Triangulation Method Research Articles

Understanding the role of the Colombian news media in a peace process during crisis times: The 2015 escalation of the conflict

This article contributes to the understanding of the role of the media in peace processes. By applying Wolfsfeld’s politics–media–politics model, the author assesses the role that the Colombian media played at the moment of the worst escalation of the conflict – in 2015 – during the peace negotiation (2012–2016) between the Colombian government and FARC. He does this by drawing upon a triangulation of methods that combines Structural Topic Modelling on 17,688 news articles, thematic analysis (n = 146), and interviews (n = 26) with politicians and journalists. Findings show that the Colombian media considerably amplified the escalation of the conflict and provided a pessimistic narrative with regard to the future of the negotiations. Importantly, the news media embraced an elite-driven approach to report on the events: they tended to deem only FARC accountable for the loss of trust around the negotiations during the crisis (although the government also committed violent attacks). This shows that the news media sided with the government’s communication strategy which aimed to make FARC politically accountable for the crisis. In the end, the crisis reached a positive outcome: an agreement to de-escalate the conflict was reached after the government publicly threatened FARC to end the negotiations in its first public interview. Considering these findings, this article argues that the news media intervened by amplifying the crisis, worsening the political atmosphere of the negotiations and pressuring both delegations to come to an agreement to change the approach of negotiating amidst the conflict.

Fixed-focus laser triangulation simultaneously measures the morphology and color of object

Abstract Simultaneously measuring the surface morphology and color of a sample is crucial for full-color 3D printing and digitization of cultural artifacts. However, traditional methods are susceptible to the variations in the measurement angle and illumination condition, making it difficult to balance the color fidelity and spatial accuracy. Here, we propose a laser triangulation method that is implemented with a fixed focus, dark-field illumination, and data-driven spectral classification. With a fixed focus, this method measures the height of surface by analyzing the shape of reflected light spot. The dark-field illumination diminishes the background contributed by the specular reflection of white light, enabling an accurate spectral measurement. The data-driven spectral classification algorithm establishes color dataset for each sample, and ensures a precise color recognition through Principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classification. In our experiment, this method achieved an axial resolution of 5.1μm. The color classification accuracy was as high as 99.79% on ColorChecker cards and 96.03% on Pantone color match cards. Two samples were reconstructed and evaluated to validate this method, the Mean
Absolute Error (MAE) of the morphology measurements did not exceed 25μm, and the color difference (CIE2000) does not exceed 1.0, confirming its ability to accurately measure the surface morphology and color simultaneously.surface morphology and color simultaneously.

The case of Pete Buttigieg

Abstract The research focuses on the construction of gay identity in political speech, with particular attention to Pete Buttigieg, the first openly gay US presidential candidate. During Buttigieg’s 2020 Presidential campaign, his sexuality received significant attention and sparked controversial reactions. This study employs the combination of Corpus Linguistics (CL) and Discourse Analysis as a fruitful approach for analyzing the formation of identity through language. By combining CL with qualitative inquiries, the study highlights the benefits of triangulation and cross-fertilization of methods that are typically used in isolation. The focus corpus, utilized for identifying keywords and major thematic groups, consists of excerpts from Buttigieg’s political speeches and interviews. Furthermore, the study employs Co-cultural theory to examine the communicative strategies used by Buttigieg in his LGBTQ+-specific political discourses. Buttigieg’s strategies include Emphasizing Commonalities, Mirroring, Communicating Self, Dispelling Stereotypes, Dissociating, and Increasing Visibility, each representing different approaches to identity construction through language. In addition to shedding light on the unique aspects of gay identity construction in political discourse, this research contributes to a better understanding of the electorate’s dissatisfaction with Buttigieg’s campaign, especially among non-heteronormative individuals.

Advokasi Dinas Lingkungan Hidup untuk Meningkatkan Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di Kota Padang

This research explains the environmental agency's advocacy to increase community participation in waste management in Padang City as well as the factors inhibiting the environmental agency's advocacy to increase community participation in waste management in Padang City. This study uses a qualitative descriptive methodology. Observations, interviews and documentation studies were used to collect data. Participants selected using purposive sampling included employees from the Padang City Environmental Service, Waste Bank Managers, and the community. To ensure the validity of this research data, source triangulation and method triangulation methods were used, and interactive models were used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the environmental department has not done much to encourage people to become more involved in waste management in Padang City. Implementation of environmental policy advocacy to increase community participation in waste management aims to build awareness, change behavior and create policies that support effective waste management. Implementation of environmental policy advocacy uses various strategies, including educational outreach, formation of waste banks, collaboration with stakeholders, use of social media and mass media. The inhibiting factors for advocacy in increasing community participation in waste management in Padang City are lack of public awareness and knowledge, limited infrastructure and facilities, limited budget.

Management of Principal Leadership in Improving Teacher Performance to Optimize the Quality of Education at Tenggarong Elementary School

An effective school principal must possess good leadership skills to create a conducive learning environment, develop teacher competencies, and ensure that the learning process runs smoothly. This study aims to describe the planning, organizing, implementation, and supervision carried out by the principal in improving teacher performance to maximize the quality of education at Muhammadiyah 1 Elementary School in Tenggarong. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection techniques include observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, with data validity checks through source and method triangulation. The results indicate that at the planning stage, Muhammadiyah 1 emphasizes strengthening religious values and utilizing technology in learning; at the organizing stage, a deliberative approach is used with support from Muhammadiyah institutions; at the implementation stage, the focus is on religious activities and the use of technology to create a dynamic and interactive learning environment; and at the supervision stage, it is conducted through structured evaluations, classroom observations, and regular evaluation meetings. By implementing the results of this research, it is hoped that a better and more competitive educational environment can be created, capable of producing a higher quality generation.

Assessment on the Implementation of Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (RA9485): The Case of LGU-City of Mati

This paper engaged a detailed study on the implementation of Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 (RA 9485) in the City Government of Mati, Davao Oriental. Quantitative research design was used in this study. Tri-angulation method composed of survey questionnaire, key informant’s interview and observation were employed to gather data from the 77 frontline employees and 250 customers who were identified through stratified and simple random sampling. Survey questionnaire was adapted and subjected to reli-ability test called Cronbach Alpha. Descriptive statistics was used to measure the extent of implementa-tion in the five areas. Findings show that the extent of ARTA implementation in the City Government of Mati in the areas of: compliance to ARTA provisions, frontline service delivery, service quality, physical working condition and over-all satisfaction, generated different results from the assessment of employ-ees and customers. Employee-respondents were consistently at Very High rating while customers-respondents on High rating only. Further, problems identified both employees and customers respond-ents were the lack of knowledge of some customers on ARTA implementation, strict and non-accommodating frontline employees, lengthy processing time, incomplete requirements submitted by the customers, limited office space, and customers easily get frustrated when they do not finish their transac-tion. Moreover, all parameters were given suggested interventions for efficient delivery of services.

UPAYA GURU MENGEMBANGKAN BUDAYA LITERASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI KELAS AWAL SDN 12 ANGGREK

This study aims to describe: (1) Teachers' efforts in developing a culture of literacy, (2) Supporting and inhibiting factors of a culture of literacy. This study uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques used, namely interviews, observations, and document studies. The data analysis process is carried out using data collection, data condensation. Data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Testing the validity of the data using triangulation of methods and sources. The results of this study include: (1) Teachers' efforts in developing a culture of literacy that is applied include the creation of a supportive literacy environment, such as attaching pictures and texts in the classroom, and providing literacy facilities such as reading corners and libraries that make it easier for students to access reading., (2) Supporting and inhibiting factors of a culture of literacy, literacy facilities and an environment that supports a culture of reading. The active involvement of teachers in literacy activities, both before and after learning, also strengthens these efforts. However, the main challenges faced are student laziness and lack of parental support in supporting literacy activities at home. In addition, students tend to prefer digital information.

EFEKTIVITAS INDUSTRI EMAS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN UMKM (STUDI NASABAH UMKM DI PEGADAIAN NGAWI)

This research aims to analyze the impact of gold investment at Pegadaian on the income of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Ngawi area, East Java and identify what factors influence MSMEs in utilizing gold investment services at Pegadaian Ngawi, as well as what efforts can be made. carried out to increase the participation of MSMEs in gold investment. Data was collected through interviews, observations, documentation and observation. Data analysis is carried out using data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. Data validity methods use theoretical triangulation, data source triangulation, method triangulation, time triangulation and inter-researcher triangulation. The research results show that PT. Pegadaian (Persero) in Ngawi Regency, East Java, has had a positive impact on MSMEs through gold pawning services, which facilitate access to capital and support local economic growth. Apart from that, Pegadaian also increases financial literacy through education, helping MSMEs understand gold investment. However, MSME participation is still limited due to low financial awareness and accessibility. To overcome this, it is necessary to carry out intensive education, increase access to technology, and transparency in the investment process. This step is expected to make Pegadaian an agent of change for economic growth and financial independence of MSMEs in Ngawi.

The Effect of Loose Part-Based Steam Learning on Improving Fine Motor Skills in Children Aged 5-6 Years

In the current era, science and technology (IPTEK) is growing and developing. In facing the 21st century, humans must have 4C skills. Developing the 4C skills can be done through a learning process that contains STEAM based on Loose Parts. However, the reality is that there are still early childhood education institutions that apply classical learning, so they are considered less than optimal in providing stimulation of 4C skills for children from an early age. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview in the form of a description of the implementation of STEAM learning based on the Loose Part. For children aged 5-6 years at Pembina Wotu State Kindergarten. This study uses quantitative research. The data collection technique consists of observation, interviews, and documentation. The data validity technique uses data source triangulation and method triangulation. Data analysis techniques consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this study show that the implementation of Loose Part-based STEAM learning for children aged 5-6 years at Pembina Wotu State Kindergarten is well organized.

Investigating the Interpersonal Intelligence of Social Science Educators using a Phenomenological Methodology in Primary Education

Interpersonal intelligence is an important component in the teaching profession that enables them to understand and build effective relationships with students. This study aims to explore the interpersonal intelligence of social education teachers in primary schools in the Manggarai region, which has unique social and cultural characteristics. This study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and classroom observations of twelve social education teachers who have a minimum of five years of teaching experience. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic approach and triangulation of methods to ensure the validity of the findings. The findings show that teachers have a diverse understanding of interpersonal intelligence, which is mostly formed through teaching experience. Teachers successfully implement various learning strategies that integrate local wisdom values, but also face challenges such as limited time and resources. This research confirms the importance of interpersonal intelligence in improving the effectiveness of social education learning in primary schools. The results of this study provide a basis for developing strategies to improve teachers' interpersonal competencies as well as education policies that are more responsive to local needs in Manggarai.

The ecology of heritage language maintenance in the Polish community in Galicia: an ecolinguistic study

ABSTRACT Despite the popularity of Spain as a migration destination for Poles, research on heritage language (HL) maintenance in the Polish diaspora in this country remains scarce. This study explores motives and methods for maintaining Polish in multilingual families in Galicia, Spain, where at least one parent speaks Polish as their first language. Adopting an ecological perspective, we examine the linguistic environment, including Galicia's language policy where Spanish and Galician are official languages, and family-related influences. The study focuses on the holistic socialisation of children in their HL, emphasising the role of the Polish community and institutions. A qualitative triangulation method gathers data from focus groups, individual interviews, and ethnographic investigations, analysed through Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the circumstances under study. Findings reveal that children’s acquisition of Polish depends on various factors, including parental efforts to motivate and create meaningful interactions. This can be achieved by longer visits to Poland and building true bonds with extended family and Polish friends. Attendance at community schools significantly supports this process, especially in the case of children before puberty, highlighting the importance of recognising such organisations as powerful stakeholders in heritage language maintenance.

Social Practices of Literacy and Numeracy Through Culturally Responsif Teaching (CRT) Approach in Sociology Learning

Purpose of Study: This study aims to identify social practices of literacy and numeracy using the CRT approach in Sociology learning. Methodology: This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a phenomenology type. The data source consists of focus group discussion (FGD) results, observation, and document analysis. FGD involves sociology teachers in Soloraya, with the purposive sampling technique used to select informants. Observation was carried out directly by observing the sociology learning process in the class. Document analysis includes teaching modules, sociology learning gain, student worksheets, and other learning sets. Data validity was tested using source and method triangulation. Data analysis was done using Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis, encompassing four stages: bracketing, intuiting, analyzing, and describing. Main Findings: The result of the research shows that teachers get a support system from government regulation, the Merdeka Mengajar platform, the learning community, the supervisor, and the subject teacher working group. Each of the parties plays a role that supports CRT-based literacy and numeracy learning. The learning activity can be identified in three things. Firstly, teachers hold the authority to accustom the students to using numeric data in the context of local culture. Secondly, teachers integrate numeric data from local cultures to make learning more relevant and contextual. Thirdly, teachers create an inclusive learning environment by accommodating numeric data in the context of local culture. Novelty/Originality of Study: By applying CRT, sociology teachers teach literacy and numeracy skills and help students see the relevance of these skills in understanding and participating in social change.

A maturity framework for cash and voucher assistance in humanitarian supply chains

ABSTRACT Cash and voucher assistance (CVA) has grown substantially as an important alternative to in-kind aid in global humanitarian efforts, yet a notable gap remains in addressing CVA efficiency and establishing a framework for evaluating the maturity of CVA programmes. This paper proposes a CVA maturity framework as a structured approach to supporting humanitarian organisations (HOs) in assessing their maturity for implementing CVA programmes. Serving as a guide and measurement tool, this paper employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporates triangulation and inductive methods to establish key dimensions and measures. To ensure its practical applicability, the framework was validated with a survey of international HO professionals. The proposed framework delineates maturity stages (initial, structured and optimised) that represent varying levels of CVA delivery capability and enabling context. This manuscript’s unique contribution lies in its tailored maturity framework for CVA programmes in humanitarian supply chains.

Tantangan dan Peluang Pengimplementasian Kurikulum Merdeka di SD/MI Sumatera Selatan

This study aims to analyze the implementation process of the Merdeka Curriculum in MI/SD in South Sumatra. Several issues arise during the implementation process, including teacher readiness, limited training, inadequate infrastructure, and community understanding. This research is a qualitative study with a field approach, employing data collection techniques such as interviews, observations, and documentation. The informants in this study consist of 25 individuals, including educators, school principals, and students. The process of data processing and analysis is conducted in three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Data validity is ensured through triangulation methods, which include source, technique, and time triangulation. Based on the results and discussion, the curriculum provides opportunities to enhance learning through a flexible, student-centered approach and the development of character and 21st-century skills. Several schools in South Sumatra have implemented project-based learning, differentiated instruction, and technology to create active and innovative learning environments. Despite the challenges, the Merdeka Curriculum has a positive impact on improving the quality of education and preparing a creative and independent younger generation

Look both ways before crossing: Using a triangulation of art-based methods to transform student – staff relationships as it relates to school climate

By engaging in an art(s)-based action research case study, youth from a Montréal school considered student-staff relationships as they relate to school climate. Three arts-based data collection methods (timeline, relational map, and photovoice) were used to gain awareness on how relationships with staff constituted the primary determinant of student behavior, student engagement, and a robust school climate. Positive relationships were found to be facilitated by staff who authentically engage with students’ lives outside the classroom, demonstrate equity and discretion in classroom management practices, and allow for redemption following rule infractions or conflicts. With the goal of enacting sustainable change in the school environment, participants collaborated in drafting a Call to Action addressed to the school’s administration, advocating for the creation of a student council as a space to voice their positions, build better communication with staff, and foster a healthy school climate. The paper thus illustrates how art(s) based action-research can contribute to transforming school environments.

Feedback-corrected laser micromachining based on in-situ depth monitoring using laser triangulation.

Conventional laser micromachining technologies rely on trial-and-error optimization to obtain precise surface geometry. In this study, we present a laser micromachining setup that enables the preparation of the desired surface geometry without the need for parameter exploration. The setup consists of a laser scanning system, a coaxial imaging system, a paraxial laser line projector, and a three-axis stage. The coaxial imaging system serves not only for positioning but also for in-situ depth monitoring via the laser triangulation method. After each processing, the ablation depth is measured to adjust the parameters for subsequent steps. Thus, feedback-corrected laser micromachining was achieved and can be used for rigorous applications.

The Impact of Watching English Cartoons on Preschoolers’ Language Acquisition and Behavioural Development in Dhaka

Being a critical development period, childhood shapes behaviors and language skills through interaction and observation. These days, the majority of the children spend a notable amount of time watching and enjoying English cartoons in Dhaka City. Watching cartoons has a significant impact on children in the development of their attitudes, actions, and skills. This study investigates the effects of watching English cartoons on preschoolers in Dhaka City. The study uses a triangulation method with a diverse sampling of 40 participants—20 preschoolers and 20 parents—combining questionnaires, semi-structured interviews of parents and children, and observation. To ensure the diversity of the sampling, we adopted convenience sampling and selected respondents from Dhaka City- North and South. The findings show that the impacts of watching English cartoons are both beneficial and concerning; children display impressive linguistic growth in English, particularly in applying lexis and understanding even complex contexts. On the other hand, exposure to violent content raises concerns about hazardous behavior and its imitation. We argue that it is important for parents to maintain national identity, cultural sensitivity, and awareness while letting children watch English cartoons. Parental monitoring is also necessary to select content that is in accordance with morals, educational activities, and critical thinking and to improve preschoolers’ education quality. We urge researchers to conduct further studies on the area to dive deeper into the facts.

Indonesian Language Learning Based on Ecological Literacy in Improving Students Language Skills

Purpose of the study: This study investigates the integration of a contextual learning model based on ecological literacy in Indonesian language learning within vocational high schools. The aim is to enhance students' language skills and foster their active participation in learning Indonesian through contextual and relevant experiences. Methodology: The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, analyzing classroom learning processes. Data sources include speech, actions, and supporting documents collected during the research. Purposive sampling was used to select teachers and students from class X of Vocational High Schools 1 Sawit Boyolali as participants. Research instruments consisted of observation records, interview lists, and documentation. Method triangulation was applied to ensure validity, incorporating observations, interviews, and analysis of classroom learning processes. Data were analyzed descriptively to present detailed findings and draw conclusions. Main Findings: The findings reveal significant improvements in students’ language skills through ecological literacy-based Indonesian learning. The contextual learning model aligns with students’ vocational expertise, enabling them to engage deeply with language in practical and meaningful contexts. This approach not only enhances reading and comprehension skills but also builds students' confidence in expressing ideas verbally and in writing. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study introduces a novel approach by integrating ecological literacy into Indonesian language education, addressing linguistic and environmental awareness. It provides new insights into how contextual learning tailored to students’ vocational fields can enrich language skills, bridging academic content with real-world applications. This research offers a valuable model for innovative and interdisciplinary education.

Konstruksi Pengetahuan Siswa SD Tentang Gerhana Melalui Integrasi Sains dan Kearifan Lokal : Studi Kasus Bancakan Gerhono di Desa Boja Kecamatan Tersono Kabupaten Batang

This study aims to construct elementary school students understanding of the eclipse phenomenon through the integration of science and local wisdom. This case study explores the use of the Bancakan Gerhono tradition as a learning method to improve students conceptual understanding of the eclipse, as well as how this approach can strengthen culture based learning. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The subjects of the study consisted of 6th grade elementary school students and science teachers at SDN Boja 01. Data validity techniques were carried out through triangulation of sources, methods, researchers, and theories. Data were analyzed using an interactive model from Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) which includes the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The results of the study showed that the integration of the Bancakan Gerhono tradition in science learning significantly improved students understanding of eclipses. Students were able to relate scientific concepts to their cultural context, making learning more meaningful and relevant. The acceptance of the integration of local wisdom in learning was very positive, both from students and teachers. This approach was also proven to be effective in increasing student engagement and strengthening their conceptual understanding. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrating local wisdom into the science curriculum to create holistic and contextual learning. this study also recommends further development regarding the application of local tradition sin various disciplines in elementary school.

Nuanced Archival Triangulation (NAT)

This article presents an innovative method for researching quotidian photography, particularly Real Photo Postcards (RPPC), by combining performance studies and archival sciences with oral narrative. The Nuanced Archival Triangulation (NAT) method culminates evidence from public records, newspapers, and local and non-traditional archival repositories with living family stories, resulting in a more nuanced approach to understanding people featured in visual archives. The NAT method extends and adapts Hulme’s methodology for researching textual archives of queer defendants in the United Kingdom in the early 20th century while also including Pennavaria’s genealogical methods that involve the family in historical research. The NAT methodology is comprised of four steps. Step one begins with examining traditional genealogical records of the person studied from the RPPC via Ancestry.com. Next, newspaper archives are accessed to uncover information about the individual’s social life to contextualize the biographical information found in step one. Then, guerilla research is used to locate non-traditional, undigitized evidence related to the studied person. And finally, that person’s family is contacted to solicit personal artifacts and family stories that illuminate the person’s lived story to share agency with the living relatives of the primary RPPC subject. This paper employs the NAT method in a case study centering on an RPPC of Dale Smith and Alvin Ruddick, two Navy sailors who served in WWII. By locating relevant biographical evidence, speculation about the subjects' sexual identities is investigated in the RPPC. This paper concludes by discussing how the NAT methodology can amplify marginalized communities' visual archives.