Tribocorrosion Behavior Research Articles

Effect of sliding wear and electrochemical potential on tribocorrosion behaviour of AISI 316 stainless steel in seawater

Sliding tribocorrosion behaviours of AISI 316 stainless steel were investigated against alumina ball in natural seawater environment (SWE) under 5 N loads. OCP (open circuit potential), potentiostatic (−1 V and 0.3 V) and potentiodynamic measurements were enforced to understand the influence of the sliding wear and electrochemical potential on tribocorrosion behaviours of AISI 316 stainless steel in SWE. Tribocorrosion experiments were conducted with a ball-on-disk type reciprocating tribometer integrated with the three-electrode potentiostat. The wear track surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and optical profilometry. Mechanical effects reduced corrosion potential under both OCP and potentiodynamic scans in tribocorrosion conditions. Ploughing effects on the wear track were evident at the OCP and −1 V potential because of the predominance of mechanical effects. Pits were determined to develop due to the formation of the galvanic couple between worn and unworn surfaces after the tribocorrosion test, which was conducted under 0.3 V potential. The reduction of the contact area because of the pits and the lubricating effect of the oxides on the surface caused the lowest coefficient of friction (COF) in the wear zone at 0.3 V potential. Besides, COF obtained under −1 V cathodic protection potential (0.35) was less than in OCP condition (0.37) since it only occurred by the wear effects. The study also revealed that material loss from the wear track increased from cathodic potential towards anodic potential.

Interactions between wear and corrosion on cast and sintered Ti-12Nb alloy in comparison with the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This work investigates the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of α + β Ti-12Nb alloy processed by casting and sintering, in 9 g/l NaCl solution at body temperature, and compares the results with the commercial Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. Different electrochemical techniques were used to access the corrosion behavior. Tribocorrosion behavior was studied at open circuit potential under continuous and intermittent sliding, and at anodic potentiostatic condition under continuous sliding. Results revealed that Ti-12Nb alloys presented similar tribocorrosion behavior although the sintered one exhibited a better corrosion behavior. Nevertheless, Ti-6Al-4 V presented better overall degradation resistance than both Ti-12Nb alloys.

Tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy after thermo-chemical treatment and DLC deposition for biomedical applications

Titanium alloys are widely used in implantology however they do not possess sufficient tribological properties to work a treat on high load-bearing medical applications. Deposition of low-friction carbon coatings is one of the most popular method for improving their tribological properties. Thermo-chemical treatments such as nitriding, oxidation or carburizing are also possible. This study presents a combined surface modification method in which carbon coating was synthesized on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy subjected to thermo-chemical treatment (oxidation or carburizing) prior the coating deposition. The most outstanding results were obtained for the oxidized and then DLC-coated samples. Application of the two-stage process enhanced low surface friction and increased coating durability, while maintaining high corrosion resistance at the same time.

Corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of W doped DLC coating in artificial seawater

When stainless steel components are subjected to sliding or rolling contacts in marine environment, wear and corrosion efforts are simultaneously combined, resulting in accelerated metal dissolution and then accelerated wear in many cases. Here, DLC coatings containing W content from 0.9 to 15.1 at% have been successfully deposited on 316 L stainless steel by using DC magnetron sputtering system. Their microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosive wear performance in artificial seawater was investigated. Electrochemical tests in both corrosion and tribocorrosion conditions indicated that DLC-0.9at%W coating had better corrosion-resistance and wear protection performance than W-free DLC coating in artificial seawater. However, poor corrosion-resistance and wear protection performance were found with further increasing W content in DLC films.

Tribocorrosion Measurements and Behaviour in Aluminium Alloys: An Overview

Tribocorrosion is a research field that combines tribological and corrosion studies. It involves studying the combined effects of wear and corrosion. Tribocorrosion has been found to contribute significantly to material degradation and could lead to failure of materials and high cost of maintenance and replacements. It has become a wide area of interests to researchers due to its economic importance on the durability and life of engineering materials. Several techniques involved in the evaluation of tribocorrosion behaviour of materials have been examined in this review. The combinations of various electrochemical methods for evaluating tribocorrosion behaviour are among the current knowledge acquired in the tribocorrosion field. A brief insight into the tribocorrosion testing standards made by researchers is also provided. This work further reviewed available literature concerning the development in the research of tribocorrosion characteristics of aluminium alloys by categorizing the tribocorrosion mechanism as influenced by various parameters. The review shows that there is significant interaction of corrosion and wear in aluminium alloys. Research gaps in the tribocorrosion study of aluminium alloys are also identified.

Tribocorrosion behavior of Spark Plasma Sintering TiC reinforced Ti-based composites

A mixture of Ti and TiH2 powders with 0, 3, 10 and 30% Vol. TiC was used to process Ti-based composite materials by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 850 °C. Tribocorrosión tests in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) were performed by coupling a potentiostat to a microtribometer in a ball-on-plate reciprocating configuration at 2 N load. The results showed that the addition of 3% Vol. TiC resulted in an improvement in wear resistance and corrosion tendency by approximately 3 times in comparison to unreinforced composites. Wear mechanisms showed a transition from severe adhesion, to a less severe damage within abrasion regime with TiC content.

On the comparison of the tribocorrosion behavior of passive and non-passivating materials and assessment of the influence of agitation

In this study, the tribocorrosion behavior of an AISI 316 stainless steel (passive) and a Low-Alloyed steel (non-passivating or active) was compared, evaluating also the influence of electrolyte agitation. Unidirectional ball-on-disc tests were performed in synthetic seawater with the Zero Resistant Ammeter technique. The differences on the currents registered for both materials evinced the high rate dissolution of the active steel even in the absence of sliding, while the AISI showed negligible electrochemical activity. The results showed little influence on the agitation for the passive material, but a considerable effect on the wear-accelerated corrosion in the unworn surface of the non-passivating steel.

Tribocorrosion behaviors of TiSiCN nanocomposite coatings deposited by high power impulse magnetron sputtering

High-performance coatings originated in ingenious coating designs and advanced preparation techniques are expected to fulfill imperious demands in propulsion, bearings and mechanical seals, etc in marine systems for seawater lubrication. In this work, TiSiCN nanocomposite coatings were deposited by high power impulse magnetron sputtering at a power of 4–8 kW. As power is increased, TiSiCN coatings possess nanocrystalline (TiN, TiC, TiCN)/amorphous (Si3N4, SiC, sp2-C) nanocomposite structure without distinctly preferred orientation. The highest hardness (H) of 43 GPa and effective Young’s modulus (E*) of 360 GPa were achieved at 8 kW, while the highest H/E* of 0.123 and H3/E*2 of 0.61 appear at 7 kW due to refined nano-grains, uniform distribution, high surface/interface integrity and fully dense microstructure. Rockwell C adhesion level increased from HF2 at 4 kW to HF1 at 8 kW. TiSiCN coatings with high H, H/E*, H3/E*2 and adhesion exhibit high open circuit potential of −0.07 V, low friction coefficient of 0.25 and specific wear rate of 4.78 × 10−5 mm3 N−1 m−1, resulting from mild abrasive wear without the occurrence of pitting corrosion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. Moreover, cycling tribocorrosion tests revealed that passive films possess strong abilities of regeneration and self-repairation on sliding contact surface.

Mapping Tribo-Corrosion Behaviour of TI-6AL-4V Eli in Laboratory Simulated Hip Joint Environments

Wear and corrosion in artificial hip replacements are known to result in metal ion release and wear debris induced osteolysis. This may lead to pain and sensitivity for patients. This infers that pre-clinical testing is critical in determining the long-term performance, safety, and reliability of the implant materials. For this purpose, micro-abrasion-corrosion tests were carried out on a biocompatible material, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, using a T-66, Plint micro-abrasion test rig in conjunction with Gill Ac corrosion testing apparatus for the range of applied loads and electrical potentials in the hip joint simulated environment. A Ringer’s solution, with and without an abrasive particle (silicon carbide), was used to enable the interactions between abrasion and corrosion. In this paper, the effects of applied load and electrochemical potential on the tribo-corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a bio-simulated environment are presented. The wastage, micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanisms, and synergy behaviour were identified and mapped. A significant difference in corrosion current densities was observed in the presence of abrasive particles, suggesting the removal of the protective oxide layer. The results also indicate that Ti-6Al-4V had significant abrasive wear loss when coupled with a ceramic counterpart. According to the mechanism, micro-abrasion plays a predominant role in the abrasion-corrosion behaviour of this material and the material losses by mechanical processes are substantially larger than losses, due to electrochemical processes.

Improvement in the tribocorrosion performance of CrCN coating by multilayered design for marine protective application

Steel structures significantly degrades owing to tribology and corrosion in aggressive marine environment and is unavoidable. Chromium nitride (CrN) based coatings material has aroused great interest as one of the most promising protective system in the marine equipment or its components. In the present study, we provided insights for the tribocorrosion mechanism of CrN and CrCN monolayers as well as CrN/CrCN multilayered coatings deposited on steel substrates via a multi-arc ion method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the design of multilayer structure could interrupt the continuous growth of columnar crystals and making the coating denser. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirmed the CrN/CrCN multilayered coating presented a high content of graphite-like phase and hard Cr-C compounds, which might play a key role enhancing lubrication and hardness. In particular, tribocorrosion tests in artificial seawater showed that the as-deposited CrN/CrCN multilayered coating could demonstrate significant improvement of tribocorrosion resistance compared to the CrN and CrCN monolayers coatings. The corresponded mechanisms were discussed in term of the coatings microstructure and tribocorrosion behaviors.

Microstructure and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Al2O3/Al Composite Coatings: Role of Al2O3 Addition

Pure Al coating and Al2O3 particles reinforced Al composite coatings were prepared by arc-spraying. The feedstocks were pure Al wires and Al-based cored wires containing 10, 20, 30 vol.% Al2O3, respectively. The evolutions of microstructure, porosity and microhardness of the coatings with different Al2O3 contents were investigated. Microstructural analysis shows that the addition of Al2O3 particles improves density and decreases the porosity of the coating. The average hardness of the composite coatings varies from 39 to 416.5 HV0.1 as Al2O3 content increases from 0 to 30 vol.%. However, the microhardness of the Al matrix in the coatings increases first and then decreases as a function of Al2O3 contents. The tribocorrosion tests were performed under potentiodynamic polarization conditions in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The cathodic shift of open circuit potential and the increase in current density are induced by sliding wear. Compared with pure Al coating, the Al2O3 particles reinforced composite coatings display a lower wear rate and coefficient of friction. The Al-20 vol.%Al2O3 composite coating shows superior resistance to tribocorrosion. The tribocorrosion mechanism of the composite coatings is delamination coupling of corrosion wear.

Impact of the multilayer approach on the tribocorrosion behaviour of nanocrystalline electroless nickel coatings obtained by different plating modes

This study aims to investigate the tribocorrosion behavior of electroless nickel coatings fabricated by three different means. Multilayered coatings were produced by consecutively stacking three NiP layers with the same phosphorous (P) content. This was accomplished by pausing the plating following each layer growth for sample cleansing and chemical replenishment of the electrolyte. For comparison purposes, two different monolayered coatings were produced in a continuous manner. One of them involved chemical replenishment of the electrolyte (R-monolayer) whereas no action was taken on the other one during the total plating time (Ur-monolayer). The results showed that all the coatings exhibited similar wear volumes under dry wear tests wherein the Ur-monolayer coatings developed fatigue cracks which traversed the coating thickness. Tribocorrosion tests were carried out in a NaCl 3.5 wt% solution and they showed tribolayer formation in all the studied conditions. Moreover, monolayered coatings exhibited fatigue cracks and higher worn volumes than the multilayer ones. The presence of interphases in the multilayer coatings, which originated from pausing the electroless plating, allows enhancing their load bearing capability. Thus, multilayer coatings cope better with the stress derived from the applied normal load and sliding motion during tribocorrosion tests, which translates into a lower plastic deformation of the coatings and 3.5 times smaller worn volumes under the same testing conditions.

A New Ternary Alloy Ti26Zr24Nb for Biomedical Application: Behavior in Corrosion, Wear, and Tribocorrosion

Titanium (Ti)-based alloys with only β-phase have arisen the interest of academics and industrials for bone implants due to their mechanical properties close to those of hard tissues, and for the capability of allowing with β-stabilizers, totally biocompatible elements like Nb, Ta, and Zr. However, there is no consensus about the most adequate composition and, in many cases, tribocorrosion behavior is not considered during their development. New ternary alloy Ti26Zr24Nb as biomaterial is the matter of study of this work regarding wear and corrosion resistances, and the tribocorrosion behavior of this alloy in contact with pH 7, deaerated Hanks solution at 37 °C to simulate a body fluid. All samples have had surface prepared according to the same protocol and a subtract characterization previously and after the electrochemical, dry wear, and tribocorrosion experiments. Results showed high corrosion resistance, with constant open circuit potential (~ − 200 mV) and low corrosion current density (~ 0.9 × 10−8 A/cm2) and important pitting resistance, as well as higher coefficient of friction (COF) for both wear (0.69) and tribocorrosion (0.65) tests than those reported in the literature and, additionally, less wear under tribocorrosion condition compared to dry wear test.

A comparative study on the tribocorrosion behaviors of AlFeCrNiMo high entropy alloy coatings and 304 stainless steel

AlFeCrNiMo high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were successfully fabricated on the surface of 304 stainless steel (304SS) by the magnetron sputtering technology. The microstructure, hardness and tribocorrosion behaviors of 304SS and AlFeCrNiMo HEA coatings were systematically investigated to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the tribocorrosion behaviors in artificial seawater in the present work. Experimental results showed that AlFeCrNiMo HEA coatings have BCC crystal structure. And the hardness, corrosion resistance and tribocorrosion behaviors of 304SS are improved by HEA coatings. Those improvements are attributed to the synthesis effects of BCC structure, solid solution strengthening and the formation of the oxide films. The wear mechanisms of 304SS and HEA coatings are abrasive wear and oxidative wear, respectively. The comparison study of the tribocorrosion behaviors between HEA coatings and 304SS indicates that HEA coatings are good candidates as tribocorrosion-resistant coatings in artificial seawater, such as in the marine industry.

Tribocorrosion and electrochemical behavior of AISI 304L stainless steel in acid medium and Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut essential oil effect

This study presents the first report on the tribocorrosive behavior of AISI 304L stainless steel in 0.5M H2SO4 in the presence of the Thymus willdenowii Boiss & Reut essential oil (TW). The addition of TW oil (3g.L −1) induces a decrease of friction coefficient and dissipated energy values compared to those obtained in dry and 0.5M H2SO4 environments. Also, reduce the worn volume in the sliding surface (1403 μm 3and 2752 μm 3 in the presence and absence of TW oil respectively) and surface morphology is remarkably improved as shown by SEM - EDX analysis. Those effects could be assigned to the lubricant aspect of the studied environment resulting to the chemical profiling of TW oil. The obtained results suggest that TW essential oil represents a new natural product that can be used in food-industry.

A comparative study of the tribocorrosion behaviour of low temperature nitrided austenitic and duplex stainless steels in NaCl solution

This work studied and compared the tribocorrosion behaviour of low temperature nitridedaustenitic (316L) and duplex (2205) stainless steels. After gaseous nitriding at 450 °C for10 h, the S-phase layer formed on the duplex stainless steel is thicker and harder than that onthe austenitic stainless steel. The formation of S-phase layers reduces both mechanical wearand chemical wear of stainless steels but the duplex type exhibits better tribocorrosion performance. Wearing through of the S-phase layer during tribocorrosion leads to asignificant drop in open circuit potential, friction instability, and total material loss from the nitrided specimens. The work concludes that low temperature gaseous nitriding is effective in improving the tribocorrosion behaviour of these materials to avoiding catastrophic surface failures.

Enhanced corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy by auto–sealed micro-arc oxidation layers

Surface modification of titanium alloys are being considered to justify their use as articulating surfaces. This study examined the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of Ti6Al4V specimens whose surfaces were modified using micro-arc oxidation (MAO) at −3 o C and + 20 °C. After MAO, the porous oxide layers containing Ca and P that are incorporated from the electrolyte, were fabricated on the surface. Many of the pores were sealed by the deposition of erupted materials on the surface of −3 °C MAO layers, resulted in a reduced surface fraction of open-porosities. Corrosion studies revealed nearly 80 mV positive shifting of corrosion potential and more than 50% decrease in the passive current density of auto-sealed layers. In contrast to the sudden potential drop of the untreated Ti6Al4V alloy, the MAO layers showed no significant decrease during the tribocorrosion. The presence of a relatively smooth surface with some parallel scratches were the main characteristics of mild abrasive wear as the dominant wear mechanism of the −3 °C MAO layers.

Structural, mechanical and tribocorrosion performances of CrMoSiN coatings with various Mo contents in artificial seawater

CrMoSiN coatings containing various molybdenum (Mo) contents were prepared on Si wafers and titanium alloy substrates using unbalanced magnetron sputtering system via adjusting the Mo target current. The microstructures of CrMoSiN coatings were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. The mechanical properties of coatings were determined using scratch and nano-indentation tests, while the tribocorrosion behavior of coatings sliding against SiC balls in seawater was performed using a linear reciprocating motion of tribometer. The results showed that Cr(Mo)SiN coatings exhibited (2 0 0) preferred orientation. By adding the Mo element into CrSiN coating, an substitutional solid solution of (Cr, Mo)N was formed, and the columnar structure became significantly dense. Consequently, the coating surface changed from “fine-dome” like morphology to a relatively flat morphology with “groove-boundaries”. The hardness of CrMoSiN coatings accordingly increased to a maximum value of 35.5 GPa at the Mo content of 11.85 at.%. Due to the formation of MoO3, the tribocorrosion performances of coatings were enhanced.

Tribocorrosion behaviour of Ti6Al4V under various normal loads in phosphate buffered saline solution

Abstract Tribocorrosion tests were conducted on Ti6Al4V against alumina in phosphate buffered saline solution under normal loads of 3−30 N (corresponding to the maximum Hertzian contact pressures of 816−1758 MPa) using a ball-on-disk tribometer. Nano-hardness measurements revealed the formation of work-hardened layers on the pure wear and tribocorrosion surfaces. As the normal load increased from 15 to 30 N during the pure wear, the surface hardness was increased by about 100%. However, a lower generation of wear debris resulted in a lower wear rate under a normal load of 30 N. The presence of corrosion caused an increase in the wear rates by 28%−245% under various normal loads. The corrosion current density acquired from polarization curves was increased by three orders of magnitude and the open circuit potential (OCP) shifted to more negative potentials during tribocorrosion compared with the stagnant condition. The successive formation and removal of tribofilms, which consisted of oxygen and phosphorous compounds, resulted in peaks in the OCP trend and lower fluctuations in coefficient of friction under normal loads higher than 3 N.

Tribocorrosion behaviour of tin bronze CuSn12 under a sliding motion in NaCl containing environment: Contact to inert vs. reactive counterbody

Tribocorrosion behaviour of tin bronze was examined in NaCl environments using two counterbodies: inert alumina and reactive bearing steel. The results with inert counterbody disclosed growing alloy losses with increasing potential, due to wear-influenced corrosion. Degradation progressed through the development, modification and removal of corrosion products, exposing fresh surface for the environment. With reactive counterbody, galvanic coupling between the two metals played an important role in the behaviour of the tribopair. At the lowest potential, where counterbody corrosion progressed slowly, the metals were in a direct mechanical contact, introducing wear in the ploughing mode in tin bronze. At anodic potentials, counterbody provided cathodic protection to tin bronze, with most material losses occurring in the counterbody by corrosion and wear-influenced corrosion.