Tribulus Terrestris Extract Research Articles

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of tribulus terrestris methanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An in vitro study

ABSTRACT Background: Tribulus terrestris (TT) extract has shown good antibacterial activity against some bacteria. However, there are limited data on its cariogenic properties. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TT extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sorbinus), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) as the important cariogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: This study was designed in an experimental model (in vitro). Phytochemical tests were carried out to detect herbal compounds in the TT extract. Agar well diffusion was performed to compare the extract (500–62.5 mg/mL) with different concentrations of chlorhexidine (2–0.25 mg/mL). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the TT extract and chlorhexidine were also determined. The lowest concentration showing ≥50% inhibition of biofilm formation (MBIC50) was determined using crystal violet assay. Further, the time-kill assay (Log of CFU/mL) was performed, and acid production (pH) was measured at 1 × MIC concentration in 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Data analysis conducted using SPSS software (v26, IBM) involved One-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc tests, and t-test to compare concentrations and groups. Significance level is set at 0.05. Results: The TT extract mostly consisted of flavonoids. Its inhibition zones in the well diffusion test were statistically comparable with chlorhexidine in some concentrations (P > 0.05). The MIC of the TT extract was 15.625 mg/mL for all tested bacteria, whereas the MBC ranged from 31.25 to 62.5 mg/mL. Further, the MBIC50 ranged from 7.8125 to 15.625 mg/mL for the extract. Time-kill assay showed that the bactericidal activity of the TT extract lasted for 8, 12, and 2 h for S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. acidophilus, respectively. The acid production decreased obviously after 8 h. Conclusion: The TT extract showed good time-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, as well as acid production inhibition, against cariogenic bacteria in laboratory experiments.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by modulating IL-6 as a potential mechanism in the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective properties of Tribulus terrestris.

Carboplatin, a second-generation platinum-containing compound is associated with renal tubular injury and hepatic damage in cancer patients. Tribulus terrestris (TT) is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to evaluate TT's beneficial effects against liver and kidney damage induced by carboplatin. An in-vivo study was conducted on thirty rats. All the groups, except the control, received intraperitoneal carboplatin 90 mg/kg on day 5; the three treatment groups received TT extract (1 g/kg, 1.25, and 1.5 g/kg) for 14 days. Serum and tissue parameters for liver functions, kidney functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory marker interleukin 6 were measured along with histopathological assessment. TT at 1.5 g/kg on day 14 significantly reduced creatinine and aspartate transaminase levels compared to the carboplatin group. The increase in malondialdehyde levels and decrease in glutathione levels was significantly reversed in the groups treated with TT 1.25 and 1.5 g/kg. Interleukin 6 showed a significant decrease in treatment groups when compared to the carboplatin group. Carboplatin distorted hepatic architecture and caused diffused inflammatory cell infiltration in the peritubular interstitial spaces in the kidney. The histopathological evaluation confirmed that TT extract ameliorated hepatic and kidney damage by restoring to normal architecture. Aqueous extract of TT demonstrated a therapeutic effect against nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity caused by carboplatin. The observed benefits can be attributed to its anti-inflammatory action and antioxidant properties.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Tribulus terrestris from Cholistan Desert

Tribulus terrestris (Puncture vine) is a medicinal herb found all around the world and also in the desert of Cholistan. Its therapeutic efficacy as eastern medicines have been known since ancient times. The present studies investigated the presence of phytochemicals and its antibacterial potential of Tribulus terrestris collected from desert of Cholistan, Punjab, Pakistan. Qualitative tests indicated the presence of alkaloids flavonoids, saponins terpenoids, tannins, carbs, proteins, amino acids and glycosides. Moreover, antibacterial potential of methanolic extracts of (seeds, leaves, stem and roots) was assessed using diffusion methods against different bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results shown that leaf and fruit extracts had (0 mm) activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While, methanolic extracts of leaves had the highest inhibitory activity (12 mm) against Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas other bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, had the lowest inhibition region (2.2mm). Furthermore, methanolic extract of leaves showed a quite moderate inhibition zone (10mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, compared to Tribulus terrestris extract of fruits, which had a (7mm) inhibition zone. The present study indicated that the phytochemicals extracted from Tribulus terrestris are valuable for the development of pharmacological formulations to treat different diseases.

Potential Protective Effects of Tribulus terrestris Extract (TTE) against Reproductive Damage Induced by Cytarabine (Ara-C) Chemotherapy in Male Rats: Histopathological Study

The cytotoxic effects of many cancer medications cause different general side effects and defects in spermatogenesis, so still a concern that requires additional enhancement. The study was performed to assess the preventive benefits of Tribulus terrestris extract (TTE) against reproductive damage induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) chemotherapy. Twenty mature male rats will be divided into four groups. Each group contains 5 rats. A control group is included in the first group, T. terrestris extract (250 mg/kg) is given to the second group, Ara-C (25 mg/kg BW) is given to the third group, and the fourth group receives both an oral dose of TTE (250 mg/kg BW) and an intraperitoneal dosage of Ara-C (25 mg/kg BW) for a total of 28 days. After the end of the experiment tissue samples in testes and epididymis are taken for the necessary histopathological changes that revealed detectable spermatogenesis degeneration. Treatment caused spermatocytes disruption, significant histopathological alterations, rounded, shrunken seminiferous tubules with less cellular epithelium, degeneration in germinal epithelium represented by depletion with damaged Leydig cells, and this may result in reduced rat fertility. The results of the study indicate that Tribulus terrestris exhibits significant histological alterations, as evidenced by an increase in sperm growth, in contrast to Ara C group, which displayed some detrimental effects.

Hematological Profile of Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) Broodstock with Hormonal Induction and Phytobiotic Supplementation in Feed

This study evaluates the hematological profile of potential broodstock silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) through hormonal induction and phyto-biotic supplementation via feed. An experimental trial was conducted for 30 days to assess the hematological profile of potential broodstock Trachinotus blochii. This study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) in two research experiments. The first experiment utilized hormonal induction with estradiol-17β hormone on female silver pompano broodstock, consisting of 3 treatments: E1 (0 mg/kg), E2 (20 mg/kg), and E3 (60 mg/kg), whereas the second experiment employed phyto-biotic induction using Tribulus terrestris extract (ETT) and gonadotropin hormone, consisting of 5 treatments: T1: ETT 0 mg/kg feed, T2: ETT 50 mg/kg feed, T3: ETT 250 mg/kg feed, T4: ETT 50 mg/kg feed + gonadotropin 1000 IU/kg body weight, and T5: ETT 250 mg/kg feed + gonadotropin 500 IU/kg body weight, both experiments used 8 individuals as replicate per treatment. The results of the study indicated that all major hematological indices such as total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, and hematocrit levels were higher in male silver pompano broodstock supplemented with Tribulus terrestris extract compared to female silver pompano broodstock induced hormonally with estradiol-17β hormone.

Inhibitory Potential of Tribulus terrestris on Calcium Oxalate Crystals, Struvite Crystals and Bacterial Pathogens: A Preliminary Investigation

Kidney stone formation and recurring urinary tract infection (UTIs) are common among the general population. An alternative herbal treatment potential was investigated in this study. This study aims to investigate anti-urolithiasis efficacy of herbal Tribulus terrestris (TT) plant leaf extract in reducing the growth of calcium oxalate and struvite crystal using in vitro methods. In vitro antiurolithiatic potential of TT leaf extract was studied using nucleation, aggregation, and crystal formation assays in synthetic media and in synthetic urine samples. In vitro antiurolithiasis potential of Tribulus terrestris (TT) plant leaf extract was investigated at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 μg/ml. Initially, the principal phytochemical constituents of TT methanolic leaf extract was examined. Then antibacterial properties of TT plant leaf extract were tested against common urinary tract pathogens such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results of the nucleation assay revealed that TT leaf extract reduced up to 55% of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization and inhibits struvite crystal formation up to 85% with 5% (0.43 g) of TT extract. This study revealed a dose-dependent suppression of crystal formation by increased TT plant leaf extract dosage. The antibacterial activity of TT plant leaf extract is greater against E. coli than S. aureus. This anti-urolithiasis potential of TT plant extract can be used as an antidote for individuals who are prone to urinary crystal formation as well as to control urinary tract infections.

The Effect of a Tribulus-Based Formulation in Alleviating Cholinergic System Impairment and Scopolamine-Induced Memory Loss in Zebrafish (Danio rerio): Insights from Molecular Docking and In Vitro/In Vivo Approaches.

Tribulus terrestris L. (Tt) has been recently gaining attention for its pharmacological value, including its neuroprotective activities. In this study, we explore the neuroprotective effects of a Tribulus terrestris extract in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory impairment and brain oxidative stress. SCOP, an anticholinergic drug, was employed to replicate fundamental aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in animal models. The fish were treated with ethanolic leaf extract (ELE) from Tt (1, 3, and 6 mg/L) for 15 days. SCOP (100 µM) was administered 30 min before behavioral tests were conducted. Molecular interactions of the major compounds identified via UPLC-PDA/MS in Tt fractions with the active site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were explored via molecular docking analyses. Terrestrosin C, protodioscin, rutin, and saponin C exhibited the most stable binding. The spatial memory performance was assessed using the Y-maze test, and memory recognition was examined using a novel object recognition (NOR) test. Tt extract treatment reversed the altered locomotion patterns that were caused by SCOP administration. Biochemical analyses also verified Tt's role in inhibiting AChE, improving antioxidant enzyme activities, and reducing oxidative stress markers. The present findings pave the way for future application of Tt as a natural alternative to treat cognitive disorders.

APHRODISIAC ACTIVITY OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS EXTRACT IMPROVES MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND FERTILITY

Since Tribulus Terrestris (TT) is known as an aphrodisiac and natural muscle-enhancing nutrition, this study aimed to investigate the effects of TT on the male reproductive system, including sex hormones, testicular histology, and sperm parameters. In this study, 35 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of seven rats including Control, Sham (normal saline, 2.5 ml), TT1, TT2 and TT3 (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, respectively). One day after receiving the last TT administration (by gavage once daily for 60 days), rats were sacrificed, testes were removed, blood samples were taken from the heart, and sperm analysis was performed. Results showed that administration of TT extract was significantly increased serum hormonal levels (Testosterone, FSH in 2.5 and 10 mg/kg, respectively), sperm parameters (sperm count and motility in 5 and 10 mg/kg of TT), and histology of the testis (the mean number of Sertoli (5 and 10 mg/kg of TT), Leydig in 2.5 mg/kg of dose) in rats (p<0.05). TT extract improves reproductive system parameters and fertility in the male rats. TT may also have beneficial effects on the male reproductive system by increasing the Testosterone hormone levels, sperm motility and testis histology. Key words: Tribulus Terrestris, Fertility, Spermatogenesis, Sperm Motility, Testosterone

The Effects of Tribulus Terrestris Extract and Endurance Training on Oxidative Stress and Apoptotic Markers in the Kidney Tissue of Rats, Poisoned with Arsenic

Background: Inorganic arsenic (As) has destructive effects on the kidneys. The exact mechanism and effects of Tribulus terrestris (TT) and endurance training (ET) on renal apoptosis and oxidative stress are not quite clear. Objectives: The effects of ET and TT on apoptotic markers and oxidative stress were examined in the kidney tissue of rats, poisoned with As. Methods: In total, 49 rats were randomly allocated to seven groups: (1) control; (2) As (68 mg/L/day for 8 weeks); (3) As + 5 mg/kg TT (As + TT5); (4) As + 10 mg/kg TT (As + TT10); (5) As + ET (running on a treadmill, five sessions each week, for eight weeks); (6) As + ET + 5 mg/kg TT (As + ET + TT5); and (7) As + ET + 10 mg/kg TT (As + ET + TT10). At the end of 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and levels of cytochrome-C (Cyt-C), malondialdehyde (MDA), O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), and prooxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) in their kidney tissues were measured. Results: Renal Cyt-C, MDA, PAB, and MGMT decreased by ET (P≤0.05). ATP levels increased in TT5, TT10, ET + TT5, and ET + TT10 groups (P ≤ 0.05), while Cyt-C, MDA, PAB, and MGMT decreased in these four groups (P ≤ 0.05). Reduction of Cyt-C, MDA, PAB, and MGMT was greater in TT10 than in TT5 group and in ET + TT10 than in ET + TT5 group (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: ET and TT, synergistically and/or alone, reduced oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the kidney tissues of rats. A dose-dependent effect was observed for TT.

Supplementation with Tribulus Terrestris Extract Exhibits Protective Effects on MCAO Rats via Modulating Inflammation-Related Metabolic and Signaling Pathways.

The extract of Tribulus terrestris (TT) has been used as a component of several nutritional supplements for enhancing human vitality. However, its protective effect on ischemic stroke has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was established and treated with gross saponin of TT fruit (GSTTF) by gavage to explore its anti-ischemic stroke efficacy. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics was applied to profile the brain tissue metabolite changes and further obtain the metabolic pathways that were greatly involved in the efficacy of GSTTF. Subsequent molecular biology experiments were applied to validate the findings from metabolomics analysis. The results showed that GSTTF administration remarkably decreased the infarction volume of brain tissue and improved the neurobehavioral scores of MCAO rats. Metabolomics analysis revealed that pathways, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism, were considered associated with the protective effect of GSTTF against MCAO, which were greatly involved in the inflammatory responses. The results of the biochemistry analysis showed that GSTTF treatment significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in brain tissue after MCAO. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of GSTTF was further investigated, which revealed that GSTTF could inhibit the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to exert protective effects on MCAO. This study provides the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of GSTTF for ischemic stroke protection, which has important implications for the development of GSTTF-related functional foods or food supplements.

Green Synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles from Tribulus terrestris and In-vitro Optimization of Anti-Oxidant and AntiUrolithiatic Activity

Abstract: The green synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles is mostly used in Research purpose because of its capability for environment friendly development. In common, the nanoparticle productions by various chemical processes are not ecofriendly. The synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles using Tribulus terrestris extract was carried out. The whole plant Tribulus terrestris extract was investigated for its antiurolithiatic property. The fruits of Tribulus terrestris have long been used to treat Urolithiasis and various urinary diseases. The antiurolithiatic activity of Tribulus terrestris significantly reduces the level of protein, oxalate, glycosamoglycan and citrate in patient’s 24hrs urine sample. But there is no change in urine volume and phosphate level in the sample’s serum. This work defines the treatment of kidney stones by Magnesium Nanoparticles of Tribulus terrestris. The nanoparticles are identified by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD), UV visible spectroscopy. The antiurolithiatic activity showed better percentage of inhibition for the synthesis of Magnesium Nanoparticles by using Tribulus terrestris extract.

Ginseng, Tribulus Extracts and Pollen Grains Supplementation Improves Sexual State, Testes Redox Status, and Testicular Histology in Nile Tilapia Males.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of three natural antioxidants on sex hormone levels, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, and histological changes in the testes of male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 210 male Nile tilapia were distributed into seven treatments (three replicates for each) with an initial weight of 3.67 g fish−1. The fish were fed experimental diets (32% crude protein) without supplementation as control or supplemented with ginseng extract (GE; 0.2 and 0.4 g GE kg−1 diet), Tribulus terrestris extract (TT; 0.6 and 1.2 g TT kg−1 diet), and date palm pollen grains (DPPG; 3 and 6 g DPPG kg−1 diet) for 84 days. The results revealed a significant increase in the luteinizing hormone level with TT, DPPG, and GE supplementation increased the levels by 22.9%, 18.5%, and 17.6%, respectively. The testosterone level also increased significantly with TT1.2, GE0.4, TT0.6, and DPPG6 by 86.23%, 64.49%, 57.40%, and 24.62%, respectively. The antioxidant status in the testis homogenate showed a significant decrease in the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances when using different dietary substances. In addition, glutathione reduced contents, glutathione S-transferases, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities significantly increased with different dietary supplementation in a dose-dependent manner. The histological evaluation revealed normal histological features of the testes in all treatments with increasing active seminiferous tubules (%) in GE, TT, and DPPG supplemented groups, especially with the highest levels. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of GE, TT, and DPPG enhanced sex hormones level, redox status, and testis structure and could improve the male reproductive performance of Nile tilapia.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Tribulus Terrestris Extract on Some Indicators of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Lung Tissue of Male Rats Poisoned with Hydrogen Peroxide

Objective Oxidative stress and apoptosis due to hydrogen peroxide poisoning have a major effect on the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the lung. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and Tribulus terrestris extract on some indicators of oxidative stress and lung tissue apoptosis in poisoned male Wistar rats. Methods In this experimental study, 49 male rats aged 10-12 weeks were randomly divided into seven groups: Control, Poisoned, Poisoning+ Exercise, Poisoning+ Supplementation 1 (Tribulus terrestris 5 mg/kg), Poisoning+ Supplementation 2 (Tribulus terrestris 10 mg/kg), Poisoning+ Exercise + Supplementation 1, Poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplementation 2. The aerobic exercise program consisted of eight weeks (5 days a week) of running on a treadmill at a speed of 20 meters per minute for 60 minutes per session. Alcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris at two doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg was administered to the target animals by gavage for eight weeks. Serum levels of oxidative stress markers were measured with special kits, and the expression of apoptotic markers of lung tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry. The study hypotheses were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference post hoc test, considering a significance level of P<0.05. Results Eight weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increased Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) (F=19.238, P=0.002, ƞ2=0.468) and significantly reduced Cytochrome C concentration (F=68.970, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.697) and Prooxidants-Antioxidant balance (PAB) (F=12.025, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.464), while had no significant effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) (F=1.067, P=0.169, ƞ2=0.044). Both doses of Tribulus terrestris extract significantly reduced PAB (F=10.118, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.403) while its 10 mg/kg dose increased ATP (F=35.040, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.701) and reduced cytochrome C (F=13.730, P=0.004, ƞ2=0.417) and MDA (F=5.824, P=0.002, ƞ2=0.372) concentrations. After receiving 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of Tribulus terrestris extract and eight weeks of aerobic exercise, The expression of Bax protein (F=54.247, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.804; F=51.201, P=0.002, ƞ2=0.754) and Caspase 3 (F= 49.118, P=0.003, ƞ2=0.504; F=49.001, P=0.004, ƞ2=0.498) were significantly reduced while the BCl-2 expression (F=63.014, P=0.001, ƞ2=0.815; F=50.112, P=0.003, ƞ2=0.706) significantly increased. The most changes in the study markers were observed when aerobic exercise was combined with 10 mg/kg of Tribulus terrestris extract supplementation. Conclusion It seems that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise can reduce the effects of oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by hydrogen peroxide poisoning. However, the effects of Tribulus terrestris extract may be dose-dependent in some cases. Although the combination of aerobic exercise with Tribulus terrestris extract supplementation has better results in controlling oxidative stress enzymes and apoptotic factors, for better results, longer training duration and higher doses of extract are recommended.

Amelioration of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) Extract on Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction Rats

Amelioration of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) Extract on Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction Rats

Evaluation of Tribulus terrestris Extracts Relative to Metformin on Oxidative Stress and Histopathology of the Liver for Diabetic Male Rats

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic condition that induces blood glucose levels to rise due to insulin deficiency and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study is to assess how efficient the antioxidant extracts Tribulus terrestris (TT) and metformin (MET) are in reducing oxidative stress and histopathology produced by streptozotocin in rat hepatocytes. The 36 male rats weighing 170–190 g of this study were randomly sorted into 6 groups. The first group was considered a normal control group, and the second and third groups were normal and remedy with MET and TT extract, respectively. The fourth group was positive diabetic, and the fifth and sixth groups were diabetic rats that were treated with MET and TT extract, respectively. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) were detected, and the histopathology of the liver was evaluated after 8 weeks of treatment. Compared to regulation, morphological changes in the liver were found in diabetic animals, with a rise in LPO and a change in GSH levels as well as CAT and GST activities. The oxidative stress and histological architecture of the hepatocytes caused by hyperglycemia were improved as a result of therapy in the rats with MET and TT extract. Because of its antioxidant activities, diabetic rats with TT extract are more effective than MET in normoglycemia and hepatocyte reconditioning. Beneficial intervention tends to benefit primarily from direct ROS scavenging and CAT, GST, and GSH regeneration.

Wettability Alteration, Interfacial Tension (Ift) Reduction and Enhanced Oil Recovery (Eor) from Carbonate Reservoirs by Natural Surfactant (Tribulus Terrestris Extract) - Tio2 Nanoparticles Flooding

Wettability Alteration, Interfacial Tension (Ift) Reduction and Enhanced Oil Recovery (Eor) from Carbonate Reservoirs by Natural Surfactant (Tribulus Terrestris Extract) - Tio2 Nanoparticles Flooding

Evaluation of Antitumour Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Tribulus terrestris in Human Breast Cancer Cells

Introduction: Breast cancer is the form of cancer that occurs in the breast cells. After skin cancer, breast cancer is considered to be the most common cancer diagnosed in women. The number of deaths associated with this disease was increased in case of lack of early detection. Tribulus terrestris is an annual herb belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family. Flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are some of the main phytoconstituents of the herb. They are known for their pharmacological actions such as anti carcinogenic, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties.
 Aim: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antitumor activity of ethanolic extract from Tribulus terrestris in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
 Materials and Methods: The effect of Tribulus terrestris on cell viability was measured by MTT assay carried against breast cancer cells and morphological changes were investigated with phase contrast microscopy to confirm its antitumor activity. 
 Results: the cell viability assay results indicate that 24hrs treatment with ethanolic extract of significantly reduces the cell viability in dose dependent manner. At 40 μg/ml of the Tribulus terrestris extract inhibits 50% cell viability and it has been fixed as IC50 value for further Tribulus terrestris experiments.
 Conclusion: From the results, the extracts were cytotoxic to the human breast cancer cell and it might be a good therapeutic value for further investigations needed to understand the mechanisms to develop antitumor agents.

Tribulus Terrestris L Extract Effects on Slow Down Ageing Process

Objective: Tribulus Terrestris is a medicinal plant cultivated in temperate regions of the world. Inner Mongolia is one of the main producing areas of Tribulus Terrestris. We aimed in this study to examine the effect of Tribulus Terrestris extract on the aging process. Methods: A total of 50 mice were used for the experiment. They were divided randomly into 5 groups (10 animals in each group): normal control group and four aging groups. Results: Compared to the normal aging group, the parameters of the thymus gland and spleen of an aging group fed with a high and medium amount of Tribulus has visibly increased (p < 0.05). The content of blood catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) of blood serum of an aging group fed with a high and medium amount of Tribulus Terrestris has visibly increased (p < 0.05) compared to that in the aging group. Also, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood serum has visibly lowered. We further have measured the SOD, GSH-Px content in brain tissue of each group of mice. Conclusion: Compared with the normal control group, the SOD content was decreased significantly and MDA content was significantly increased in the aging group of mice.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Tribulus terrestris extract and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria

Aqueous extract of the plant Tribulus terrestris was used to reduce chloroauric acid for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In this green synthesis, the reaction proceeded to give a red/purple color that was monitored by UV-vis spectrophotometry, where the formed AuNPs had an absorption band with max of 550 nm. In terms of the highest absorbance at 550 nm, reaction conditions were optimized at a temperature of 75°C, at pH 7 and using a reaction time of 4 h. The integrity of the synthesized AuNPs was confirmed and their physical properties were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which also showed evidence that plant metabolites contributed to capping or stabilization of the AuNPs. XRD spectra suggested a particle size of around 40 nm and SEM images revealed spherical and relatively uniform and disperse particles with a size of less than 0.1 m. In a broth microdilution assay, the AuNPs showed inhibitory effects against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, but not against Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis. The AuNPs showed no hemagglutination activity or cytotoxic activity against human blood cells, which is important for them to be explored as therapeutic antibacterial agents.

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With regards to applied, facile, green chemical research, a bio-inspired approach is being reported for the synthesis of Au NPs by using Tribulus terrestris extract. The innate oxygenated phytochemicals facilitated the green reduction of Au3+ ions to corresponding NPs and also stabilized them by encapsulating them. This modification prevented the as-synthesized Au NPs towards agglomeration and tiny NPs were obtained in uniformly spherical in shape and in the range of 10–15 nm dimension. Physicochemical characteristics of the green synthesized Au NPs were evaluated by advanced physicochemical techniques like UV–Vis and FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX and XRD study. Catalytic performance of the biomolecule functionalized Au NPs was investigated in the controlled and selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides using hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant at room temperature. Aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic sulfides were oxidized to their corresponding sulfoxides with high yields without formation of over oxidized sulfones. The catalyst was easily recovered and recycled for 8 successive times without noticeable decrease in catalytic activity. In addition, the biosynthesized Au NPs indicated suitable antioxidant and anti-acute leukemia properties against THP-1 cell line. Tribulus terrestris extract and the green synthesized Au NPs exhibited a maximum DPPH scavenging activity of 78% and 29.37%, respectively. Again, in the anticancer studies over THP-1 cell line following MTT assay, the Au NP exhibited gradual reduced % cell viability with increase in its concentration. At an Au NPs concentration of 2000 µg/mL, the % toxicity became maximum suggesting efficient inhibition of cancer invasion. Based on the above results, Au NPs-Tribulus could be administered as a potential anti-leukemia drug for the treatment of acute leukemia following the clinical trial studies in humans.