), and the difference between the normoxia group was not significant (P&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of fasting INS between the hypoxia group and the normoxia group (P&gt;0.05). The HOMA-IR of the hypoxia group and the normoxia group decreased after intervention, but there was significant difference between the hypoxia group and the hypoxia group (P&lt;0.05) and the difference between the normoxia group was not significant (P&gt;0.05). The HOMA-IR rate of hypoxia exercise was not significantly different from that of normoxia group (P&gt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusions Compared with the normoxia group, the hypoxia group has a more improved glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin resistance index. It suggests that the exercise intervention of the hypoxia condition may be more effective in treating obesity and preventing chronic diseases.

PO-075 Effects of hypoxic exercise on weight loss and lipid metabolism in overweight/obese adult women

Objective In recent years, people's diet has undergone tremendous changes. Excessive energy intake combined with insufficient exercise has made obesity a serious social problem. This study aims to achieve different training conditions under hypoxia and normoxia，conducting a six-week exercise training for obese overweight people. Comparing the difference in exercise weight loss between obese and overweight people in the normoxia training environment compared with hypoxia intervention, and the effect of hypoxic intervention on lipid metabolism indicators in overweight and obese people. Methods A total of 40 male overweight/obese subjects were enrolled in the study, aged 18-47 years, with no abnormal physical examination and no motor contraindications. The overweight standard is BMI≥24, and the obesity standard is BMI≥28.All subjects were randomly matched according to body weight, divided into hypoxia group and normoxia group, and exercised for 6 weeks, training 3 times a week, one time every two days. Sports training includes 30 minutes of strength training and 30 minutes of aerobic endurance training. There are 5 minutes of warm-up and finishing activities before and after training. The strength training tool is dumbbell, and the weight of the corresponding 12RM is selected according to the exercise ability of the subject, and 8 exercises are performed. They are dead lift, upright row, squat, shoulder press, calf Jump, advance lunge, biceps curl and triceps extension. Those 8 movements are divided into two small loop trainings, which complete two large groups (each small loop is completed twice).Aerobic endurance training is done using a treadmill with a slope of 0°and the speed is adjusted according to the range of the target heart rate. The target heart rate is 60%-70% at the maximum heart rate. The maximum heart rate calculation method is (220-age).The hypoxic group is equipped with a suction-type atmospheric hypoxic device and is operated under a low-oxygen environment. The oxygen content of the inhaled mixed gas is 16%, the normoxic group was exercised under normoxic conditions. Nutritional education was given to all subjects prior to the start of exercise intervention, but diet was not restricted during the intervention. Before and after intervention, height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. Fasting venous blood was used to detect total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADPN). All test results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison of data between groups, using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Comparison of intra-group data, using non-parametric Wilcoxon matching for symbol level checking, the significance level was P<0.05, and the very significant level was P<0.01. Results (1) After the intervention, the body weight of both groups decreased, and the Δbody weight (P 0.05). (3) The TG change rate (P 0.05), and there was no difference between HDL-C(P>0.05). (5) LEP and ADPN in the hypoxic group increased after intervention, but there was no significant difference compared with before intervention (P>0.05). LEP and ADPN in the normoxic group decreased after intervention, and there was no difference between the LEP change rate and the ADPN change rate (P>0.05). Conclusions Under hypoxic intervention, the weight change, rate of change, and BMI change rate of overweight people were larger than those of the normoxic group. Body weight, BMI is a direct indicator of the degree of obesity in individuals. The hypoxic weight loss intervention shows greater advantages than the normoxic group from the intuitive data, which can help overweight and obese people to lose more weight under the same training load and intensity. After six weeks of training, in the hypoxic group, TC, TG and LDL-C decreased, and HDL-C increased. However, in the normoxic control group, these indicators did not show similar significant changes. It shows that through hypoxia intervention combined with exercise training, it can prevent and alleviate various chronic diseases caused by obesity more effectively, such as atherosclerosis. The other two indicators, LEP and ADPN, did not change significantly in both hypoxic and normoxic training. Conjecture there may be other mechanisms affecting the expression levels of these two hormones in the body. In summary, the researchers think the hypoxic exercise to lose weight is better than normal oxygen exercise, and it has a greater impact on most lipid metabolism indicators, which can stimulate most lipid metabolism to produce benign changes.

PO-070 Effects of hypoxic exercise training on aerobic capacity-related proteins in overweight/obese adult males

Objective Since the Mexican Olympic Games, altitude training has attracted the attention of international sports science circle with its remarkable training effect, which is regarded as one of the effective methods to improve aerobic capacity. With the improvement of altitude training by scholars at home and abroad, hypoxic training has gradually entered the public view. Hypoxic training aims to achieve hypoxic stimulation by artificially simulating the natural hypoxic environment in the plateau or simulating the biological effects of hypoxic on human body. However, whether the aerobic capacity can be improved through hypoxic training requires us to further study and explore the mechanism of hypoxic training. This study explored the mechanism of hypoxic exercise training by stimulating long-term hypoxic exercise training for overweight or obese adult males.&#x0D; Methods In this study, 40 male (aged 18—47 years) overweight/obese subjects were recruited. No physical condition was abnormal after physical examination, and BMI ≥ 24 was overweight, while BMI ≥ 28 was obese. All subjects were paired according to their weight and divided into the hypoxic group and the normoxic group, the exercise intervention lasted for 6 weeks. The exercise intervention program consists of 30min strength training and 30min endurance training, with 5 minutes of warm-up and finishing activities before and after training. Strength training uses dumbbells, chooses 12RM weight, exercise with 8 actions, which are dead lift, upright row, squat, shoulder press, calf Jump, advance junge, biceps curl and triceps extension, each action 2 Group, rest between groups for 30s. Endurance training grade 0°treadmill, speed range according to the target heart rate adjustment, the target heart rate interval computation method for 60% HRmax—70% HRmax. Among them, subjects in the hypoxic group wore inhaled low-oxygen devices, which enabled them to exercise in a hypoxic environment. The oxygen content of the inhaled mixed gas was 16%. The subjects in the aerobic group exercised in an aerobic environment. Nutritional education was administered to all subjects prior to the start of the exercise intervention, but diet was not restricted during the intervention. Fasting venous blood before and after intervention, the detection of hemoglobin (Hb) and erythropoietin (EPO), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and testosterone (T). All test results are the mean ± standard deviation, data comparison between groups using nonparametric the Mann-Whitney U test, data comparison in the group using nonparametric Wilcoxon match the symbol rank test, the significance level of P&lt;0.05, very significance level of P&lt;0.01.&#x0D; Results (1) After 6 weeks of intervention, Hb levels were elevated in the hypoxic group, but there was no statistically difference compared with the pre-intervention (P&gt;0.05). And the change rate of Hb in the hypoxic group was higher than that in the normoxic group, but there was no statistically significant difference between the subjects (P&gt;0.05).&#x0D; EPO levels were significantly higher in hypoxia group than before intervention (P&lt;0.01). There was no significant change in EPO levels in the normoxic group (P&gt;0.05). The change rate of EPO in the hypoxic group was statistically higher compared with the normoxic group (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; The level of HIF1α was significantly increased in the hypoxic group (P&lt;0.01), and the change rate of HIF1α in the hypoxic group was statistically higher compared with the normox group (P&lt;0.01).&#x0D; The VEGF level in the hypoxic group was significantly higher than that before the intervention (P&lt;0.05). The change rate of VEGF in the hypoxic group was statistically higher compared with the normoxic group (P&lt;0.01).&#x0D; The T level of the hypoxic group was significantly higher than that before the intervention (P&lt;0.01), and the T level was decreased in the normoxic group, but it was not statistically difference compared with the pre-intervention (P &gt;0.05), the rate of T change in the hypoxic group was statistically significant compared with the normox group (P&lt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusions 6-week hypoxic exercise training can increase the levels of EPO, HIF1α, VEGF and T in the blood of overweight/obese people.

THE EFFECTS OF THE RESISTANCE TRAINING ON SERUM CORTISOL, IL-6, IL-8, AND TNF- α

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of resistance training on IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, blood hematocrit and cortisol levels. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: Thirteen players from Manisa Celal Bayar University soccer team and 14 sedentary male students were used as the study subjects. The subjects, whose average age was 18-24 years old, were healthy and free of any cardiovascular diseases. Anthropometrics measurements and blood samples were obtained from all the subjects. Blood samples were obtained basal sample (before the exercise), immediately after the training program (post-exercise), and 2 hours after the training program (2h post-exercise). All subjects participated in the training program in which intensity prescribed individually in 10 different exercises; seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, chest flys, lat pull down, shoulder press, triceps extension, biceps curl and sit-ups. Three sets of intensity of the each exercise were arranged according to pyramidal system at 70-80 % of the each participant. The volume of resistance training was 50-60 minutes. &#x0D; Results: Post exercise IL-6 (p= 0,05) and IL-8 (p= 0,04) concentration of athletes were statistically lower compared to that of sedentary group. Furthermore, serum cortisol concentrations were found to be decreased in both study groups in post exercise and 2h post exercise samples compared to basal values (p&lt;0,05). Post exercise IL-8 (p=0,04) and TNF-α (p=0,04) values of sedentary group increased significantly compared to values at 2h post exercise.&#x0D; Conclusion: IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α responses to resistance training vary depending on the recruitment of different muscle fiber types by the trained individuals during the resistance training and the recovery of glycogen storage, which is found to be different from that of sedentary individuals.

Creatine monohydrate supplementation during eight weeks of progressive resistance training increases strength in as little as two weeks without reducing markers of muscle damage

Creatine supplementation (Cr) increases strength during resistance training, but the time course of this strength increase is unclear. The aim was to determine the precise time course by which Cr could increase strength and whether Cr prevents muscle damage during eight weeks of resistance training. Young males were randomized (double blind) to Cr (N.=9, 0.07g/kg/d) and placebo (N.=9) during 8-weeks of resistance training (3 d/week). Strength was assessed across six exercises every two weeks. Venous blood samples obtained at baseline, and 24 and 48 hours after the final resistance training session were assessed for creatine kinase [CK] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] as measures of muscle damage. Strength was significantly higher in the Cr versus placebo group (P<0.05) after two weeks of training for three of the six exercises (bench press, leg press, shoulder press). By the end of the eight weeks of training, strength was significantly higher in the Cr versus placebo group (P<0.05) for four of the six exercises (bench press, leg press, shoulder press, and triceps extension, but not biceps curl or lat-pulldown). Creatine supplementation did not prevent muscle damage. Indeed, muscle damage markers increased in the Cr compared to placebo group (P<0.05). Cr increased muscular strength in as little as two weeks during a resistance training program; however, this was not accompanied by decreased muscle damage. Greater muscle damage with Cr may be due to a greater training intensity enabled by Cr supplementation. This might lead to greater protein turnover and enhanced muscle adaptation.

The influence of exercise order on strength performance in post menopause women

OBJECTIVE: Verify the influence of different exercise orders on the performance of the number of maximal repetitions in older women. METHODS: Twelve older women (65.7 ± 5.6 years, 66.9 ± 9.5 kg, 1.56 ± 0.67 m, 27.4 ± 3.6 kg/m2) underwent four nonconsecutive visits and two different orders of Resistance Training. At the first visit, the volunteers were submitted to anamnesis, anthropometric evaluation and a 10RM test. On the second visit, a re-test of 10RM was performed. On the third and fourth visits, the volunteers performed two exercise sequences: sequence A: bench press, latissimus pulldown close grip, biceps curl, triceps extension; for sequence B the order was inverted. Performance was measured by the number of repetitions in each exercise. To determine differences in performance for sequence A vs. sequence B, repeated measures were performed by two-way ANOVA followed by the Tuckey post-hoc test. RESULTS: The number of repetitions of each exercise varied significantly for the bench press, biceps curl and triceps extension between the exercise sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The order of the exercises performed in a resistance training session can affect the performance in the number of repetitions in older women.

Energy cost of isolated resistance exercises across low- to high-intensities.

This study aimed to estimate the energy cost across various intensities at eight popular resistance exercises: half squat, 45° inclined leg press, leg extension, horizontal bench press, 45° inclined bench press, lat pull down, triceps extension and biceps curl. 58 males (27.5 ± 4.9 years, 1.78 ± 0.06 m height, 78.67 ± 10.7 kg body mass and 11.4 ± 4.1% estimated body fat) were randomly divided into four groups of 14 subjects each. For each group, two exercises were randomly assigned and on different days, they performed four bouts of 5-min constant-intensity for each of the two assigned exercises: 12%, 16%, 20% and 24% 1-RM. Later, the subjects performed exhaustive bouts at 80% 1-RM in the same two exercises. The mean values of VO2 at the last 30s of exercise at 12, 16, 20 and 24% 1-RM bouts were plotted against relative intensity (% 1-RM) in a simple linear regression mode. The regressions were then used to predict O2 demand for the higher intensity (80% 1-RM). Energy cost rose linearly with exercise intensity in every exercise with the lowest mean values were found in biceps curl and the highest in half squat exercise (p<0.001). Half squat exercise presented significant (p<0.001) higher values of energy cost in all intensities, when compared with the remaining exercises. This study revealed that low-intensity resistance exercise provides energy cost comprised between 3 and 10 kcal∙min-1. Energy cost rose past 20 kcal∙min-1 at 80% 1-RM in leg exercise. In addition, at 80% 1-RM, it was found that upper body exercises are less anaerobic than lower-body exercises.