Tribe Level Research Articles

Gambaran Kejadian Postpartum Blues pada Ibu Remaja di Sukowono, Jember

Postpartum blues appear when someone does not successfully adapt to changes in life patterns due to pregnancy, labor and postpartum. Young mothers who are still not ready to be morally responsible often face mental turmoil due to still having an unstable mental attitude and immature emotions. The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of postpartum blues in adolescent mothers in Sukowono District, Jember Regency. The research design used non-experimental research methods with descriptive research methods. The study was conducted on 34 postpartum teenage mothers using a total sampling technique. Data collection used EPDS questionnaire from January 2019 until February 2019. The results showed that postpartum teenage mothers as many as 10 respondents (29.4%) had the possibility of postpartum blues, 22 respondents (64.7%) occurred postpartum blues, 1 respondent (2.9%) experienced the possibility of postpartum depression, and 1 respondent (2.9%) experienced postpartum depression. The researchers describes that postpartum blues factors are age, parity, planning for pregnancy, level of education, occupation, socio-economic, tribe and type of labor in postpartum adolescent mothers. Important for nurses to optimize their role as educators and counselors to provide education and health information related to factors that influence the incidence of postpartum blues in adolescent mothers.

Study on the Relationship between Richness and Morphological Diversity of Higher Taxa in the Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Many studies have found that the correlation between species richness (SR) and morphological diversity (MD) is positive, but the correlation degree of these parameters is not always consistent due to differences in categories and various ecological factors in the living environment. Based on this, related studies have revealed the good performance of using higher taxa in biodiversity research, not only by shifting the testing group scale from local communities to worldwide datasets but also by adding different taxonomic levels, such as the genus level. However, it remains unclear whether this positive correlation can also be applied to other categories or groups. Here, we evaluated the applicability of higher taxa in the biodiversity study of darkling beetles by using 3407 species (9 subfamilies, 89 tribes, and 678 genera), based on the correlation between taxa richness and morphological diversity in the tribe/genus/species. In addition, the continuous features prevalent in the tenebrionids, pronotum and elytron, were selected, and the morphological diversity of various groups was obtained by the geometric morphometric approach to quantify the morphologic information of features. This study found that genus/species richness in subfamilies Pimelinae and Stenochiinae was positively correlated with the change trend of MD, and the correlation between the MD of elytron and taxa richness gradually decreased from the tribe-level to the genus-level to the species-level test. The results confirm the stable morphology and simple function of the elytron and the applicability of tribe level in biodiversity research.

STUDY ON COMPARATIVE HEALTH STATUS OF SELECTED SANTHAL & SABAR TRIBES IN NORTH BENGAL REGION OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Aim of the study: The study was conducted to reveal the prevailing health status of two primitive Santhal and Sabour tribes of northern region i.e. Dakshin Dinajpur district in West Bengal, India. Methodology/Design: In this study, Purposive sampling method was adopted. Blocks were selected due to their socio-economic backwardness and tribal dominancy in the district as well as state of West Bengal. In the district, from each Santhal and Sabar tribes 40 numbers of sample populations were randomly selected. The collected data was computed and analysed by various statistical methods. Findings of the study: The education level, occupational status, income level, house type, knowledge and attitude towards health status index were significantly better in Santhal’s but not in Sabar tribes. Sabar tribes consume less feed, sickly built and less land holding capacity which in turn are directly or indirectly related to health status of the tribal’s. The major constraint faced by all the selected tribes were lack of awareness, knowledge, education, low income, lack of availability, poor personal hygiene, low prophylactic measures to maintain the health status of the tribal people. Practical Implications: The study signifies and suggests inclusion of increased literacy programme, vigorous awareness campaign on hygienic health activities for tribal development. Originality/Value: The study has explored several entrepreneurial ventures which increased income level and occupational status of tribes along with usual developmental programme of the government. This will also helpful for better socioeconomic upliftment of the area and tribal community as a whole in the functional area of the state of West Bengal, India. Key words: Health Status, Santhal, Sabar, Tribes, comparative, North Bengal Paper Type: Research Paper

The Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Four Species in the Subfamily Limenitidinae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) and a Phylogenetic Analysis.

Simple SummaryAs it is currently delineated, the subfamily Limenitidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is comprised of 50 genera with approximately 1100 species. The classification of this subfamily has always been unstable. There are tribes and genera whose status is doubtful. Their phylogenetic relationships are far from being clarified and the monophyly of some of them is under question. To provide further insight into the relationships among included tribes, four newly-completed mitochondrial genomes of Limenitidinae (Neptis thisbe, Athyma zeroca, and Aldania raddei) have been sequenced and analyzed. Results indicate that the gene orientation and arrangement are similar to typical mitogenomes in Lepidoptera. The inferred phylogenetic analysis shows that tribe levels are well-supported monophyletic groups. Taken together, this work will provide a well-resolved framework for future study of this subfamily.The complete mitogenomes of four species, Neptis thisbe, Neptis obscurior, Athyma zeroca, and Aldania raddei, were sequenced with sizes ranging from 15,172 bp (N. obscurior) to 16,348 bp (Al. raddei). All four mitogenomes display similar nucleotide content and codon usage of protein-coding genes (PCGs). Typical cloverleaf secondary structures are identified in 21 tRNA genes, while trnS1 (AGN) lacks the dihydrouridine (DHC) arm. The gene orientation and arrangement of the four mitogenomes are similar to that of other typical mitogenomes of Lepidoptera. The Ka/Ks ratio of 13 PCGs among 58 Limenitidinae species reveals that cox1 had the slowest evolutionary rate, while atp8 and nad6 exhibited a higher evolutionary rate. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that tribe-levels are well-supported monophyletic groups. Additionally, Maximum Likelihood analysis recovered the relationship (Parthenini + ((Chalingini + (Cymothoini + Neptini)) + (Adoliadini + Limenitidini))). However, a Bayesian analysis based on the same dataset recovered the relationship (Parthenini + (Adoliadini + ((Cymothoini + Neptini) + (Chalingini + Limenitidini)))). These results will offer valuable data for the future study of the phylogenetic relationships for Limenitidinae.

Plastome Diversity and Phylogenomic Relationships in Asteraceae.

Plastid genomes are in general highly conserved given their slow evolutionary rate, and thus large changes in their structure are unusual. However, when specific rearrangements are present, they are often phylogenetically informative. Asteraceae is a highly diverse family whose evolution is long driven by polyploidy (up to 48x) and hybridization, both processes usually complicating systematic inferences. In this study, we generated one of the most comprehensive plastome-based phylogenies of family Asteraceae, providing information about the structure, genetic diversity and repeat composition of these sequences. By comparing the whole-plastome sequences obtained, we confirmed the double inversion located in the long single-copy region, for most of the species analyzed (with the exception of basal tribes), a well-known feature for Asteraceae plastomes. We also showed that genome size, gene order and gene content are highly conserved along the family. However, species representative of the basal subfamily Barnadesioideae—as well as in the sister family Calyceraceae—lack the pseudogene rps19 located in one inverted repeat. The phylogenomic analysis conducted here, based on 63 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA genes and 21 ribosomal RNA genes from 36 species of Asteraceae, were overall consistent with the general consensus for the family’s phylogeny while resolving the position of tribe Senecioneae and revealing some incongruences at tribe level between reconstructions based on nuclear and plastid DNA data.

Palyno-morphological attributes of some selected plant species of family Asteraceae from district Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.

The current study aimed to investigate the palyno-morphological features of Asteraceous species from District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 13 species were collected, pressed, identified, and examined by using light and scanning electron microscopy. Both qualitative and quantitative pollen characters were observed, that is, equatorial and polar diameter, number of pores and colpi, exine thickness, exine sculpturing, pollen shape, and P/E ratio. Pollen shapes observed in studied taxa were spheroidal, suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, and lophate-spheroidal. The aperturation patterns of pollens vary from tricolporate to tetracolporate. The maximum polar and equatorial diameter of 75-100 (87.5 ± 13.6) μm and 87.5-117.5 (102.5 ± 16.4) μm, respectively, was recorded in Echinops echinatus, while minimum polar and equatorial diameter of 20-22.5 (21 ± 1.36) μm and 22.5-25 (23.5 ± 1.36) μm, respectively, was recorded in Aster subulatus. Six types of exine sculpturing patterns were observed; echinate, micro-echinate, echinate-microreticulate, microreticulate, echinate-perforate, and scabrate. Maximum exine thickness of 8.75 μm was recorded in E. echinatus and minimum of 1.25 μm in Launaea mucronata. The pollen morphology has valuable significance in understanding the taxonomy of different plant groups and plays a central role in the correct identification and classification of Asteraceous flora at species, generic, and tribe levels.

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland.

To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.

Annotated catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta, Diptera) of Chile.

Annotated catalogue of the Tachinidae (Insecta, Diptera) of Chile.

Comparative plastome analysis of Blumea, with implications for genome evolution and phylogeny of Asteroideae.

The genus Blumea (Asteroideae, Asteraceae) comprises about 100 species, including herbs, shrubs, and small trees. Previous studies have been unable to resolve taxonomic issues and the phylogeny of the genus Blumea due to the low polymorphism of molecular markers. Therefore, suitable polymorphic regions need to be identified. Here, we de novo assembled plastomes of the three Blumea species B. oxyodonta, B. tenella, and B. balsamifera and compared them with 26 other species of Asteroideae after correction of annotations. These species have quadripartite plastomes with similar gene content, genome organization, and inverted repeat contraction and expansion comprising 113 genes, including 80 protein‐coding, 29 transfer RNA, and 4 ribosomal RNA genes. The comparative analysis of codon usage, amino acid frequency, microsatellite repeats, oligonucleotide repeats, and transition and transversion substitutions has revealed high resemblance among the newly assembled species of Blumea. We identified 10 highly polymorphic regions with nucleotide diversity above 0.02, including rps16‐trnQ, ycf1, ndhF‐rpl32, petN‐psbM, and rpl32‐trnL, and they may be suitable for the development of robust, authentic, and cost‐effective markers for barcoding and inference of the phylogeny of the genus Blumea. Among these highly polymorphic regions, five regions also co‐occurred with oligonucleotide repeats and support use of repeats as a proxy for the identification of polymorphic loci. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Blumea and Pluchea within the tribe Inuleae. At tribe level, our phylogeny supports a sister relationship between Astereae and Anthemideae rooted as Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, and Senecioneae. These results are contradictory to recent studies which reported a sister relationship between “Senecioneae and Anthemideae” and “Astereae and Gnaphalieae” or a sister relationship between Astereae and Gnaphalieae rooted as Calenduleae, Anthemideae, and then Senecioneae using nuclear genome sequences. The conflicting phylogenetic signals observed at the tribal level between plastidt and nuclear genome data require further investigation.

Economic Persistence Despite Adverse Policies: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

Abstract We study the long-run persistence of relative economic well-being under adverse government policies using a combination of historical and contemporaneous data from Kyrgyzstan. After controlling for unobservable local effects, the economic well-being of Kyrgyz households in the 2010s correlates with the early twentieth-century average wealth of their tribes. Inequality at the tribe level in the 2010s correlates with wealth inequality in the early twentieth century. The likely channels of persistence are the inter-generational transmission of human capital, relative status, political power and cultural traits. Transmission of material wealth, differences in natural endowments or geographic sorting cannot explain persistence.

New genetic markers for Sapotaceae phylogenomics: More than 600 nuclear genes applicable from family to population levels

Some tropical plant families, such as the Sapotaceae, have a complex taxonomy, which can be resolved using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). For most groups however, methodological protocols are still missing. Here we identified 531 monocopy genes and 227 Short Tandem Repeats (STR) markers and tested them on Sapotaceae using target capture and NGS. The probes were designed using two genome skimming samples from Capurodendron delphinense and Bemangidia lowryi, both from the Tseboneae tribe, as well as the published Manilkara zapota transcriptome from the Sapotoideae tribe. We combined our probes with 261 additional ones previously published and designed for the entire angiosperm group. On a total of 792 low-copy genes, 638 showed no signs of paralogy and were used to build a phylogeny of the family with 231 individuals from all main lineages. A highly supported topology was obtained at high taxonomic ranks but also at the species level. This phylogeny revealed the existence of more than 20 putative new species. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from the 638 genes were able to distinguish lineages within a species complex and to highlight geographical structuration. STR were recovered efficiently for the species used as reference (C. delphinense) but the recovery rate decreased dramatically with the phylogenetic distance to the focal species. Altogether, the new loci will help reaching a sound taxonomic understanding of the family Sapotaceae for which many circumscriptions and relationships are still debated, at the species, genus and tribe levels.

Taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of freshwater mussels (Unionoida: Unionoidea) in China revealed by multilocus phylogenetic analyses and mitochondrial phylogenomics

中国是东亚蚌类（蚌目：蚌超科）物种分布中心，共记录有26属.然而，在世界蚌目框架下，中国仍缺乏一个完整科学的蚌类分类系统.本研究基于多位点分子标记（COI、16S、28S）和线粒体基因组学重构聚焦于蚌超科的蚌目系统发育关系，ML、BI和BEAST系统发育结果均支持蚌科5亚科分类系统，即（（（Ambleminae+Gonideinae）+Rectidentinae）+Unioninae）+Parreysiinae；珍珠蚌科2亚科分类系统，即（Gibbosulinae+Margaritiferinae）；中国蚌类隶属蚌科4亚科（Gonideinae，Rectidentinae，Unioninae，Parreysiinae）13族和珍珠蚌科两亚科（Gibbosulinae，Margaritiferinae）.基于化石标定的分子钟显示：蚌科物种分化时间为中三叠世（median=232.07 Ma），其中雕刻蚌亚科（Parreysiinae）起源和物种分化时间早于其他亚科；矩形蚌亚科（Rectidentinae）物种分化时间最晚，为晚白垩世（median=94.72 Ma）；小方蚌亚科（Ambleminae）和隆脊蚌亚科（Gonideinae）最近共同祖先分化于晚侏罗纪世（median=144.69 Ma），珍珠蚌科起源于晚石炭世（median=312.61 Ma），物种分化于晚白垩世（median=91.59 Ma），中国蚌科现生物种最早起源时间可追溯到白垩纪（中国尖嵴蚌（Acuticosta chinensis），median=114.36 Ma）.蚌超科线粒体基因重排分析显示：蚌超科线粒体基因组有4种基因排列方式（GO），珍珠蚌科独享一种（GO1）；蚌科中Unioninae和Ambleminae共享一种（GO2）；Gonideinae有2种基因排列方式（GO3和GO4），其中室蚌（Chamberlainia hainesiana）独享一种（GO4），其余物种共享一种（GO3）.以往作为高阶元分类的贝壳形态、钩介幼虫形态以及育儿囊类型，并不能作为蚌科属及以上阶元分类依据.本研究重构了世界蚌目聚焦于蚌超科的系统发育关系和进化历史，建立了中国蚌类分类系统，为今后该类群区系多样性研究及资源保护提供了分类依据.;China is the most species-rich region for the Unionoidea (Unionidae + Margaritiferidae) in East Asia, with a total of 26 genera. However, in the context of global unionids, an integrated and scientific phylogenetic taxonomy for Chinese Unionoidea is still lack. Based on the multilocus molecular markers (COI, 16S, 28S) and mitochondrial genomics, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship of the Unionioda by focusing on the Unionoidea. All phylogenetic results of ML, BI and BEAST supported five monophyletic clades for subfamily levels within Unionidae, i.e. (((Ambleminae + Gonideinae) + Rectidentinae) + Unioninae) + Parreysiinae, and two subfamilies within Margaritiferidae, i.e. (Gibbosulinae + Margaritiferinae). Chinese Unionoidea belonged to four subfamilies (Gonideinae, Rectidentinae, Unioninae, Parreysiinae) thirteen tribes of Unionidae and 2 subfamilies (Gibbosulinae, Margaritiferinae) of Margaritiferidae. The fossil-calibrated molecular clock suggested the Unionidae species divergence at the Middle Triassic (median=232.07 Ma). The origin and species divergence time of the Parreysiinae were earlier than other subfamilies. The species divergence time of Rectidentinae was the latest among all subfamilies, at the Late Cretaceous (median=94.72 Ma). The most recently common ancestor of Ambleminae and Gonideinae diverged at the Late Jurassic (median=144.69 Ma). Margaritiferidae originated at the Late Carboniferous (median=312.61 Ma), and species divergence at the Late Cretaceous (median=91.59 Ma). The oldest living unionid species in China could be traced back to the Cretaceous (i.e. Acuticosta chinensis, median=114.36 Ma). Mitochondrial gene order (GO) analysis of the Unionoidea revealed that the presently published Unionoidea mitochondrial genome had four gene arrangements:one was exclusive to the Margaritiferidae (GO1); Unioninae and Ambleminae of Unionidae shared another one (GO2); Gonideinae had two gene arrangements (GO3 and GO4), of which was exclusive to Chamberlainia hainesiana (GO4). The morphological features of shells, glochidia and marsupium, which were used to high-level classification, could not be regarded as diagnostic features for the subfamily and the tribe level. This study reconstructed the phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history of Unionoida worldwide and established complete systematics of Unionoidea in China, which providing the taxonomic basis for the diversity research and resource conservation of Chinese unionids.

Erratum

Erratum

A transcriptome-based study on the phylogeny and evolution of the taxonomically controversial subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae).

A long-standing controversy in the subfamily Apioideae concerns relationships among the major lineages, which has prevented a comprehensive study of their fruits and evolutionary history. Here we use single copy genes (SCGs) generated from transcriptome datasets to generate a reliable species tree and explore the evolutionary history of Apioideae. In total, 3351 SCGs were generated from 27 transcriptome datasets and one genome, and further used for phylogenetic analysis using coalescent-based methods. Fruit morphology and anatomy were studied in combination with the species tree. Eleven SCGs were screened out for dating analysis with two fossils selected for calibration. A well-supported species tree was generated with a topology [Chamaesieae, (Bupleureae, (Pleurospermeae, (Physospermopsis Clade, (Group C, (Group A, Group B)))))] that differed from previous trees. Daucinae and Torilidinae were not in the tribe Scandiceae and existed as sister groups to the Acronema Clade. Five branches (I-V) of the species tree showed low quartet support but strong local posterior probabilities. Dating analysis suggested that Apioideae originated around 56.64 Mya (95 % highest posterior density interval, 45.18-73.53 Mya). This study resolves a controversial phylogenetic relationship in Apioideae based on 3351 SCGs and coalescent-based species tree estimation methods. Gene trees that contributed to the species tree may undergoing rapid evolutionary divergence and incomplete lineage sorting. Fruits of Apioideae might have evolved in two directions, anemochorous and hydrochorous, with epizoochorous as a derived mode. Molecular and morphological evidence suggests that Daucinae and Torilidinae should be restored to the tribe level. Our results provide new insights into the morphological evolution of this subfamily, which may contribute to a better understanding of species diversification in Apioideae. Molecular dating analysis suggests that uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and climate changes probably drove rapid speciation and diversification of Apioideae in the QTP region.

First record of translocation in Culicidae (Diptera) mitogenomes: evidence from the tribe Sabethini

BackgroundThe tribe Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae) contains important vectors of the yellow fever virus and presents remarkable morphological and ecological diversity unequalled in other mosquito groups. However, there is limited information about mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from these species. As mitochondrial genetics has been fundamental for posing evolutionary hypotheses and identifying taxonomical markers, in this study we sequenced the first sabethine mitogenomes: Sabethes undosus, Trichoprosopon pallidiventer, Runchomyia reversa, Limatus flavisetosus, and Wyeomyia confusa. In addition, we performed phylogenetic analyses of Sabethini within Culicidae and compared its mitogenomic architecture to that of other insects.ResultsSimilar to other insects, the Sabethini mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a control region. However, the gene order is not the same as that in other mosquitoes; the tyrosine (Y) and cysteine (C) tRNA genes have translocated. In general, mitogenome rearrangements within insects are uncommon events; the translocation reported here is unparalleled among Culicidae and can be considered an autapomorphy for the Neotropical sabethines.ConclusionsOur study provides clear evidence of gene rearrangements in the mitogenomes of these Neotropical genera in the tribe Sabethini. Gene order can be informative at the taxonomic level of tribe. The translocations found, along with the mitogenomic sequence data and other recently published findings, reinforce the status of Sabethini as a well-supported monophyletic taxon. Furthermore, T. pallidiventer was recovered as sister to R. reversa, and both were placed as sisters of other Sabethini genera (Sabethes, Wyeomyia, and Limatus).

Animal fibre use in the Keriya valley (Xinjiang, China) during the Bronze and Iron Ages: A proteomic approach

Textile technology strongly advanced with sedentism and pastoralism. During prehistory, many populations settled in central Eurasia, a place of extensive exchange and cultural contact. In the Taklamakan desert, the dry climate enabled good preservation of ancient textiles. The study presented here aimed to identify animal fibres from Bronze Age and Iron Age sites in the Keriya valley (Xinjiang, China) using proteomics. A large corpus of 109 keratin extracts obtained from raw fibres or textiles was analysed, enabling us to establish a corrected and improved list of peptide markers for the identification of species, not only among the family Bovidae, but also for camels and humans. In total, we were able to identify 97% of the sampled objects to the taxonomic level of tribe and 85% of caprines to the level of genus. The assemblage was dominated by hair of sheep (57.8%) followed by goat (16.5%), cattle (8.3%), camel (0.9%), human (0.9%) and non-differentiated Caprinae (sheep or goat) (12.8%). The study showed a continuity between the two sites in this respect. It revealed a choice of raw material linked to the function of the textile, with most woven textiles being made from sheep's wool and most pelts being obtained from goat. Comparison with the bone assemblage of one of the sites provided insight into the herd management strategies. The results confirm the heuristic potential of the proteomic approach for the determination of archaeological fibres and for textile studies in general. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012189.

Ungkapan dalam Naskah Bocco Tallu Etnik Mandar: Kajian Semantik

This study used the qualitative descriptive method. The data was collected through observation and interview. The data was analyzed through coding and reducing. The researcher interviewed the cultural observer and drew the conclusion of manuscript contribution aspects. The result is as follows. First, the analysis of manuscript discourse aspects was observed with two methods, linguistic and structural methods. The linguistic aspect consist of, intentionality, and acceptability of Bocco Tallu manuscript. The structural method consist of Words, phrases, sentences, stanzas. Second, the analysis of social cultural context of Bocco Tallu manuscript consist of social level (class social), traditional marriage, leadership concepts, arts, and religious system of Mandar tribe. Third, social cultural context of Bocco Tallu manuscript gave contribution to harmonious society in social life of Mandar tribe that is signed with ceremony performed once four years in the presence of all public figures and no other nobles. Having done some analyzes on this text shows the phrases that lead to the concept of power and history in Mandar, especially the kingdom of Alu, Tara Manu 'and Sendana.

New World geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, taxonomic updates and description of 11 new tribes

We analysed a molecular dataset of 1206 Geometroidea terminal taxa. In this paper we focus on New World taxa, with 102 Nearctic terminal taxa (97 of which have not previously been subject to molecular phylogenetic analysis) and 398 Neotropical terminal taxa (375 not previously analysed). Up to eleven molecular markers per specimen were included: one mitochondrial (COI) and ten proteincoding nuclear gene regions (Wingless, ArgK, MDH, RpS5, GAPDH, IDH, Ca-ATPase, Nex9, EF-1alpha, CAD). The data were analysed using maximum likelihood approach as implemented in IQ-TREE and RAxML. Photographs of almost all voucher specimens are provided together with relevant type material in illustrated electronic catalogues in order to make identities and taxonomic changes transparent. Our analysis concentrates on the level of tribes and genera, many of which are shown to be para-or polyphyletic. In an effort towards a natural system of monophyletic taxa, we propose taxonomic changes: We establish 11 new tribe names (Larentiinae, authors Brehm, Murillo-Ramos & Ounap): Brabirodini new tribe, Chrismopterygini new tribe, Psaliodini new tribe, Pterocyphini new tribe, Rhinurini new tribe, Ennadini new tribe, Cophocerotini new tribe, Erebochlorini new tribe; (Ennominae, authors Brehm, Murillo-Ramos & Sihvonen): Euangeronini new tribe, Oenoptilini new tribe, Pyriniini new tribe. We assign 27 genera for the first time to a tribe, propose 29 new tribe assignments and 26 new generic combinations, we synonymize one tribe and seven genera, revive one tribe, and propose to exclude 119 species from non-monophyletic genera (incertae sedis). Our study provides the data and foundation for numerous future taxonomic revisions of New World geometrid moths. We also examine broad-scale biogeographic patterns of New World Geometridae: While Nearctic species are often nested within the predominantly Neotropical clades, the austral South American fauna forms distinct clades, hinting at a long isolation from the remaining New World fauna. (Less)

Small dung beetles of Colombia (Coleoptera Scarabaeoidea Aphodiinae) I: Preliminary catalog and key for registered species

The Small Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), mostly saprophagous habits, are a group of wide global distribution, relatively diverse in the tropics, although they are little known and studied for their cryptic habits and complex taxonomy. Given the above and with a view to promoting its study, this research was proposed, inventory the Colombian species and provide taxonomic keys of the records found in the literature of the group. For the first case (catalog), multiple bibliographic sources were consulted, to a lesser degree some species and records were studied in the collection of the first author (Colección Familia Pardo-Locarno-CFPL-COL). Followed by the above, a taxonomic key was elaborated. The results covered 20 genera and 56 species of Aphodiinae for Colombia, providing a key at the level of tribes, genera and species. These results allow us to infer that the group could be poorly sampled and, therefore, be much more diverse than what is noted here, it is also expected that new studies will specify the distribution maps of the species, which are now very fragmentary.

POLLEN ANALYSIS OF THE HONEY FROM SOUTH ANATOLIA

For pollen analysis, 19 honey samples were collected from different localities in Ereğli, Karapınar, Ayrancı and Ulukışla regions of Konya, Karaman and Ulukışla, respectively, in November 2015. All investigated honey samples were multifloral because they contained secondary and minor pollen groups. The dominant group of pollen grains were determined as the families of Fabaceae in 2 samples and Scrophulariaceae in 5 other samples, Helianthus annuus in 1 sample and Zea mays in 1 sample. Secondary pollen groups consisted of the families of Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae and genera of Centaurea, Cistus, Eucalyptus and Linaria. Pollen of 55 plant taxa were identified in examined honey samples of which 21 were classified on the family level, 30 were on the genera level, 1 was on the tribe level and 3 were on the species level. The total number of pollen (TPN-10) in 10 grams of honey ranged from 332 to 42496. According to the results of the TPN-10 analysis in honey samples, 3 samples were normal and others were poor. The taxa of Zea mays, Cistus, Poaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Amaranthaceae were found in pollen sources. Helianthus annuus and Brassicaceae were found in nectar sources. Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Eucalyptus, Centaurea were found in nectar and pollen sources and were identified in the honey.