Triangulation Model Research Articles

Extraction of Wall Cracks on Earthquake-Damaged Buildings Based on TLS Point Clouds

Earthquakes often induce collapse or cause extreme damage to large areas of buildings. One of the most important requirements for earthquake emergency operations is staying up-to-date on the extent of structural damage in earthquake-stricken areas. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology can directly obtain the coordinates of mass points while maintaining a high measurement accuracy, thereby providing the means to directly extract quantitative information from surface cracks on damaged buildings. In this paper, we present a framework for extracting wall cracks from high-density TLS point clouds. We first differentiate wall points from nonwall points using the TLS data. Then, a planar triangulation modeling method is used to construct a triangular irregular network (TIN) dataset, after which a raster surface is generated using an inverse distance weighting point cloud rasterization method based on the crack width. Then, cracks are extracted based on their shape features. We extract six sets of wall cracks from a damaged building wall in Beichuan County as an example of employing the above-mentioned method; the damage was caused by the Wenchuan earthquake. Quantitative calculations reveal that the extraction accuracy of the proposed method is greater than 91% and that the rate of leakage detection is less than 10%. In addition, the main limiting factor of the extraction accuracy is the crack width, that is, a wider crack will result in a higher extraction accuracy. In addition, the crack connectivity and leakage rate are negatively correlated, that is, a higher connectivity corresponds to a lower rate of missed extractions.

Pengaruh Sikap Religiusitas terhadap Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) Masyarakat Kelurahan Dusun Curup Kabupaten Rejang Lebong

This study aims to determine the influence of religious attitudes toward PHBS community at RejangLebong district. This research is field research, with approach of mixed methods, concurrent triangulation model. The results showed that the attitude of religiosity has a contribution of 83.80% to the community PHBS Dusun Curup. The attitude of the religiosity of society has an influence on the clean behavior of them, as the religious ritual dimension brings influence to the behavior of using clean water in everyday life. Then the dimension of religious consequences in the community in bringing influence on community behavior in combating mosquito larvae. The influence of the attitude of religiosity on the Psychic / Mental health of society is to make people obedient to the leadership who gave command that is Allah SWT. Coachingpeople have a high legislature in carrying out the duty that is given to them. Making people have an optimistic attitude in facing the future. Reassuring people's souls. Encouraging the community face the problems of life with a patient and steadfast heart.Educating people to be sportive and gentleman to admit their mistakes and sin. Avoiding people from doing despicable and evil. While the influence of medical health, has not brought significant influence as there are still many people who smoke, smoking habit has been evenly done by the fathers, not only fathers, but also the youth who are still in school and have not had a job.

Understanding Natural Approach for Teaching Productive Skills

This study is appointed to report the English teacher’s understanding of teaching productive skills through Neuro-Linguistics Programming. Neuro-Linguistics Programming as one of the approach in teaching English as a foreign language, with focusing on the brain anatomy, and it can stimulate student’s creative thinking, language uses, and motivation. Productive skills are need to be fostered by the students in learning English as a foreign language, because writing, and speaking are the most essential language skills. This research is uses qualitative descriptive method, with triangulation model in doing validity and reliability data. There are some steps applied in this research; Planning, observation, interviews, giving questionnaire, and the last is data analysis. The researcher focuses on the English lecturers who have taught English more than 2 years as subjects of the research. 7 questions in close - ended answer (yes/no answer) are given and 5 questions in short answer interview are implemented to gain the data regarding to lecturer’s understanding in NLP concept for teaching productive skills. 23 English Lecturers both male and female are to be the subjects of the research. From the data analysis, the result shows that almost of English lecturers know the NLP approach in teaching language, and they always give brain storming as a part of NLP concepts.

The Influence of Village Fund Towards Achievement of Society’s Welfare at Wukirsari Village, Yogyakarta

This paper aims to investigate the management of village fund in Wukirsari village and second, to analyze the influence of village fund towards the achievement of welfare of society in this village based on Mashlahah concept. The method used mixed method with Concurrent Triangulation model by combining equally between qualitative and quantitative method. The collecting data uses interview and questionnaire. the conclusion are; first, the management of village fund is established on annually program of development, while the implementation is managed by a teamwork of village development consists of government and society. All of development activities are completely controlled by the Head of Village and the Monitoring team. Second, the analysis shown that village fund has a positive influence toward welfare. The result of t test that analyzed by simple regression analysis concluded the value of village fund coefficient is 10,739 and t table is 1,661. It shows that tarithmetic > ttable (10,739 > 1,661). Coefficient determination value shows the result of adjusted R Square is 0.538 means that village fund variable (X) has 53,8% significance influence towards Mashlahah of society.

Analysis of data trust through an intelligent–transparent–trust triangulation model

AbstractComputing sensor systems are involved in making vital decisions based on sensed data. Thus, the data need to be trustworthy. We have made a novel attempt to analyse the trustworthiness of computing sensor systems outcomes by modelling trust as an association triangle between intelligence, transparency, and trust. Intelligence represents the computing algorithm, which makes the vital decisions, and transparency represents completeness by explicitly specifying the decision‐making process. We propose a triangulation model as a framework for assessing the trust, and we have selected 2 trust factors analogous to transparency and intelligence: the deviation of malfunctioning sensor data from its neighbours and the deviation from its own history. We have derived a set of relationships between the trust factors and their outcomes, and we have associated them with the proposed triangulation model. We also have formulated the generation of a trust subspace as an optimization problem with an objective function to maximize the trust. We have employed Tabu Search combined with Simulated Annealing to search for the best possible weighted combinations of trust factors. We have projected the experimental results onto a 3‐coordinate equilateral triangle to validate the decision analysis by displaying a definite trust or untrustworthiness of data.

A map‐algebra‐based method for automatic change detection and spatial data updating across multiple scales

AbstractThe availability of geospatial data has increased significantly over recent decades. As a result, the question of how to update spatial data across different scales has become an attractive topic. One promising strategy is to use an updated larger‐scale dataset as a reference for detecting and updating changed objects represented in a to‐be‐updated smaller‐scale dataset. For such an update method, an understanding of the different types of changes that can occur is crucial. Using polygonal building data as an example, this study examines the various possible changes from different perspectives, such as the reasons for their occurrence, the forms in which they manifest, and their effects on output. Then, we apply map algebra theory to establish a cartographic model for updating polygonal building data. Supported by concepts of map algebra, an update procedure involving change detection, filtering, and fusion is implemented through a series of set operations. In addition to traditional polygon overlay functions, the constrained Delaunay triangulation model and knowledge of map generalization procedures are employed to construct set operations. The proposed method has been validated through tests using real‐world data. The experimental results show that our method is effective for updating 1:10k map data using 1:2k map data.

Public Participation Planning of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Regulations: Analysis of Inconsistency for Some Cases in Indonesia

The failure in community involvement during the environmental documents planning may result in the failure of the planned project implementation. This study aims to determine the gap between practices and regulations that apply to the process of community involvement in the environmental documents planning, and find out inconsistency of implementation on each stakeholder in the planning of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the environmental permit. The method used was qualitative through interview and literature study which is analyzed using triangulation model and presented in the form of concept map. The results of the study indicate that 1) the determination of community representatives based on the criteria of the impacted communities is not clearly described, 3) suggestions, opinions, and responses to the environmental impact management are not well implemented by the project proponent, 3) implementation of the environmental management of other licensed activities affecting the behavior (4) stakeholders (project proponent, EIA consultants, and EIA appraisal committee) do not play their role as mandated in applicable legislation.

Visual evaluation of the possibility of rational product orientation in layered building at additive technologies installation

The developed subsystem of visual evaluation of triangulation models is presented. It is included in the system of technological planning of complex products manufacturing by additive technologies. This computer system allows to evaluate workability of industrial product and analyse the effectiveness of its production using additive technologies. It is proposed to perform an analysis of triangulated model of a complex product by colour visualizing of its representation on triangulated model of sphere and setting the colour scale of the correspondence to investigated characteristic of faces. The condition for mapping onto the sphere is the determination of inclination angles of faces vectors of the triangulation product model in the spherical coordinate system into the values range of a certain triangular face of the sphere model. Examples of workability evaluation based on analysis of spherical reflected of the original 3D model of product are considered. The proposed approach can significantly increase information capacity level in design development and visually determine possibility of rational product orientation in working space of layer-by-layer installation.

Finsler Geometry Modeling of an Orientation-Asymmetric Surface Model for Membranes

In this paper, a triangulated surface model is studied in the context of Finsler geometry (FG) modeling. This FG model is an extended version of a recently reported model for two-component membranes, and it is asymmetric under surface inversion. We show that the definition of the model is independent of how the Finsler length of a bond is defined. This leads us to understand that the canonical (or Euclidean) surface model is obtained from the FG model such that it is uniquely determined as a trivial model from the viewpoint of well definedness.

Assessing the implications of the recent community opening policy on the street centrality in China: A GIS-based method and case study

Recently, the Chinese government raised an urban planning policy which suggests communities open their private roads for public transport and establish street networks with high spatial density in cities. In this context, the purpose of this study is to analyze the potential changes to street network accessibility using GIS techniques and to provide spatial information that may influence the decision making of urban managers. In addition to the existing street network data in the case study city, Shenzhen, intra-community roads are extracted from building footprints in GIS topographic database and used to construct a potential street network with respect to the community opening policy. An automatic GIS-based method is proposed here to analyze the location advantage information in the simulated urban environment, by combining Delaunay triangulation model and graph theory concepts. Specifically, we establish a two-step framework based on the spatial relationships between roads and buildings. Firstly, intra-community roads between neighboring building footprints are generated using a Delaunay triangulation skeleton model, and with the existing inter-community roads they form the simulated network. Secondly, street centrality indices of the current and simulated networks are compared in terms of closeness, betweenness and straightness. Results indicate that after applying the policy the global accessibility in the city would be increased at some places and decreased at others, and places' directness among others would be generally improved. In addition, the skeleton of central routes for through traffic would not change much. The presented method can also be applied to other cities.

Algorithm of combined reduction based on scattered point cloud

In recent years, the 3D laser scanning technology has been becoming a development hot spot in the survey. Due to the lack of monotonic point cloud data compression method, the paper proposes to use the combination algorithm to streamline point cloud data. Curvature is one of the important geometric features of 3D surface. The point cloud data can be reduced through the curvature of the surface, which means that the point cloud data feature can be better reserved. If the amount of point cloud data is very large, curving surface fitting is slower and it consumes more time. Space distance compression algorithm is simple, and the compression is faster, but it is not very good to retain the features. This paper combined the two algorithms together. Firstly, it uses the minimum distance method to reduce the amount of the point cloud data. Then, based on the space bounding box method, the k-nearest neighbors point cloud data are established. After that, the point cloud is fitted to the quadratic surface in the neighborhood, and the average curvature is calculated. After setting the angle threshold, the point cloud data are reduced based on adjacent normal angle values and threshold. Next, through comparing reconstructed triangulation network and modeling with the original model, it demonstrates that the new method of the compression effect is ideal.

Continuous Scale Transformations of Linear Features Using Simulated Annealing-Based Morphing

This paper presents a new method for use in performing continuous scale transformations of linear features using Simulated Annealing-Based Morphing (SABM). This study addresses two key problems in the continuous generalization of linear features by morphing, specifically the detection of characteristic points and correspondence matching. First, an algorithm that performs robust detection of characteristic points is developed that is based on the Constrained Delaunay Triangulation (CDT) model. Then, an optimal problem is defined and solved to associate the characteristic points between a coarser representation and a finer representation. The algorithm decomposes the input shapes into several pairs of corresponding segments and uses the simulated annealing algorithm to find the optimal matching. Simple straight-line trajectories are used to define the movements between corresponding points. The experimental results show that the SABM method can be used for continuous generalization and generates smooth, natural and visually pleasing linear features with gradient effects. In contrast to linear interpolation, the SABM method uses the simulated annealing technique to optimize the correspondence between characteristic points. Moreover, it avoids interior distortions within intermediate shapes and preserves the geographical characteristics of the input shapes.

J-shaped stress-strain diagram of collagen fibers: Frame tension of triangulated surfaces with fixed boundaries.

We present Monte Carlo data of the stress-strain diagrams obtained using two different triangulated surface models. The first is the canonical surface model of Helfrich and Polyakov (HP), and the second is a Finsler geometry (FG) model. The shape of the experimentally observed stress-strain diagram is called J-shaped. Indeed, the diagram has a plateau for the small strain region and becomes linear in the relatively large strain region. Because of this highly nonlinear behavior, the J-shaped diagram is far beyond the scope of the ordinary theory of elasticity. Therefore, the mechanism behind the J-shaped diagram still remains to be clarified, although it is commonly believed that the collagen degrees of freedom play an essential role. We find that the FG modeling technique provides a coarse-grained picture for the interaction between the collagen and the bulk material. The role of the directional degrees of freedom of collagen molecules or fibers can be understood in the context of FG modeling. We also discuss the reason for why the J-shaped diagram cannot (can) be explained by the HP (FG) model.

Orientation Asymmetric Surface Model for Membranes: Finsler Geometry Modeling

We study triangulated surface models with nontrivial surface metrices for membranes. The surface model is defined by a mapping r from a two-dimensional parameter space M to the three-dimensional Euclidean space R 3 . The metric variable g a b , which is always fixed to the Euclidean metric δ a b , can be extended to a more general non-Euclidean metric on M in the continuous model. The problem we focus on in this paper is whether such an extension is well defined or not in the discrete model. We find that a discrete surface model with a nontrivial metric becomes well defined if it is treated in the context of Finsler geometry (FG) modeling, where triangle edge length in M depends on the direction. It is also shown that the discrete FG model is orientation asymmetric on invertible surfaces in general, and for this reason, the FG model has a potential advantage for describing real physical membranes, which are expected to have some asymmetries for orientation-changing transformations.

Feature recognition from mesh models

In this paper, we propose a methodology for manufacturing feature recognition from a segmented triangulated mesh model. Proposed methodology has two phases, segment preprocessing and feature recognition. Input to the algorithm is triangulated mesh model which is simplified by segmenting the mesh model into high level regions approximated by a simple primitive such as planes, sphere and cylinders. In segment preprocessing phase, we gather adjacency information related to each identified primitive. For each feature to be identified, feature rules are defined using geometric properties of approximated primitives. Finally, feature recognition phase checks if any of the connected set of primitives satisfy the feature rules and highlights the recognised feature. At present, feature recognition is restricted only to simple features composed of plane primitives such as pocket, step, slot and cylindrical primitive such as holes. Given a segmented mesh model as an input, the algorithm automatically recognises different manufacturing features present in model. This extracted features information then can be used for downstream CAD/CAM application such as process planning, cost estimation and generating feature tree.

Feature recognition from mesh models

In this paper, we propose a methodology for manufacturing feature recognition from a segmented triangulated mesh model. Proposed methodology has two phases, segment preprocessing and feature recognition. Input to the algorithm is triangulated mesh model which is simplified by segmenting the mesh model into high level regions approximated by a simple primitive such as planes, sphere and cylinders. In segment preprocessing phase, we gather adjacency information related to each identified primitive. For each feature to be identified, feature rules are defined using geometric properties of approximated primitives. Finally, feature recognition phase checks if any of the connected set of primitives satisfy the feature rules and highlights the recognised feature. At present, feature recognition is restricted only to simple features composed of plane primitives such as pocket, step, slot and cylindrical primitive such as holes. Given a segmented mesh model as an input, the algorithm automatically recognises different manufacturing features present in model. This extracted features information then can be used for downstream CAD/CAM application such as process planning, cost estimation and generating feature tree.

Monitoring of Deformation Processes in Buildings and Structures in Metropolises

The work deals with the issues of safe construction and operation of buildings in metropolises. One way to do that is to control deformation processes during construction of a new object near the existing buildings. Normative methods are focused only on the measurement of displacement of deformation control benchmarks put on the protected object. Emphasis is made on the necessity of performing geodetic observations over deformations of the earth's surface. There are results of numerical simulation of soil deformation near the pits. A method of observation with implementation of different technological tacheometry schemes was developed. Second method was used for monitoring of high-rise buildings. The concept of “high-rise building” was given an explanation. Monitoring was performed by means of laser-scanning technology. Observation methodology implies comparison of location of flat elements of the triangulation model of the object in space at each measurement cycle. There are examples provided.

MENGELOLA TINGKAT LIKUIDITAS DAN RENTABILITAS PERUSAHAAN MELALUI IMPLEMENTASI EFEKTIVITAS CASH BUDGET

This study aimed to determine the management of liquidity and profitability of the company through the implementation of effective use of the cash budget. The design of this study used a qualitative approach with the company’s financial manager informant with the help of an open questionnaire to obtain a cash budget implementation and the documentation data in the form of the company’s financial statement. The validity test of the data used triangulation model. The results showed that managing the effective level of liquidity and profitability of the company was based on effective drafting and implementing for the cash budget of companies at first. After the cash budget was prepared, the situation of liquidity and profitability of the company became better. The limitation of this study only examined in one company and to be suggested for future researchers to look at more than one company.

KEBIJAKAN PENDIDIKAN GRATIS BAGI MASYARAKAT KOTA BLITAR (Studi Implementasi Program Rintisan Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun Berdasarkan Peraturan Walikota Blitar Nomor: 8 Tahun 2015)

This research was done relation with the emergency of the problem about effort for poverty reduction understaken by governments who often considered lacking et maximal, because had a negative impact which make work lazy cultural and drape their life on the aid given by the government. The relation to that, so government of Blitar City has set a way to solve these problems by apply stub “Policy Free Education for The Civil Society at Blitar City through Program Rintisan Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun”. This research carrying to answer over (1) How is the implementation of program rintisan wajib belajar 12 tahun” at Blitar City, (2) How is the performance implementation, and (3) What is the dynamics that appear in the process of the implementation. This research used mixed methods approach with the use model of concurrent triangulation. The data collection techniques by interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaire. Based on the research results can be obtained that in the program implementation have been good enough, that was reviewed of some aspect: initiation taken by the mayor to development human resources through program rintisan wajib belajar 12 tahun”. Support a sufficient budget resources. The results of the implementation of seen from scoring output indicators are program of them: free education reached all students at public schools and private schools. Free education considered beneficial for less well of students and not influential for capable students. The support factor: implementing officials who prioritize education above other sectors. While factors that hampers: the weakness regulation “Program Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun” resulting tug diversion of authority to manage a high school education, the lack of role from parents in terms of children education, the lack of socialization from sides of school about free schooling program. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/pjiap.v1i2.441

Development of a Large-Format UAS Imaging System With the Construction of a One Sensor Geometry From a Multicamera Array

For the purpose of large-area topographic mapping, this study proposes an imaging system based on a multicamera array unmanned aerial system (UAS) comprised of five small-format digital cameras with a total field of view of 127°. The five digital cameras are aligned in a row along the across-track direction with overlap between two neighboring cameras. The suggested system has higher data acquisition efficiency than the single-camera UAS imaging system. For topographic mapping purposes, we develop a modified projective transformation method to stitch all five raw images into one sensor geometry. In this method, the transformation coefficients are obtained by on-the-job multicamera self-calibration, including interior and relative orientations. During the stitching process, two systematic errors are detected and corrected. In the end, a large-format digital image can be produced for each trigger event independently. The photogrammetric collinearity condition is evaluated using several external accuracy assessments, such as conventional aerial triangulation, stereoplotting, and digital surface model generation procedures. From the accuracy assessment results, we conclude that the presented raw image stitching method can be used to construct a one sensor geometry from a multicamera array and is feasible for 3-D mapping applications.