Evaluation Of Tribological Performance Research Articles

Tribological Performance and Enhancing Mechanism of 3D Printed PEEK Coated with In Situ ZIF-8 Nanomaterial.

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is esteemed as a high-performance engineering polymer renowned for its exceptional mechanical properties and thermal stability. Nonetheless, the majority of polymer-based lubricating materials fail to meet the contemporary industrial demands for motion components regarding high speed, heavy loading, temperature resistance, and precise control. Utilizing 3D printing technology to design and fabricate intricately structured components, developing high-performance polymer self-lubricating materials becomes imperative to fulfill the stringent operational requirements of motion mechanisms. This study introduces a novel approach employing 3D printing technology to produce PEEK with varying filling densities and conducting in situ synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanomaterials on its surface to enhance PEEK's frictional performance. The research discusses the synthetic methodology, characterization techniques, and tribological performance evaluation of in situ synthesized ZIF-8 nanomaterials on PEEK surfaces. The findings demonstrate a significant enhancement in frictional performance of the composite material under low-load conditions, achieving a minimum wear rate of 4.68 × 10-6 mm3/N·m compared to the non-grafted PEEK material's wear rate of 1.091 × 10-5 mm3/N·m, an approximately 1.3 times improvement. Detailed characterization and analysis of the worn surface of the steel ring unveil the lubrication mechanism of the ZIF-8 nanoparticles, thereby presenting new prospects for the diversified applications of PEEK.

Tribological performance evaluation of automotive brake discs manufactured from boron-doped titanium dioxide-reinforced aluminum composite

In this study, we manufactured a boron-doped titanium dioxide (B-TiO2)-strengthened aluminum brake disc via the die-casting technique to see if it could replace conventional brake disc made from gray cast iron material in automobiles. This study conducted braking experiments at room temperature under various applied loads, ranging from 320 to 1600 N (0.067 to 0.338 MPa), and with sliding speeds ranging from 0.65 to 2.46 m/s. The study compared the tribological performance of a B-TiO2-strengthened aluminum brake disc with that of a conventional brake disc. To characterize the microstructures, wear mechanisms, and composition of the friction layer, we used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results illustrated that the average friction coefficient of a B-TiO2-strengthened aluminum brake disc was 15–32 % higher than that of the conventional brake disc. Additionally, both the aluminum alloy disc and its brake lining demonstrated higher wear losses compared to the conventional brake disc and its brake lining. However, the B-TiO2-strengthened aluminum brake disc exhibits a 30 % reduction in wear losses when compared to the aluminum alloy disc alone. Moreover, it boasts an 8.66 % higher compressive strength compared to the aluminum brake disc alone. The friction layer formed on the rubbing interfaces enhances and stabilizes the brake friction coefficient. Concisely, this study serves as a starting point for future research into the applicability of aluminum brake discs in automotive applications.

Tribological performance evaluation of organic polymer as additives in vegetable oil using steel materials

An investigation on lubricating oil rheological behavior and tribological effect on sliding contact was conducted. The study employed organic polymer Eichhornia Crassipes carboxymethyl cellulose (EC-CMC) polymer as additive in corn oil (CO) and sunflower oil (SFO). The experiment was performed using high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Analysis on viscosity behavior was done with three samples of EC-CMC concentration (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, and 1.5 wt.%) under 100 ml volume of base CO and SFO samples. Rheological studies on the polymer concentrations show good results with 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, and 1.5 wt.%, but indicated optimal on 1 wt.% EC-CMC especially from temperature beyond 100°C for the two selected lubricants. Under friction and wear analysis, the test was conducted using 1 wt.% EC-CMC. The base lubricants CO and SFO yielded coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter of 0.087, 11.2 × 10−6 mm3/N/m and 0.080, 10.5 × 10−6 mm3/N/m, respectively. During the testing, the use of 1 wt.% EC-CMC blended SFO gives lower coefficient of friction than CO both at base state and inclusion with additive. This yielded COF reduction by 22.5% and 13.8% for 1 wt.% EC-CMC + SFO and 1 wt.% EC-CMC + CO, respectively, but gives better reduction under SAE-5W-30. The analysis concluded that application of 1 wt.% concentration of EC-CMC in base oil lubricant for both SFO and CO significantly enhanced the properties. The utilization of this sustainable product certainly will contribute in solving global pollution challenges.

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Greases on a Four-Ball Tester with Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles.

Conventional greases have an exceptional place in the field of lubrication. They are unique in the sense of their areas of application and are very difficult to replace with other lubricating substances for the same reason. The advancements in the field of nanoparticles and the results they provide as an additive in greases have great scientific interest as they improve the tribological properties of greases to a great extent. The current work's aim is to synthesize a nanogripe using graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to lithium grease (Li grease), which will increase the tribological properties of the plain Li grease. Steps were taken to investigate the impact of variation of load on the frictional and wear characteristics of nanogrease. Synthesis of nanogrease and tribological evaluation were performed with a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate and a four-ball tester. Results indicated that nanogrease exhibits better tribological properties. It is also found that the antiwear and frictional properties of grease are not proportional to the wt % of GO nanoparticles. It is also detected that with the increase in load, the tribological properties of nanogrease increase.

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Vegetable Lubricant Incorporated Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) Nanoparticles

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Vegetable Lubricant Incorporated Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Tertiary-Butyl-Hydroquinone (TBHQ) Nanoparticles

Evaluation of tribological performance of MQL technique combined with LN₂, CO₂, N₂ ecological cooling/lubrication techniques when turning of Hastelloy C22 superalloy

Sustainability specifically addresses using ecological cooling/lubrication techniques in the manufacturing industry. Dry, MQL, CO2, LN2, N2, CO2 +MQL, LN2 +MQL, and N2 +MQL techniques were preferred for ecological cooling/lubrication. To determine the effects of cooling/lubrication techniques on machining performance, cutting speed (Vc 80 m/min), feedrate (f 0.12 mm/rev), and cutting depth (ap 0.5 mm) were taken as constants. Cutting tool wear and mechanisms, surface roughness and topography, cutting temperature, and vibration peak values are preferred as machining performance characteristics. At the end of the turning experiments performed with sustainable cooling/lubrication techniques: N2 +MQL hybrid cooling/lubrication technique performed better performance in cutting tool wear (0.226 mm), surface roughness (1.658 µm), and vibration (48.017 m/sec2), while LN2 cooling technique showed the best performance (87 °C) in cutting temperature. Compared to dry condition, the N2 +MQL hybrid cooling/lubrication technique reduced tool wear, surface roughness, and vibration by 73.50%, 53.9%, and 42.4%, respectively.

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Blended Lubricants Incorporated with Organic Polymer

Eco-friendly lubricants have drawn a lot of interest in the lubrication industry as a way of promoting global sustainability in response to the growing environmental pollution danger posed by the use of petroleum-based lubricants. As a result of these, developing lubricants with organic additives stands as a promising technique in solving the environmental challenges caused by non-degradable materials. This research investigates the effect of bio-based water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (EC) carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) polymer in different base lubricants as well as under different volumetric blend to determine their compatibility effect on lowering friction and wear using base rapeseed oil (BRO) and mineral oil (MO) as a base lubricant sample. High frequency reciprocating rig tribo-tester machine was used in the experiment, followed by substrate surface analysis via energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The additives were evaluated for their potential to improve tribology in terms of friction, surface roughness and wear reduction, load-carrying capacity, and mechanism of repair. Testing the additive concentrations, produced recommendable result at 0.8 mass% EC-CMC. The best performance was obtained when BRO70/MO30 was blended with 0.8 mass% EC-CMC. When compared to base BRO and MO lubricants under 80 N, 0.8 mass% BRO70/MO30 reduced the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter by 44%, 32%, and 33%, 21% respectively. However, it was shown that nanoparticles had greater tribological performance at higher working capacities owing to the rapid and active tribo-film formation.

Advanced Industrial Lubricants and Future Development Trends of Tribo-Systems for Tribological Performance Evaluation

It is possible to solve challenges in the global automotive and manufacturing industries by using a multidisciplinary approach to advanced industrial lubricants, their tribological performance evaluation, and new surface engineering techniques for prospective tribo-systems [...]

The tribological performance evaluation of steel-steel contact surface lubricated by polyalphaolefins containing surfactant-modified hybrid MoS2/h-BN nano-additives

This study mainly investigated and compared the tribological behavior of steel/steel surface lubricated by poly alpha olefin (PAO 6) oil containing MoS2/h-BN hybrid nanoparticles with and without oleic acid (OA) modification at different concentrations and loads via a four-ball tribometer. The physicochemical properties of nanofluids were respectively investigated by rheological and thermogravimetric analyses. In addition, the microcosmic morphology analysis of the worn surface was elaborately analyzed via field-emission scanning electron microscopes (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), mapping element analysis, three dimensional (3D) optical profilometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The study revealed that excellent tribological properties were found employing hybrid nano lubricants (NL) due to the formation of the tribo-film on the surface of the tribo-pair. Finally, the tribological lubrication mechanism was suitably proposed.

Tribological performance evaluation of slag waste filled phenolic composites for automotive braking applications

AbstractSlag waste‐filled phenolic resin‐based automotive brake friction composites were formulated, fabricated, followed by mechanical, physical characterization, and tribo‐evaluation. According to economic commission for Europe regulation, the tribological performance of the composites was evaluated on a Krauss friction‐testing machine. The increase in slag waste content led to increased physical properties such as density, porosity, ash contents, and compressibility, whereas hardness, acetone extraction, and shear strength increased with increased phenolic resin content. The fade and friction performance has been observed to be highly dependent on the slag waste content, that is, both followed a consistent decrease with the increase in the phenolic resin content, whereas the frictional fluctuations have been observed to decrease with the increase in slag waste content. In particular, the composites containing 65 wt% slag waste and 5 wt% phenolic resin showed the highest friction coefficient (0.406), lowest fade (20.44%) and frictional fluctuation (0.209), but the wear (10.80 g) and disc temperature rise (618°C) remains highest. Composite with the lowest slag waste content of 50 wt% combined with the highest phenolic resin of 20 wt% showed higher recovery performance (120.63%), lowest wear (4.45 g) and disc temperature rise (536°C), but exhibits lowest friction coefficient (0.315) and friction stability (0.79) along with highest friction variability (0.60) and fluctuations (0.238). Friction and wear data analysis revealed the predominance of the fade factor for friction performance while the fade factor and disc temperature‐induced results significantly influence the wear performance. The worn surface micrograph showed higher phenolic resin‐filled composites form smooth contact plateaus that successfully reduced wear.

Evaluation of tribological performance for laser textured surfaces with diverse wettabilities under water/oil lubrication environments

Friction and wear are considered as one of the major issues for engineering applications where surface interactions exist. Textured surface with modified surface functionalities as well as lubrication condition will greatly affect the tribological performance. In this work, laser-based surface treatment methods were developed to modify the physicochemical properties of the textured surfaces. The surface microstructure, contact angle, chemical composition and tribological performance under different lubrication conditions of the fabricate surfaces were evaluated and analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the surfaces fabricated by laser texturing combined with chemical immersion or long-time storage in air obtain distinct superhydrophobicity, and the superhydrophobic surfaces render significantly reduced friction coefficient in both starved-water or starved-oil environments. It is believed that the surface texture, wettability and chemistry have combined effects on the tribological performance, which can facilitate the formation of a relative thicker lubricant film on the friction zone, and thus the effective contact area between the friction ball and the surface is reduced. This work is expected to provide effective methods to design and fabricate textured surfaces with different surface properties aiming to enhance the tribological performance, thus benefiting various industrial sectors that have strong demand for anti-friction surface.

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Hardwood Charcoal Powder Reinforced Polyester Resin with Response Surface Modelling and Optimization

Tribological Performance Evaluation of Hardwood Charcoal Powder Reinforced Polyester Resin with Response Surface Modelling and Optimization

Tribological performance evaluation of h-BN nanoparticle reinforced AA 7075 and as-cast AA7075 using Taguchi and genetic algorithm

In addition to the properties of reinforcement, the tribological parameters (temperature, applied load, and sliding distance) play a vital role in determining the tribological characteristics of the composites. Though there are studies related to the AA7075/h-BN composites, the influence of tribological parameters on the friction and wear characteristics is not addressed. In this regard, a solemn attempt has been made in this research work to study the role of tribological parameters on the tribological characteristics of AA7075/h-BN composites. Taguchi method and genetic algorithm are employed to predict the impact of tribological parameters on the wear resistance of AA7075 and AA7075/h-BN composites. The formulation of genetic algorithm models along with regression analysis is used for estimating the effect of each input parameter on the tribological behaviour of the AA7075 MMCs. The microstructure of AA7075/h-BN composite is analysed and found that the formation of rosette-like dendrites with increased mechanical and tribological properties. The optimum wear rate and Co-efficient of Friction (CoF) values of AA 7075/h-BN composite is obtained with input process parameters at a temperature of 30 °C, applied load 10 N, and sliding distance of 1000 m respectively. The further results show that the temperature and load play a vital role in the specific wear rate and coefficient of friction of AA7075 MMCs, leading to improved tribological performance characteristics. In addition, various wear mechanisms are briefly discussed in this study.

Self-organized transfer film-induced ultralow friction of Graphene/MoWS4 heterostructure nanocomposite

We report the tribological performance evaluation of Graphene/MoWS4 heterostructure nanocomposite prepared via simple spin-coating to lubricate the silicon-based MEMS devices. The lubrication mechanism of the nanocomposite was studied by a ball-on-disk tribometer, a three-dimensional surface profilometer, and high-resolution characterization techniques. The results show that the coefficient of friction was reduced from 0.4 to an ultralow friction level (μ ∼ 0.02), and the specific wear rate of the silicon substrate was reduced by 3 orders of magnitude due to the lubricating effect and formation of transfer film of the nanocomposite. High-resolution characterization confirmed the formation of beneficial transfer film, indicating that the nanostructured graphene and MoWS4 were completely mixed in the transfer film. The transfer film enables the formation of low-friction contact by transferring the direct interaction of steel/silicon into an easy sliding steel/transfer film/silicon contact. Furthermore, the particular stacking and orientation of the nanosheets revealed the structural mechanism of ultralow friction.

Influence of post-heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical, and wear properties of maraging steel fabricated using direct metal laser sintering technique

The post-heat treatment of direct metal laser sintered parts is expected to have superior mechanical properties. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the post-heat treatment effect on the microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of direct metal laser sintering processed maraging steel. Hence, a systematic methodology for microstructural characterization, mechanical properties, and tribological performance evaluation was performed. The microstructural examinations were performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction technique. The micro-hardness and tensile properties were determined. The unidirectional sliding wear test was performed using a pin on disc wear testing machine for three different sliding velocities (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 m/s) and three different normal loads (5, 10, and 15 N). The present study’s findings establish that the post-heat treatment techniques significantly altered the microstructural morphology and features. The results showed that the heat-treated sample had finer and non-continuous microstructure and more complex intermetallic precipitate phases, leading to higher hardness (∼64%) and higher tensile strength properties (70–80%) compared to the as-printed sample. The unidirectional sliding wear test results showed that the sliding velocity significantly affected frictional and wear characteristics of direct metal laser sintering processed maraging steel. The wear resistance of the heat-treated sample was three times higher than the as-printed sample, particularly at higher sliding velocities. In addition, the lower coefficient of friction values (∼24%) was observed for heat-treated sample compared to as-printed sample at higher sliding velocities. The post-heat treatment aids as an effective method to enhance mechanical properties of direct metal laser sintered parts and qualify them for tribological applications. The results endorse the suitability of the heat-treated direct metal laser sintered maraging steel in practical tool and die applications involving extreme tribological operating conditions such as higher sliding velocities and contact stresses.

Tribological performance evaluation on brake friction material by using multi-objective optimization methods

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to present a novel approach for the evaluation of tribological properties of brake friction materials (BFM).Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a BFM was newly formulated with 16 different ingredients and produced using an industrial hot compression molding process. Experimentation was carried out on the brake tester, which was developed for this purpose according to SAE J661 standards. The braking applications, sliding speed and braking pressure were considered as performance parameters, whereas coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rate as output parameters. The influence of the performance parameters on the output was studied using response surface plots. Analysis of variance and regression analysis was accomplished for post-experimental evaluation of results. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) were applied for estimating the most critical performance parameter combination to evaluate the BFM.FindingsThe present experimental model was significant and effectively used to predict the performance. MCDM generates the optimal values for the parameters braking applications, braking pressure (Bar) and sliding speed (rpm) as 1000, 30 and 915, whereas MOGA as 1008, 10.503 and 462.8202, respectively.Originality/valueAn efficient model for performance evaluation of the BFM considering maximum CoF and minimum wear rate was experimentally presented and statistically verified. Also, the two multi-objective optimization methodologies were implemented and compared. A comparison between the results of MCDM and MOGA reveals that MOGA yields 30% better results than MCDM.

Evaluation of tribological performance of oxide nanoparticles in fully formulated engine oil and possible interacting mechanism at sliding contacts

The oxide nanoparticles have been claimed as the lubricant additive, which are capable of alleviating wear and reducing friction for the engine components. However, how oxide nanoparticles speficially behave together with the representative additive (Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate, ZDDP) in the formulated engine oil, is still poorly understood. The results well revealed that the addition of oxide nanoparticles provided the improved lubricity of engine oil and significant resistance to wear. The Al2O3 nanoparticle specifically rendered superior tribological capability compared with other nanoparticles. Furthermore, the differentials of wearing mechanism, tribofilm and interface hierarchy were clarified by means of the morphological observation and compositional characterization. This study allowed us to understand the interacting mechanism when nanoparticles being involved within commercial engine oil was presenting between the sliding contact.

Evaluation of tribological performance of copper-based composites containing nano-structural 2D materials and their hybrid

The current investigation is aimed at evaluating and comparing the tribological performance of Cu-based composites containing a fixed amount standalone 2D layered materials (MoS2 and reduced graphene oxide; rGO) and their hybrid rGO-MoS2. The study also intends to explore the role of electronic work function of the 2D reinforcements in affecting the tribological performance of the composites. Results indicate that friction and antiwear properties of composites are governed by inherent lubrication properties of reinforcement fillers, interfacial interaction of cooper matrix with reinforcement phase, and the electronic work function (EWF). The study is expected to open up new directions in developing hybrid 2D materials as potential solid lubricants for fabricating metal based self-lubricating composites with improved tribological performance.

Mechanical and tribological performance evaluation of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene octene copolymer toughened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polyamide 6 composites strengthened with glass fibres

Maleic anhydride grafted ethylene octene copolymer toughened acrylonitrile butadiene styrene/polyamide 6 composites, strengthened with varying amounts of E-glass fibre (EG) were successfully developed via compounding technique. The tribological investigations of compounded composites support excellent wear resistance potential of glass fibre, with 15 wt% EG reinforced composites displaying ∼10 times superior wear resistance. While, mechanical performance evaluation validates the strengthening abilities of EG, with tensile strength and tensile modulus displaying a substantial improvement. The microstructure of worn composite surfaces, characterised by scanning electronic microscopic studies suggest the inherent ability of glass fibre in PA6 matrix to enact the role of reinforcements by choice.

Evaluation of Tribological Performance of Jatropha Oil Modified With Molybdenum Disulphide Micro-Particles for Steel–Steel Contacts

Abstract Crude oil reserves are sapping with time, therefore researchers have considerably shifted their focus to bio-lubricants which can be surrogated for petroleum-based lubricants. The objective of the present research is to cater an idea to the researchers about the lubricating potentials of Jatropha oil (JO). The study was performed using reciprocating friction monitor (RFM) machine having ball-on-flat arrangement with 52100 chromium steel ball and EN-31 steel as a tribo-pair. The experiments were conducted at three different loads at a temperature of 40 °C. JO was mixed with glycerol (G) and different percentages of molybdenum disulphide (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) micro-particles to prepare a lubricant. The friction and wear of the tribo-pair was assessed in the presence of these mixtures. The results revealed that MoS2 micro-particles were effective in reducing both friction and wear, with minimum friction recorded at 2% MoS2 concentration. The coefficient of friction (COF) was reduced by 18–52% with the addition of MoS2 as compared to the base JO. The results showed that JO has better lubrication ability as compared to the commercial lubricant SAE 10W/30. The experimental results were substantiated by examinations of tribo-pairs on scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, and optical three-dimensional profilometer. The results were found to be in close agreement with each other. It was concluded that the blend (80% JO + 20% G + 2% MoS2) is a strong candidate that can be used in the place of mineral oils as a lubricant.