Tribal Families Research Articles

Issues and Challenges with Empowerment of Tribal Women in India: A Forest-Based Study

The forest-based resources play significant importance in the lives of tribal women and their households in India. The livelihood of the tribal families is mainly dependent on Non-wood Forest Products (NWFP). These include the collection of kendu leaves for making tobacco, mahua flowers, mahua seeds, mushrooms, tamarind, and wild brooms. The tribal women contribute to a great extent in the collection and processing of NWFP along with the sale of the final products. Due to the existence of the forest, the food and financial security of the tribal households has been secured to a great extent. Sadly, these tribal women receive less compensation through dishonest middlemen due to illiteracy. Therefore, these indigenous women must enhance their skills to increase their income. The current article intends to investigate the amount of women's employment concerning forest products and the many fields in which these women might develop their skills to increase their income and empower their family.

Capital formation through Technology Integrated Approaches for Tribal Communities: A Pragmatic Analysis

The present study is part of an evaluation report of the Scheduled Tribe Component (STC) implemented in the Jharkhand area. Under this project, more than 6000 tribal families were covered under the capacity building and skill development programs with forward and backward linkages during 2021-22. A preliminary survey revealed the footprints of technology dissemination among the tribal households, affordability of inputs, and infrastructural development for value addition in the oilseed sector in general and rapeseed mustard in particular. Productivity of rapeseed mustard improved in Ranchi (4.17%) and Gumla (2.63%) districts over the state of Jharkhand (1.29%) during the period of 20010-11 to 2019-20. Based upon the existing yield gaps and growth rates coupled with the synergy of apiculture, capital formation forecasting reflects the huge potential in the tribal economy of the country and would be an effective strategy to improve the vulnerability indices in aspirational areas.

Promoting Coordination and Collaboration in Tribal Home Visiting Programs in the United States.

A joint statement from two federal agencies in the United States calls for coordination and collaboration between programs serving families of infants and toddlers who are at risk or developmentally delayed or disabled U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Policy guidance: Joint statement on collaboration and coordination of the MIECHV and IDEA Part C programs. (2017). Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. ED/HHS Joint Guidance Document: Collaboration and Coordination of the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Part C Programs. Young Native American children living on tribal lands in this country are currently eligible for two federal programs associated with these agencies which overlap in mission and implementation. This paper outlines potential strategies for creating a more seamless system of services for tribal families involving more centralized intake processes and procedures, cross training of staff to work across programs, and adopting more unifying approaches to program implementation. A streamlined system of services will result in interventions that better support family and child outcomes while reducing duplication of services, consolidating the limited number of qualified professionals available to provide services, and increasing convenience and cultural attunement of services to Native American families currently participating in both programs.

Empowering Tribal Women Through MGNREGA: A Study of Keonjhar District of Odisha

Keonjhar district is the central integrated tribal district of Odisha. The tribal families in the Keonjhar district, particularly women, were concerned about financial security. In 2006, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) programme was initiated in the district during its first implementation stage across the country. The effective investment of the tribal people, particularly tribal women in the Keonjhar district. In the tribal area of Keonjhar district, the scheme has become a vital source of income. The system allowed women to earn money independently and find a good livelihood. It has achieved more significant financial freedom for tribal women. On the whole economic situation of the household has enhanced due to the participation in the programme.As a woman, she began to earn money and she was able to gain respect for tribal women and establish a new identity within the family. As a result, the scheme improved the livelihood opportunities for tribal women in the Keonjhar district of Odisha.

A Comparative Study on the Child Rearing Practices of Tribal Families and Drop out of Primary Education with Urban School

Indian constitution in the articles 45 has made provision for free and compulsory Education for all children us to the age of 14 years Article no 45. The data for this paper are accumulated from different sources such all Assam school survey, 2002 survey conducted by NCERT and state report cards prepared by S.D.C office of Mariani. Circle from Mariani S.D.C office.In this paper Researcher highly observed the course of drop out in primary school in the Mariani circle and comparative study of tribal and non tribal school. Comparison study of tribal and urban tribal school of Mariani finding there are so many problems of drop out. Academic difficulty, socio Economic needs poor health etc. But success of universalisation of primary education all students much be getting primary education.

The Weaving Healthy Families program: Promoting parenting practices, family resilience, and communal mastery.

Parenting quality, family resilience, and community resilience and support have been found to be primary protective factors for the disproportionate burden of anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance use disorder (SUD), depression, and suicide that US Indigenous youth and adults tend to experience. The purpose of this research study was to examine pilot results for outcomes related to relational factors for Indigenous family members who participated in the Weaving Healthy Families (WHF) program (translated to Chukka Auchaffi' Natana, in the Choctaw tribal language), a culturally grounded and empirically informed program geared toward promoting wellness, family resilience, parenting practices, and community resilience while also preventing SUD and violence. This nonrandomized pre-experimental pilot intervention followed a longitudinal design, which included pre-test, a post-test, and a 6-, 9-, and 12-month post-intervention follow-up surveys. Repeated-measures regressions were utilized with generalized estimating equations (GEE) to examine changes in parenting, family resilience, and communal mastery before and after the intervention for 24 adults and adolescents (12-17) across eight tribal families. Results indicate that the overall quality of parenting improved, as measured by improved parental monitoring and reductions in inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment. We identified sex differences in positive parenting, poor monitoring, and corporal punishment, with greater decreases in these measures among males over time. Family resilience and communal mastery improved for adolescent and adult participants after the WHF program. Our results indicate promising improvements across relational, familial, and community ecological, which provide clear clinical implications.

The Socio-economic Status of the Urali Tribal of Tamil Nadu in India Using Tribal Composite Index

The present study is the outcome of an in-depth fieldwork analysis with 1128 Urali tribal families in Erode district of Tamil Nadu. The selection of the study area was purposive and was based on the population of the Urali people, who are concentrated in the hilly terrain of these tribal districts, the selection of the sample units was done randomly. The study attempts to understand the outcome of development intervention practices and document the change in socio-economic frontiers accrued in favour of beneficiaries and the impact on their livelihoods, if any. This paper also attempts to explore if there is any association between educational status (those who are still studying/those who have discontinued) and level of education (primary/middle/ high/higher secondary/college). The data was analysed using multi-stage stratified random sampling via face-to-face interviews, phone calls, and structured questionnaires, as well as statistical techniques such as Chi-Square and Composite Index. The composite indices show that illiteracy, indebtedness, lack of awareness, poor infrastructure, poor health care, unemployment, unfriendly development policies, etc. pose major challenges to tribal development. The Land and Economic Index lends credence to claims that the Urali community with low landholdings suffers from the extortion of rich and influential settlers. The study concludes that to fully integrate the tribal group into the national mainstream, action must be taken not only to strengthen socioeconomic activities but also to address the enduring issues of poor literacy and high dropout rates.

An Empirical Analysis of Tribal Identity in Indian Literature

Homogenizing the heterogeneous Indian tribes might be unfair. However, as large groups of tribal families are the subjects of study, the word ‘tribes’ was adopted as a grab for the underprivileged people, regardless of geographical location or cultural moorings. The current study analyse the significance of ethnographic novels that specifically evoke cultural experiences and the efficiency of their strategies in depicting people via the analysis of the two books such as Paraja (authored in Oriya in 1945) by Gopinath Mohanty and translated by Bikram K. Das in 2001, and Chotti Munda and His Arrow (Bangla title is Chotti Munda ebang Tar Tir, 1980) by Mahasweta Devi and translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in 2002. The current study emphasizes the shifting paradigms of centre–right binarism by using fictional works by well-known writers Mahasweta Devi and Gopinath Mohanty who have done literary works that spoke about the rights of tribal community.

Consistency of Balinese Family Education in Forming a Love of Culture From an Early Childhood

Forming cultural love is essential to stimulate a passion for the country's culture. Therefore, family consistency is needed in creating cultural attachment from early childhood, as Balinese families do in developing cultural love. This study aimed to see the Balinese tribal family in preserving Balinese culture in the Metro Rejo Oku Timur village as ancestral heritage and national identity. Get used to loving and implementing cultural values ​​in daily life, and anticipate the negative impacts of foreign cultures. This research method is a descriptive qualitative research type with the research subject being Balinese tribal families in the village of Metro Rejo Oku Timur using interview data from 15 respondents through data validity techniques using method triangulation and source triangulation. Then, the results of this study indicate that Balinese tribal families consistently provide the best education by including a series of cultural activities continuously and supported by the surrounding environment as a complement. From early childhood, Balinese children have been taught how to pray, make offerings, learn Balinese dance, compose gobagan and get used to using Balinese in their daily lives.

A REVIEW ON MECHANISM FOR MARKETING OF MINOR FOREST PRODUCE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO ENHANCE TRIBAL ECONOMY

Every individual or nation growth and development depends majorly on the livelihoods carried out by those individuals’ and the support provided to such livelihoods in all aspects. In India, as per Government of India estimates about 125 million and 112 million total tribal and rural tribal populations are there in 2020. In these, nearly 50 percent of the tribal population live in forest areas. The tribal communities who live in forest areas depend extensively on the resources of forest for livelihoods and income generation on Minor Forest Produce (MFP). With the enactments of PESA (Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 and the Forest Rights Act, 2006 the forest dwellers are legally authorized with the possession and governance of the MFP. But, they have been suffering with many problems to produce minor forest products like legal issues, permissions, support price, financial-aid, marketing, branding and selling. This paper contributes to elaborate the provisions made by the government to overcome the challenges facing by the forest dwellers regarding MFP through a centrally sponsored scheme ‘Mechanism for Marketing of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) through Minimum Support Price (MSP) & Development of Value Chain for MFP’. Started in 2013-14 with 10 Minor Forest Produce items covering 9 States impacting approximately 1 Lakhs tribal families the scheme is now expanded to 22 States covering 87 MFP items impacting 25 lakhs families. Total procurement has gone up from Rs. 30 crores in 2014-15 to Rs. 1870 crores in 2020-21.

ANALISIS PROSES EKSTERNALISASI, OBJEKTIVASI, INTERNALISASI DAN MAKNA SIMBOLIK UPACARA ADAT KARO SUKU TENGGER

Karo Traditional Ceremony is one of the traditional ceremonies symbolized by the origin of human birth, so that the Karo traditional ceremony is legally obligatory to Tengger Tribe. The objective of study is to analyze the processes of externalization, objectivation, and internalization in the social construction of traditional Karo ceremony Tengger tribe and the meaning of symbols in the Karo traditional ceremony in Ngadisari Village, Probolinggo Regency. This research used a descriptive qualitative method, with a case study approach. Informants of study were the village apparatuses and the heads of Tengger tribal families in Ngadisari village, Probolinggo Regency. Data collection techniques used were interview, observation, and documentation. The results of study indicated that Karo traditional ceremony plays an important role in establishing and maintaining social relations. Social construction in the implementation of Karo traditional ceremony takes place in three processes. It started with the externalization stage, in which parents undertake a process of influencing their descendants. Next is the objectivation stage, in which the community's contribution can be seen from the process of organizing Karo traditional ceremony. The last stage is internalization, in which the Tenggerese people begin to believe in and preserve Karo traditional ceremonial ritual. In a series of processions the Karo Traditional ceremony has the meaning of symbols in a series of events that make the Tengger people tolerant, and obey values ​​and norms applying. The implication of research is that Karo traditional ceremony represents public awareness as indigenous people and can be known widely, especially to the younger generation, so that it can be preserved.

MIGRATION BEHAVIOUR OF TRIBAL FAMILIES OF DAHOD DISTRICT OF GUJARAT

Migration is a part of the process of development as people search for better employment opportunities within and across countries. In Gujarat migration is not a new phenomenon, not just a post globalization phenomenon. The present study was conducted with an objective to study migration behavior of tribal families of Dahod district of Gujarat state. Interview schedule was prepared in light of the objectives and the data was collected through personal interview method. Ex-post facto design of social research and statistical tools like frequency, percentage and migration index were used for the present study. Majority of the head of the tribal families were middle aged group, illiterate, having medium size of family, belonged to joint family and possessed pakka house. Tribal families were migrate three times in a year and only one member made migration from the families with an average 121 to 180 days duration of migrates. Great majority of the tribal families were migrate from rural to urban and mostly within state due to lack of employment opportunities and low wages in tribal area. They availed the work opportunities at construction site and as a tenant farmer on a seasonal base with fixed proportion of share in production.

Role of Tribal Women in Conservation of Some Ethonomedicinal Plants

Tribal women’s in the conservation of scertain plant used as medicinal plant therefore, Total 1000 saplings were transplanted in forest are showing excellent growth. Though the tree species of Madhucaindica and Hollarhaena antidysenterica are showing slow growth, the Gymnema, Tinospora and Aristolochia are growing fast with sudden mortality . The tribal families are using their leaves as traditional medicine only under emergencies thus promoting natural pruning process. in-situ mode of conservation for these much needy medicinal plants in the backyard of hamlets of tribal families under women force was a grand success.

Multidimensional impact of mental illness on tribal families in India

Background: Mental illness and burden of care on family is widely discussed in the context of the general population. However, mental health in tribal people also needs the same attention from researchers. In this study, the authors intended to find out the effect of mental illness on tribal families having a person with mental illness. Methods: A descriptive study was done to collect data at the Ispat General Hospital from 50 tribal respondents who were admitted to the Department of Psychiatry. We used open-ended questions to collect the qualitative data. Then, we did content analysis to build themes of the issues of their mental illnesses. Results: We found that the effect of mental illness is on education, marriage, financial crisis, family stress, disruption of family routine activities, physical abuse and violence in the family, social isolation, lack of caregiver's personal care and care for other children in the family, as well as damage to household accessories. Conclusion: In this study, the authors created major themes, to dissect and trisect into adverse events, which were frequent and appear the same in the general and tribal family having a patient with mental illness.

Managing a child with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in a remote, rural clinic

AMRIT Clinic in Bedawal village, located about 25 km from the nearest town and 100 km from Udaipur city, serves about 3000 tribal families. In this article, we discuss the management of a child with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), who presented to us in unusual circumstances. Although PSGN is not an uncommon clinical condition, the goals of sharing this experience are threefold: sensitizing our urban counterparts to the challenges of managing such cases in the rural settings; describing the criticality of maintaining a balance between traditional beliefs and evidence-based medicine; and highlighting the value of “upstream” prevention rather than “downstream” treatment.

Factors Affecting Livelihood Security of the Tribal Women in Crop Based Livelihood Activities

The study was aimed to find out the factors affecting by tribal women and association of different factors with livelihood security of the tribal women in crop based livelihood activities conducted in three districts of Rajasthan namely Dungarpur, Udaipur and Banswara 180 respondents data were collected through a well- structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents had occasional access to extension agency, mass media sources, technological information as well print media. More than half of the respondents never had access to regular income, less than half of the respondents sometimes only produced new products, used improved methods and practices and took loan for carrying out livelihood. The livelihood security of the respondents was associated with access to resources, access to technological information, market and regular income, risk factors, risk taking ability and decision making ability. It can be inferred that all these factors affected to livelihood security of the tribal families with crop based livelihood.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TRIBAL REMITTANCE AND NTFP GATHERERS FAMILY OF SCHEDULED AREA DISTRICTS OF ODISHA

The deadly virus COVID-19 pandemic created emergency situation throughout the world by bringing worst misery to the health, economy, livelihood, occupation and social life of the people. The virus infected more than 24.9 crores of population and 50.0 lakhs precious human life were lost with a huge damage of economy and livelihood. Millions of people become unemployed and thousands of migrants returned their home for joblessness. To reduce the rate of infection the worldwide lock-down and shut-down situation arrested the production, economic activity and market, which affected highly to the small and middle income households. Like other remittance and wage labour households the tribal migrant families were also the worst sufferer by the pandemic situation and most of them returned to home for joblessness. After returning home, majority of the tribes once again adopted their traditional source of livelihood i.e., agriculture, forest, livestock, etc. to repair the economy. To assess the socio-economic impact of Covid-19 and role of NTFP on tribal livelihood a study was conducted in seven forest dependent villages of Kandhamal district and found that NTFP has largely supported the livelihood of both low income and migrant tribal families. The changing Government policy on listing of more NTFP commodities and price revisions under MSP scheme worked like an economic panacea for the forest dependent poor tribal families. However, the inuence of middlemen and absence of TDCC reduce prot margin of NTFP gatherer families, which needs to be addressed through proper monitoring, intervention and policy resolution.

Single Women in Erbil A qualitative study on the reasons and obstacles behind Women staying single in Erbil city

The subject of single women is a contentious topic in Erbil society. Being professionally successful is often sufficient motivation for a woman to remain single. Women enjoy the competitive process of advancing to executive positions at work and find it extremely satisfying. There are many unmarried women in Erbil for many reasons. It has been noticed through observation and social relationships that the rate of single women is increasing for many reasons. According to a report published on Rudaw site in 2015 the rate of unmarried women in Iraq (including Kurdistan) reached 85%, while The Iraqi Ministry of Planning announced on Mawazin news site in 2018 that the rate of women (ages between 15-49) who feel safe alone and do not get married early is 85% in Kurdistan to 60% in central and southern Iraq. Some of the women refuse to get married because they want to develop their education level and have a successful career. Those women believe that marriage will prevent them from traveling abroad in order to develop their knowledge, skills, and may will not be able to work in different institutions if they get married especially in Erbil subculture which some traditional men do not always allow their daughters, sisters or wives to travel alone and leave their families behind. In addition, it will be difficult for women to leave their children alone, because most of the women sacrifice the personal desire for the sake of their family. While other single women do not get married, because of some domestic problems, especially in tribal families when the family does not accept that their daughter marries a man who does not belong to the same tribe. Other families demand dowry such as a big amount of money and an expensive house that cannot be afforded by the grooms. Moreover, the financial reason when the woman works and gets a salary and the family depends on her financially. The researcher has found out the social, economic, and education issues that are behind women remaining single. In order to get a good result, the researcher used qualitative methodology and interviewed 20 single women in Erbil society from different social, economic, and educational backgrounds. In-depth interviewing helped her to get good information and be able to communicate with them personally; those women have been asked previously prepared questions (semi-structured interviewing). The ages of the women are between 25 - 40 years old and they are working at universities, governmental institutions, and Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs).

A Multilevel Analysis of Factors Associated with Malnutrition among Tribal Children in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey 2015-16

Health and the related problems are very much interlinked with the socio-economic conditions of the community, particularly the tribes who are living in the remote and inaccessible areas where health care and development services of the government are not available. This study aims to examine child malnutrition among tribal children in India. The study uses data from the fourth round of National Family Health Survey. Bivariate and multilevel analyses have been used to fulfil the objectives of the study. Results reveal that overall prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight among tribal children under three years of age was 41%, 30% and 43% respectively. Child age, sex, size at birth, age of the women at first birth and their education, duration of breastfeeding, religion, and wealth index are significantly associated with malnutrition among tribal children. The chances of stunting are more among tribal families with two or more children. On the other hand, the likelihood of underweight is more likely among tribal children who are suffering from diarrhoea and fever. Community variables like the place of residence, community education, and community wealth have a significant positive effect on stunting, wasting, and underweight, respectively. Therefore, the study recommended implementation of policies specific to the tribal population through improving individual as well as community-level education to ensure the reduction in malnourishment among tribal children in India. Moreover services provided by the government should be made accessible to this vulnerable group.

Adoption of Safety Measures against COVID-19 by Tribal Families in Southern Rajasthan- A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic during early 2020 forced the people to make drastic changes in their lifestyle. The people’s response to preventive measures initiated by the Government to control COVID-19 is the focus of the study. Aim: To assess the knowledge for prevention and adoption of safety measures against COVID-19 by the tribal masses. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study, covering 300 selected tribal families, was conducted in a tribal belt during the period September 2020 to December 2020. The questionnaire covered socio-demographic profile, knowledge aspects and adoption pattern regarding preventive measures of COVID-19. The head of the family or in his/her absence any available adult family member has been the respondent to provide the required information. Based on maximum score of 15 for correct knowledge, the families were categorised as poor (≤5), average (6-10) and good (11-15). With a maximum score of 24 for correct adoption, the categorisation was made as poor (≤8), average (9-16) and good (17-24). The association of socio-demographic factors with knowledge and practice level was tested through Chi-square test and correlation coefficient between knowledge and adoption scores. Results: Among the 300 families studied, the nuclear type tribal families dominated in the study area 204 (68%) and the average age of respondents was 61 years. The mean knowledge score was 7.6 (50.67%) and adoption score was 11.22 (46.75%). The percentage shares of respondents in poor, average and good categories were 31.33%, 35.33% and 33.33% for knowledge and 32.66%, 34.66% and 32.66%, respectively for adoption scores. The education level, income of the family and access to media sources were found to have significant association between knowledge and adoption scores. Conclusion: The highest education level of family members, family income and access to media sources were significantly associated with knowledge as well as practice. The positive correlation between knowledge and adoption scores indicated that the adoption level can be improved by enhancing knowledge to the socially backwards tribal communities. Socially visible practices like mask wearing were well adopted by tribals whereas the adoption level of invisible components like immunity building was relatively low.