Tribal Economy Research Articles

A Study on Medicinal Plants Diversification and Their Role on Livelihood Development in the Nilgiris

Tribal economy and development are mainly dependent on the Forest and Non wood forest products. The non wood forest products are mainly the products and services availed from the other those timber products of the forest and the fringed areas. Traditionally these forest products are having direct impact on the livelihood of the tribal communities. This study has been designed to analyse the role of the Non wood forest products on the livelihood of the tribal communities in the Tamil Nadu State, India. Three of the major tribal communities in the Nilgiris Hills, Kolli hills and the Kalvarayan Hills were taken for the study. The key informant method was followed and 80 informants were selected to collect the primary data. An exhaustive list of the available Medicinal Plants was also inventorised. The contribution of the livelihood through the products ranged from 50-10 % based upon the collection and marketing of the products.

Traditional vs. Scientific Eri Silkworm Rearing: A Study in Bhubaneswar Zone

Sericulture holds significant importance in the tribal economy of India, with the country being the sole producer of various natural silks including mulberry, tasar, muga, oak tasar and eri silk. Eri silkworm rearing is particularly prevalent in the Bhubaneswar zone of Odisha, encompassing districts such as Khurdha, Jagatsinghpur, Nayagarh, Cuttack and Kendrapada. This study focuses on the traditional eri culture methods in the region, highlighting indigenous rearing techniques, food plant selection, larvae management etc. Observations revealed that traditional practices were consistent across the Bhubaneswar region, emphasizing the need for adopting scientific methods. Implementing tray/platform rearing, precise feeding techniques, strategic food plant selection during different larval stages, well-designed rearing rooms and advanced spinning methods can optimize space usage, ensure disease-free larvae, promote uniform cocoon production, increase the effective rate of rearing and silk production. The disparities in shell percentage between cocoons at the farmer level and the farm level in the Bhubaneswar zone are indicative of varying practices and care in sericulture. Farmer-level cocoons exhibit a lower shell ratio ranging from 9.17% to 9.82%, implying inadequate care and nutrition provided to growing silkworms. This discrepancy suggests that these farmers might face challenges in maintaining suitable conditions such as proper temperature, humidity and nutrition, leading to inferior cocoon quality. Conversely, at the farm level, the shell ratio ranges from 10.14% to 10.71%, indicating that farmers in this category are comparatively more adept at silk rearing practices. They provide better nutrition, suitable temperature, humidity and other necessary facilities, resulting in higher-quality cocoons. The superior environment and care provided at the farm level are reflected in the Effective Rate of Rearing (ERR%) consistently above 40%, reaching a maximum of 50.85%. This signifies that farm-level cocoons have better attributes such as cocoon weight, shell thickness and filament size compared to those reared by individual farmers, where ERR% ranged from 31% to 42%. The integration of modern techniques not only enhances production potential but also creates employment opportunities for rural youth. This approach fosters better income generation, surpassing the limitations of traditional methods and paving the way for a thriving sericulture industry.

Effect of professional schooling to foster the tribal economy of Mundari people group in north 24 Parganas, West Bengal

Effect of professional schooling to foster the tribal economy of Mundari people group in north 24 Parganas, West Bengal

Does Expanding Tribal Jurisdiction Improve Tribal Economies: Lessons from Arizona

Does Expanding Tribal Jurisdiction Improve Tribal Economies: Lessons from Arizona

Capital formation through Technology Integrated Approaches for Tribal Communities: A Pragmatic Analysis

The present study is part of an evaluation report of the Scheduled Tribe Component (STC) implemented in the Jharkhand area. Under this project, more than 6000 tribal families were covered under the capacity building and skill development programs with forward and backward linkages during 2021-22. A preliminary survey revealed the footprints of technology dissemination among the tribal households, affordability of inputs, and infrastructural development for value addition in the oilseed sector in general and rapeseed mustard in particular. Productivity of rapeseed mustard improved in Ranchi (4.17%) and Gumla (2.63%) districts over the state of Jharkhand (1.29%) during the period of 20010-11 to 2019-20. Based upon the existing yield gaps and growth rates coupled with the synergy of apiculture, capital formation forecasting reflects the huge potential in the tribal economy of the country and would be an effective strategy to improve the vulnerability indices in aspirational areas.

Role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the Livelihood in Sahariya Tribal Economy of Shivpuri district Madhya Pradesh, India

This study examined the role of NTFPs in tribal economy of Shivpuri district Madhya Pradesh, India. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select sample Saharia Tribal, local villagers and households for field survey. Data were collected through structured interviews and non-participant observations and commercialization of NTFPs are the main drivers for socioeconomic development, poverty reduction and livelihood security of the tribes in the area. In the presented study, mainly how non-timber forest products are obtained by Sahariya tribals under Shivpuri district and what things they get from the forest. The product found in the forests are able to improve their economic condition and livelihood by selling it in the local market. Many major products are obtained from forests by the tribal peoples found in and around Chatori Kala village under Shivpuri district, such as Mainly Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaf which is used for making beedis Industry, Imli (Tamarindus indica) is used for making wine Industry, Mahua (Madhuca indica) flowers is used in the beverage industry. Kher (Acacia catechu) is used in the Kaththa Industries and Bamboo (Bambusa indica) is used in the building material, apart from this brooms, baskets, fans as well as other product used in the house are also made from bamboo and Palash (Butea monosperma) which is found in dominant species in Shivpuri district, is used for preparing puja and havan material and its roots are used in making rope and leaves are used in Dona Pattal industry. For many years, some indigenous tribal people have been living within the forest and fully depending on the forest products for livelihood. Since it has become a protected area, there is banned on the collection of NTFPs. Forest department forcefully displaced some tribal people outside the forest, but still many tribal people are living within the forest and depending on the forest for their livelihood. This study has made an attempt to examine the Socio-economic role of NTFPs in the livelihood of Saharia tribal people in the Chitorikala village area of Shivpuri District in Madhya Pradesh. The study found that almost all tribal people in the study villages collect NTFPs illegally and sold in local markets. The NTFPs contribute highest income shares to total household income. As there is no restriction on the collection of leaves, Stem, Seed, Root, Fruit, wood etc. They earned highest income by selling various leaves but they walk 05 to 10 km and spend whole day to collect leaves, Root and Tuber and other products. As the livelihoods of the tribal people of these villages depend on NTFPs, the study suggests that there must have markets and proper price for these products. Government should provide some financial benefits to self-help groups allow people to set up paper plate or cup factory to avoid traders’ dominance.

ANALISIS PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN PEREKONOMIAN SUKU ANAK DALAM

This study aims to determine the government’s role in improving the economy of the Orang Rimba, the obstacles encountered in fulfilling the Suku Anak Dalam, and the reasons why the Orang Rimba are still isolated from life in general. This study uses qualitative research. Explain the reality of the events under study. This makes it easier for the writer to obtain data in understanding the analysis of the government’s role in improving the economy of the tribal children in. From the results of this study it can be concluded: 1. The role of the government in improving the economy of the tribal children in, namely: assistance from the government, business capital, coaching. 2. Obstacles faced by the government in improving the internal tribal economy, namely: the absence of focused organization, constraints in conducting outreach, constraints in data collection. 3. The causes of the inner tribe of children who are still isolated from outside life, namely: still following the beliefs of their ancestors, and still following the old culture and rejecting new cultures from the outside.

Struggling for Life and Livelihood: Tribal Household’s Economic Activities in the Rarh Region of West Bengal, India

Studies on economic activity at the household level to understand the tribal economy today that are based on primary data are limited. This article’s aim is to look into the household economic activities of tribal people in West Bengal’s Rarh region. Most of the source materials were collected from primary surveys. A single base map was compiled and made from a secondary source. By means of a well-structured questionnaire, the primary information is collected. Totally, 150 households located in four regions were surveyed. Around 28 villages and a total of 17 Community Development (CD) blocks have been included in 150 tribal household sample surveys. The size of the landholding (large, medium and small) has been addressed during respondent selection. A stratified purposive random sampling procedure is adopted to achieve the goals and objectives of the research. The study reveals that in regions with high degrees of livelihood resources, household economic activity is strong overall and gradually deteriorates towards regions with very low levels of livelihood resources. Distance migration is a common event in areas with little or no resources for a living. Increasing infrastructure is essential to increasing both farm and non-farm income sources. To help impoverished families diversify their sources of income, agricultural and forest-based industrial units should be promoted, and required skill development initiatives should be put in place.

Indigenous Peoples and the Justice40 Screening Tool: Lessons from EJSCREEN

The Biden-Harris administration has focused considerably on environmental justice (EJ), including the Justice40 Initiative and renewed White House Council on Native American Affairs. This work has included financial investments in Tribal economies, prioritizing Tribal health care, and major Tribal infrastructure investments as part of current passed bills and active proposed legislation. The Justice40 Initiative aims at delivering at least 40% of the benefits of federal investments in climate and energy to disadvantaged communities, including many Tribes. The recent White House Tribal Nations Summit Progress Report discusses Justice40 and its potential benefits related to climate, energy, transportation, housing, pollution, and infrastructure. The report leaves open the question of how Tribes will benefit from Justice40. Currently, the White House Council on Environmental Quality is developing a new Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool for identifying disadvantaged communities who qualify for Justice40 investments. Executive Order 14008 references how this new screening tool should be based on lessons learned from EJSCREEN. For Tribes, however, EJSCREEN does not adequately represent infrastructure and other EJ needs relevant to the goals outlined in Justice40. In this article, we will discuss issues with EJSCREEN that must be addressed in the forthcoming screening tool that was released in prototype form for public comment on February 18, 2022. Major gaps in EJSCREEN include ones in data regarding mining, energy extraction, cultural landscapes, meaningful spatial boundaries, and qualitative data in general, as well as the fundamental issue of engaging with Tribes. These concerns must be addressed if Tribes are to be accurately represented by the tool such that they may fully benefit from Justice40 investments. However, there may be ethics and sovereignty issues that will make some data unavailable at the national scale, or shortages in the United States and Tribal capacity to coordinate the formation of data sets.

An Intertribal Business Court

Few Indian reservations have any semblance of a private sector. Consequently, poverty and unemployment are major problems in much of Indian country. While there are many reasons why private enterprise is scarce in Indian country, one of the foremost reasons is businesses do not trust tribal courts. Businesses' distrust of tribal courts is not unique as outsiders often fear bias in foreign tribunals. Similarly, businesses are often concerned about a court's capacity to adjudicate complex disputes. Federal diversity jurisdiction was developed to allay fear of bias, and many states have developed business courts to address questions about court capacity. Tribes can overcome these issues by creating an intertribal business court (IBC). Tribes will be free to sculpt the IBC as they see fit. However, the IBC's intertribal nature will help reduce fears of bias, and an IBC's focus on business disputes will answer doubts about court capacity. An IBC will also make tribal law more accessible, further increasing confidence in this new tribunal. As businesses gain greater confidence in tribal legal institutions through the IBC, they will be more likely to operate in Indian country. Accordingly, the IBC could help to transform tribal economies.

Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products in tribal Economy of Manipur A Study of 15 villages of Thadou-Kuki tribe

The study examines the forms of forest management and the importance of NTFPs among the Thadou-Kuki tribes of Manipur. A village-level household census survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted in fifteen villages of Thadou-Kuki tribes scattered in three districts – Senapati, Churachandpur, and Chandel of Manipur where this tribe settles in large numbers. The study finds that the traditional form of forest protection among the Thadou-Kuki tribes is losing its steam in the face of population pressure and limited livelihood opportunities. The study finds that among the NTFPs, firewood is the main NTFP extracted in terms of livelihood and income, while other edible NTFPs like medicinal plants, vegetables, ferns, mushrooms, fruits, etc. are gathered solely for self-consumption. Overexploitation of forest for firewood by the villages is hurting the growth of other important NTFPs which has a high market value. With limited income from grain-based agriculture and negligible cash income from forest resources, some villages are resorting to illegal poppy cultivation which has high returns. The study also observes the emergence of new forms of forest land management which serve the immediate needs of chiefs and villagers without considering its sustainability.

Review of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) of Arunachal Pradesh

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) constitute an important segment of the economy in terms of their contribution to generating employment opportunities, industrial production, creation of an entrepreneurship base, and maintaining an appreciable growth rate. The MSME sector has often been termed the engine of growth for developing economies. In Arunachal Pradesh MSME sector has a huge contribution to the economy in terms of providing employment opportunities, promoting equitable economic growth, decreasing regional disparities, and enhancing export potential. Arunachal Pradesh is a tribal economy, and the contribution of MSME to the economy is quite remarkable. This paper evaluates the current scenario of the MSME sector of Arunachal Pradesh and also attempts to focus on the increase in registered MSMEs in the past five-year period. The study is a review that was conducted with the help of secondary data retrieved from MSME Annual Reports, other government reports, newspapers, and research papers.

Role of Circular Economy, Industry 4.0 and Supply Chain Management for Tribal Economy: A Systematic Review

The linkage of Circular Economy (CE) with Industry 4.0 (Ind 4.0) can help in tapping the hidden creativity and innovation in Supply Chain Management (SCM) through an intersection of the natural and digital world. The authors have attempted to establish a connection between CE, Ind 4.0 and SCM in context of tribal economy. In this paper a systematic literature review (SLR) of 47 research articles using the PRISMA protocol and VOSviewer Software has been done. The SLR is based on peer-reviewed articles which were extracted from the Web of Science Database between 2015 and 2022. The VOSviewer software helped the authors in identifying three key themes: (i) Integration/Interoperability between Ind 4.0, Circular Economy Model and Supply Chain Management to achieve Sustainability; (ii) Challenges & Emerging Opportunities for Tribal economy and (iii) Relationship between Ind 4.0, Supply Chain Management & Circular Economy. Furthermore, the paper proposes a conceptual framework in the form of ‘Barriers, Mitigation Strategies & Opportunities’ associated with the integration of CE and Ind 4.0. This study would help in acknowledging the role of integrated systems (CE, Ind 4.0 and SCM) which may help in improving the current tribal working culture.

The Impacts of Drought on Southwest Tribal Economies

AbstractDrought negatively impacts agricultural productivity, often causing reduced crop yields and damage to pasture and rangelands. Droughts are particularly concerning for Native American reservations in the arid United States Southwest, as agricultural production on the reservations provides an important economic base. This study evaluates the impacts of drought on the cattle and hay sectors and resulting economic impacts on tribal communities in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Panel data analysis is used to estimate the impacts of drought, assessed using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), on reservation cattle inventory and hay yields. Then, the supply‐driven social accounting matrix approach is used to quantify the total economic impacts on tribal economies given hypothetical drought scenarios. Results show that drought impacts cattle production more than hay/forage production. Each additional year of drought reduces cattle inventory by 1.9% in the following year. Furthermore, for every unit decrease in PDSI each year, cattle inventory and hay yields decline by 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively. The drought scenarios examined result in hefty economic losses for large reservation areas such as the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, Navajo Nation, and Tohono O'odham Nation. To alleviate the negative impacts of drought on reservation economies, hurdles that limit tribal ability to mitigate and adapt to drought and climate change impacts should be addressed.

The tribal economy in particular to Zeliangrong as well as the tribal economy in India

In olden days, all the tribes in particular to tribal in India; in this small paper I would highlight only the role culture and religion ancient and modern Christianity in perspective of the Rongmei people.

THE ROLE OF WEEKLY MARKET AMONG THE PAUDIBHUYANS OF KEONJHAR DISTRICT ODISHA

The present article is on the role of weekly market among the Paudi Bhuyans of Keonjhar district of Odisha. The need to exchange goods and services is the fundamental function of any society. The exchange of services and goods can be traced from prehistoric times. The market plays the most essential role to sustain the community growth and functionality. The market not only provides the exchange of essential commodities but also an opportunity to produce various artistic manifestations which are marketable and unique to the community. The present study focuses on the organisational pattern of the weekly markets where all the shops were studied to understand the items sold, to understand the market operations which were done to exchange the goods or services, to understand the impact of weekly markets on the tribal economy and the effects of products that were being sold in the market. On the basis of this study, certain measures or approaches like government intervention, proper management of the products under sale or being put on sale, will help in an effective and efficient marketing system in the tribal areas.

Displacement and Tribal Livelihood in Mining Areas of Keonjhar District in Odisha

Land is not only a tangible asset but is the mainstay of most of the rural folks as they are dependent on agriculture and allied activities. The tribal economy is also primarily agro-based and they have emotional attachment to land. But, with the opening of the tribal areas, the tribal land is being alienated to the non-tribals. Consequently, a large number of tribal cultivators have been rendered landless labourers. Decrease in the number of cultivators and increase in the number of landless labourers indicates the disturbing trend of land alienation. Shifting cultivation as the earliest form of agriculture continues to be predominantly practiced by the tribals. Though it has its own merits and demerits, it has become a way of life with them. The Constitution of India provides certain provisions to protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes, which will also be discussed in this unit. The present study reveals the overall scenario of tribal belt with mining affected areas in Keonjhar district of Odisha and its present livelihoods in the displacement process due to land alienation.

Phenological Characteristics of Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Fruits at Chotanagpur plateau region

Chironji, Char or Achar (Buchanania lanzan Spreng; family Anacardiaceae) is an important non – wood tree species found in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India. In central India, it is a common associate of teak, sal and mixed forests. It is a small to moderate sized tree, generally attaining a height up to 18 m and girth 1.5 m. The bark is dark gray or black, regularly divided into small rectangular plates, somewhat resembling a crocodile hide and reddish inside. Chironji is a multipurpose tree and very important plant for rural and tribal economy. It is used for environmental conservation and in Agro-forestry/Agro-horticulture system. It is used as a fuel, fodder (especially for buffaloes), alternative host for Kusmi lac insect, and also used in cosmetic items and soaps. Its wood is very cheap compared to other timbers. The wood is used in making boxes and cheap furniture. It is also suitable for match industry. Its bark contains about 13.4% of tannin. Its gum is soluble in water that exudes from the wounds in the stem and it is used in textile business (Tewari, 1995). Seeds/kernel are nutritional, palatable and used as a substitute of almonds in confectionery. Flowers appear from January to March and their colour is greenish-white. Fruits ripen in the months of May–June (Troup, 1986). The fruit collection starts from mid April and ends by mid June, but its harvesting is generally finished in 15–20 days only. The harvesting period may vary with the purpose of fruit collection in different agro-climatic zones. Early harvesting result into low fruit/seed setting and poor seed germination. In forests, its natural regeneration is very scanty due to unscientific and pre-mature harvesting of its seeds and site degradation on account of growing biotic pressure.

Does Expanding Tribal Jurisdiction Improve Tribal Economies: Lessons from Arizona

Does Expanding Tribal Jurisdiction Improve Tribal Economies: Lessons from Arizona

Cultural and educational releases of salmon in areas blocked by major hydroelectric projects on the Columbia River

Abstract Salmon are revered by Pacific Northwest Tribes as a central figure in their cultural and spiritual identity and have been a critical food resource for millennia. Historic commercial overfishing and hydropower development on the Columbia River have devastated salmon runs and altered tribal communities. Before European settlement of North America, most Pacific Northwest Tribal economies were based on obtaining salmon for food and bartering for other commodities. Despite extensive efforts to promote salmon recovery in downstream areas, most salmon populations continue to struggle throughout the Columbia River Basin. Over 1,800 km of historical salmon habitat remain inaccessible upstream of Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee dams due to lack of fish passage at these facilities. The Indian Tribes of the upper Columbia Basin are working collectively on salmon reintroduction efforts through both a long-term scientific phased approach and near-term cultural and educational releases. This paper will briefly outline the Phased approach and provide detail on the initial results of some recent cultural and educational releases of salmon in the blocked area. The cultural and educational releases had a goal of reconnecting the people with the salmon and the salmon with historic habitats. These salmon release events were diverse and included school children releasing juvenile fish they raised in the classroom, releasing adult salmon to swim free and reproduce, and tribal members harvesting salmon from their ancestral waters. Ceremonies were held to celebrate the significance of salmon to the tribal cultures and the salmon's return home. In addition to the ceremonies, some fish were tagged to evaluate survival and behavior and to begin to document the effectiveness of trap and haul efforts. The effort resulted in anadromous salmon reintroduction to their traditional waters for the first time in 60 to 110 years. These efforts have generated tremendous interest from the press and given the people of the region a glimpse at what is possible, building momentum for the larger Phased reintroduction effort.