Triangular Type Research Articles

Finite element analysis based verification of shape estimation performance according to displacement conditions and module types of FBG bending sensor

This study proposes a novel, versatile sensor application solution suitable for various environments by verifying the shape estimation performance of three different module types of an FBG bending sensor based on finite element analysis. FBG bending sensors, including the individual attachment type, triangular stacking type, and band type, were attached to the structure. Subsequently, two simple plane displacement and one complex 3D displacement were applied to the structure to derive the strain for nine cases through finite element analysis. The shape estimation performance was then verified through a simulation based on the previously derived strain. As a result of verifying the shape estimation performance, it was confirmed that all three module types had high performance under simple plane displacement condition, whereas individual attachment types had better performance under complex 3D displacement condition. However, it’s important to note that the triangular stacking type and band type, with their small spacing between FBGs, have been developed to overcome the limited attachment conditions of the individual attachment type and to streamline the manufacturing process of the FBG bending sensors. Therefore, it is possible to select the FBG bending sensor according to the installation conditions of the structure to be applied and the required sensor performance by comprehensively considering the performance verification results of this study and the characteristics of the module types.

Falx cerebelli and its associated occipital venous sinus: an anatomical study.

This study presents the morphological variation of falx cerebelli, which helps to identify the possible variations in the presence of the occipital sinus in the posterior margin of the fold whose damage during midline incision of posterior cranial fossa surgeries may lead to internal hemorrhage. The study was conducted on 48 cranial cavities exploring the falx cerebelli. Variations in the number of folds, its proximal and distal attachments, and the drainage pattern of the occipital sinus were evaluated by histological processing of the upper 1/3rd section of the falx fold. The variation in the number of folds recorded are single folds in 87.5%, double folded in 8.3%, and multiple folds (five and seven folded) in 4.2% of the cases. The variation in the proximal and distal attachments in single falx folds showed three combinations: Ramified triangular in 66.7%, both ramified type in 12.5%, and both triangular type in 8.3% of the cases. Double and multiple folds showed ramified and triangular types of variation in their attachments. Histological findings showed the presence of occipital venous sinuses in most of the single falx fold. Two aberrant venous sinuses were seen in a double and five-folded falx cerebelli. This study records the variations in the morphology of falx cerebelli. The histological data of this study sheds light on the drainage pattern of venous sinuses in the area whose negligence during midline incisions of brain surgeries may increase the possibility of hemorrhage.

Preliminary Evaluation of The Performance of Micro Combine Harvesters in Rice Farming

Rice is the most widely used staple food, especially in Asia, accounting for about 90% of the world's rice production. In Malaysia, the cultivated area is as much as 730,016 hectares, and the show was about 3.3 million metric tons throughout the country in 2016. Currently, big combine harvesters are used in Malaysia to harvest rice, allowing for quicker harvesting. However, harvesting with a big combine harvester is impossible in areas with soft soil. As a result, employing a micro combine harvester is one of the options for harvesting in areas with soft soil problems. This study aims to evaluate the performance of a micro combine rice harvester. Performance evaluations were conducted at the MARDI Seberang Perai, Penang research plot. The pedestrian-type micro combines harvester with a triangular rubber crawler type was used in this study. The working width of the machine is 1 meter. The rate of harvesting losses is also evaluated as part of the study. The performance test results of the micro combine harvester show that the farm's efficiency is about 70 percent, with a work rate of 0.10 ha/hour. By keeping the harvester's speed at 1.5 km/h, this micro combine harvester's potential work rate is 0.15 hectares per hour. The losses during the harvesting operation were calculated to be 2.2 per cent. The study's results show that using micro combine harvesters can assist in carrying out rice harvesting work in areas where soft soil issues make it challenging to use the standard large combine harvesters. Farmers that grow rice on a small scale also benefit from using this micro combine harvester. The small percentage of losses demonstrated the effectiveness of this micro combine harvester.

Improvement of beam quality of high-power edge-emitting lasers using inhomogeneous waveguides

Inhomogeneous waveguides with corrugations have the potential to increase the fundamental mode brightness of edge-emitting lasers as compared to straight waveguides. The corrugations partly suppress the high-order lateral modes of the lasers. The impact of the shape and size of rectangular and triangular types of corrugations on the lasing performance is compared for the first time, and an optimized design is presented. This concept of introducing corrugations is investigated for conventional edge-emitting lasers, as well as high-brightness vertical broad-area edge-emitting (HiBBEE) lasers. The corrugated HiBBEE lasers provide an almost two times larger brightness than the reference lasers.

Collaborative Counseling to Build a Social Construct to Overcome Alcoholic Addiction

Alcohol consumption by teenagers is influenced by environmental factors. To overcome alcohol addiction among teenagers, a social construction needs to be built. So efforts are needed to overcome alcohol addiction, namely through collaborative counseling. In Collaborative Counseling the relationships and conversations create something different bringing together the collection, application, innovation and expansion of ideas involving working professionals from various disciplines, contexts and cultures, by detailing what they actually do every day for individuals, couples, families and groups . This research uses a Mixed Method with the Triangular Design type, namely collecting quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously. Quantitative research was conducted to answer the first research question, how addicted the sample was to alcohol during the research. By using Time-series Design with a simple interrupted Time Series approach with a sample size of 8 people. The qualitative research used in this research is a phenomenological approach, namely research that answers what certain phenomena are about. This research will also be used to interpret meaning in context. From the results obtained in this research, it was found that Collaborative Counseling was successful in eliminating addiction in the research sample.

Exploring the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular lingula in dry mandibles of South African population

BackgroundThe lingula of the mandible is a small tongue-shaped bony prominence that partially overlaps the mandibular foramen. It has variable shapes among different populations which impacts its significance as a bony landmark in maxillofacial and oral surgeries. This study aimed to explore the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the mandibular lingula in dry mandibles of a South African population, to provide more knowledge on its structural variations, and location for surgeons involved with maxillofacial and oral surgeries. MethodologyThe study utilized 45 (n = 90 sides) dry human mandibles. The shapes were classified into five types, as per the classification scheme proposed by Tuli et al. (2000) and Varma and Sameer (2013). Three morphometric parameters were utilized to determine the location of the lingula. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsThe most common type of the lingula was the truncated type 36/90 (40%), followed by the triangular type 23/90 (25.56%) and, nodular type 22/90 (24.44%). The mean height (mean ± SD) of the lingula was 7.57 ± 1.56 mm. The mean distance from the lingula to the anterior border of the mandibular ramus was 20.05 ± 3.25 mm while the mean distance from the lingula tip to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible was 16.58 ± 2.26 mm. The mean distance was 15.81 ± 2.15 mm from the lingula to the mandibular notch. ConclusionThe present study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the structural variation of the lingula which is important for precise location of the mandibular foramen and related structures, especially when performing any maxillofacial surgical procedures within a South African population group.

A magnesium screw with optimized geometry exhibits improved corrosion resistance and favors bone fracture healing

Stress-induced corrosion impairs the mechanical integrity of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys as potential orthopedic implants. Although there has been extensive work reporting the effects of stress on Mg corrosion in vitro, the geometric design principles of the Mg-based orthopedic devices still remain largely unknown. In this work, a numerical simulation model mimicking fractured bone fixation and surgical animal models were applied to investigate the effects of the geometric design of Mg screws on the stress distribution and the stress-induced degradation behavior. Finite element (FE) analysis was used for calculation of stress concentrations around the Mg screws, with different thread type, thread pitch, and thread width. Afterward, the Mg screws of the pre-optimization and post-optimization groups exhibiting the highest and lowest stress concentrations, respectively, were implanted in the fractured distal femora and back subcutaneous tissue of rabbits. Encouragingly, there was a significant difference between the pre-optimization and the post-optimization groups in the degradation rate of the stressed screw parts located around the fracture line. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the degradation rate of the non-stressed screw parts. Consistently, the Mg screw post-optimization exhibited a significantly lower degradation rate than that pre-optimization in the back subcutaneous implantation model, which generated stress in the whole screw body. The alteration in geometric design did not affect the corrosion rate of the Mg screws in an immersion test without load applied. Importantly, an accelerated new bone formation with less fibrous encapsulation around the screws was observed in the Mg group post-optimization relative to the Mg group pre-optimization and the poly (lactic acid) group. Geometry optimization may be a promising strategy to reduce stress-induced corrosion in Mg-based orthopedic devices. Statement of significanceStress concentrations influence corrosion characteristics of magnesium (Mg)-based implants. The geometric design parameters, including thread type, thread pitch, and thread width of the Mg screws, were optimized through finite element analysis to reduce stress concentrations in a fractured model. The Mg screws with triangular thread type, 2.25 mm pitch, and 0.3 mm thread width, exhibiting the lowest maximum von Mises stress, showed a significant decrease in the volume loss relative to the Mg screws pre-optimization. Compared with the Mg screw pre-optimization and the poly(lactic acid) screw, the Mg screw post-optimization favored new bone formation while inhibiting fibrous encapsulation. Collectively, optimization in the geometric design is a promising approach to reduce stress-induced corrosion in Mg-based implants.

Determining the safety margin of mandibular lingula in sagittal split ramus osteotomy.

The anatomical position of the lingula is clinically very important to prevent injuries during sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Our study aims to evaluate the localisation of the lingula by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to compare the localisation of the lingula between malocclusion, gender, and lingula types. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the shape and location of the lingula using CBCT. A total of 250 CBCT images were included in this study. The lingula was classified as nodular, assimilated, truncated, or triangular type. Six defined distances from the top of the lingula were measured: anterior border of the ramus (L-A), posterior border of the ramus (L-P), internal oblique ridge (L-IOR), mandibular notch (L-N), and distal surface of the mandibular second molar (L-M2) and occlusal plane (L-OP). The measured distances were compared between gender, malocclusion, and lingula types. The most common type of lingula was nodular (32.4%). The L-N, L-P, L-M2, and L-OP distances between genders were statistically higher in male patients than in female patients. The L-IOR, L-M2, and L-OP distances exhibited statistically significant differences found between malocclusions. No statistically significant difference was found when the distances of the lingula to the anatomical points were compared between the lingula types. These variations in positioning of the lingula depending on the dysmorphoses are developing towards a systematic 3D examination before any mandibular osteotomy to precisely visualize the position and shape of the lingula.

Proposal of a Framework for Evaluating the Importance of Production and Maintenance Integration Supported by the Use of Ordinal Linguistic Fuzzy Modeling

Over the years, the integration of Production Management and Maintenance Management has gained significant attention from the scientific community due to its benefits for the company. When searching through the states of the art and practice, it is possible to understand that one of the main challenges for the integration is the lack of systematic, methodological, and scientific approaches and evaluation systems that lead companies into a successful implementation and a clear understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of the process. This paper introduces an original framework that conducts the processes of evaluation, weighting, and aggregation of set of novel indicators proposed by the authors. The main output of the proposal is an integral index that allows us to qualify, in a linguistic domain, the importance of the Production and Maintenance Management integration. At the same time, the proposed framework includes a methodology to evaluate the consensus of the experts, based on the use of linguistic terms with a membership function of the triangular type, which attempts to overcome some deficiencies of previous models identified by the authors in a detailed and complex analysis of the scientific literature. The proposed framework is applied in a plant of the Cuban mechanical industry. The results of this application are clearly presented and discussed, allowing us to verify and validate the proposal while also contributing to its ease of understanding and ultimately to the successful integration of the production and maintenance tasks in the given company.

The impact of flap design on swelling, trismus, and pain after the lower third molar surgery: Buccal triangular flap vs. envelope flap

Background/Aim. Swelling, trismus, and pain (STP) are the most common complications that occur after the surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars (LTM). Buccal triangular and envelope flaps are the two most commonly used mucoperiosteal flaps in LTM surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the possible impact of these two types of flaps on the occurrence and intensity of postoperative STP after the surgical extraction of impacted LTMs. Methods. The study included 30 adult patients of both genders, with fully impacted LTMs in vertical position according to Winter classification and class I or II, and position A or B, according to Pell and Gregory classification. All patients were randomly divided into two groups depending on the type of the applied mucoperiosteal flap (triangular or envelope type). The degree of edema, interincisal distance (trismus), and the level of pain were evaluated preoperatively and at each follow-up (on the first, second, and seventh day postoperatively). Results. No statistically significant difference was found among the examined groups in terms of STP reduction in the postoperative period (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion. The choice of mucoperiosteal flap design, buccal triangular or envelope, during the surgical extraction of impacted LTMs has no impact on the intensity of postoperative STP.

On the structure of irreducible Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $ D $

A class of algebras $ D(m, d, \xi) $ introduced by &lt;sup&gt;[&lt;span class="xref"&gt;&lt;a href="#b22" ref-type="bibr"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; were not pointed and generated by the coradical of $ D(m, d, \xi) $. Let $ D $ be the quotient of $ D(m, d, \xi) $ module the principle ideal $ (g^m-1) $. First, we describe all simple left modules of $ D $. Then, according to Radford's method, we construct the Yetter-Drinfeld module over $ D $ by the tensor product of a simple module of $ D $ and $ D $ itself. Hence, we find some simple left Yetter-Drinfeld modules over $ D $, and the relevant braidings are of a triangular type.

Obsidian lithic technology: Chaîne opératoire and symbolic meaning in the Northern Hualfín Valley (Northwest Argentina) during the Late Inka period

The main objective of this research is to analyse the lithic technology applied to obsidian, a raw material popular amongst pre-Columbian populations from Northwestern Argentina (NWA) because of its social and symbolic value. The analysed assemblage comes from the archaeological site of Villavil 2 (VV2), located in the Hualfín Valley (Catamarca, Argentina) and distant ca. 100 - 200 kms from the nearest sources of this raw material. VV2 was discovered in 2015 by one of the authors and shows a particular presence of rock art which had not previously been registered in this area. The site was associated to the Late and Inka Period (ca. 10th - 16th centuries CE). So far, we suggest that this was a place of temporal, but periodical use that best fits with what we would call a ceremonial space.&#x0D; The assemblage comprises the totality of obsidian elements collected from both superficial and stratigraphic contexts. It was divided into three typological classes: tools (projectile points), flakes with natural sharp edges (FNSE) and waste products (WP). We did not identify the presence of cores. The analysis considered the following variables: knapping methods and techniques, size, amount of cortex, flake type and edge types.&#x0D; At VV2, points are the only retouched tools made of obsidian. They correspond to the triangular unstemmed concave-based type, very common during the Late-Inka Periods, and they were shaped using the perimetral bifacial pressure technique, possibly from flake blanks. FNSEs’ size is small, and they present scarce cortex. On the other hand, the abundance of very small-sized WPs is remarkable. They were found in the same stratigraphic context and attest a complete finish of the points (edge retouch).&#x0D; The results let us infer that the point-shaping tasks were carried out in situ. Moreover, the implemented technology involved both major production efforts and skills, that contrast with those involved in local raw material knapping. It is possible that this curated strategy was not related to the difficulty of accessing this allochthonous material. Instead, these choices could reflect social and symbolic meanings. According to linguistic and ethnohistoric information, the obsidian brightness and transparency are propitiatory to win the favour of the w'akas. Furthermore, in NWA the obsidian long-distance exchange is an ancient pre-Columbian tradition that lasted for a long time. Obtaining obsidian could display the ability of a social group to access distant resources and legitimize their political status. Nevertheless, we cannot forget that this raw material also was very important for making different artefacts for subsistence activities.

The effect of triangular shutter type flow deflector perforated baffle plate on the thermofluid performance of a heat exchanger

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate the heat transfer (HT) properties of a tubular heat exchanger (HX) by using innovative baffle plate arrangements. The newly designed baffle plate was circular with triangular openings and adjustable triangular flow deflectors. These deflectors were strategically placed at the inlet of the HX to create a swirling flow downstream. Three baffle plates were installed along the flow direction with different length‐to‐diameter ratios (pitch ratios) to assess their impact on HT, pressure drop, and thermal enhancement factor. The study compared these results with a smooth channel under varying Reynolds numbers (16,500–29,500). The findings revealed that both the pitch ratio (0.6–1.2) and the inclination angle of the deflectors (30⁰–50⁰) significantly affected the HX's performance. Notably, the baffle plate with a deflector inclination angle of 30° and a pitch ratio of 1 showed a remarkable average improvement of 36.5% compared to other angles and ratios.

Exploring the role of canopy triangular units in analysing canopy effects on saplings

On the distribution and growth of saplings, canopy structure has a considerable influence. However, traditional canopy metrics are inadequate in irregular stands due to their inability to consider the heterogeneous horizontal and vertical distributions of canopy structure. To surmount this inherent limitation and achieve an advanced comprehension of the three-dimensional attributes characterizing the canopy, we introduce the innovative framework of canopy triangular units. This conceptual framework encapsulates a comprehensive array of multifaceted information, encompassing intricate forest layer intricacies such as tree height differentials, intricate competitive attributes exemplified by disparities in diameter at breast height and crown width, alongside precise geospatial location information. In this study, we formulated geometrically organized triangular networks based on precise tree coordinates, subsequently delineating ten distinct triangular unit categories predicated upon diameter at breast height measurements: DT (3,0,0), DT (2,1,0), DT (2,0,1), DT (1,2,0), DT (1,1,1), DT (1,0,2), DT (0,3,0), DT (0,2,1), DT (0,1,2), and DT (0,0,3). The values enclosed within parentheses represent the quantities of large trees, medium trees, and small trees contained within each respective triangular unit type. Our analytical framework commenced with an in-depth evaluation of the differences in quantities and areas across these diverse triangular unit types. Subsequent to this, these identified triangular unit categories underwent systematic classification into three distinct groups, thereby enabling meticulous investigation into variations within the spatial dispersion of sapling populations. Furthermore, a comprehensive suite of seven triangular unit variables encapsulating the multifaceted three-dimensional attributes of the canopy was established. This enabled a comprehensive investigation into their nuanced relationships with the growth patterns of saplings. Analyzing the triangular unit types in the three sample plots, a clear pattern emerged: maximum occurrences of DT (0,1,2) units alongside minimal DT (3,0,0) occurrences. Moreover, saplings show a clear preference for triangular unit types with low abundance of large trees. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive link between the individual basal area increment of saplings and relevant parameters - opening area, triangular perimeter, and triangular area. As a practical implication, during the replanting of saplings, the selective choice of triangular units with fewer large trees can be prioritized to support their growth and development. To optimize sapling growth, selective tree cutting may be deemed necessary to create new triangular units and expand the opening area. These findings emphasize the significance of accounting for the framework of canopy triangular units in the development of management strategies aimed at improving both sapling quantity and growth.

Heat Transfer Augmentation in Fin and Tube Heat Exchanger Embedded with Vortex Generators

The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally turbulent flow around tube by using multi–shapes of winglet vortex generators mounted behind the tube at different angles of attack, in order to investigate the effect of winglet on heat transfer and pressure drop of fin and tube heat exchanger placed inside a rectangular duct with Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from (19000) to (49000). Fin-and-tube heat exchangers are frequently employed in a variety of industries, including power systems and air conditioning. The heating element inside the tube receives a power source ranging from (10W) to (40W). In these studies, vortex generators of the triangular and rectangular types are installed at various angles of attack (45° and 60°) on the fin surface behind the tube. The findings demonstrate that depending on the form and angle of attack of the winglets, utilizing winglet pairs has an impact on the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor relative to other designs. With increasing angle of attack, the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient rise. The optimal design for improving heat transfer is the rectangular type vortex generator, whereas the triangular type produces the least amount of heat transfer. The rectangular style of duct has the greatest pressure drop. For rectangular and triangular heat exchangers, respectively, the average Nusselt number is increased by 19% and 12%. The average Nusselt number of a fin and tube heat exchanger is increased by (16.7-17.8%) % for the rectangular type and by (9.3-10.6%) % for the triangular type at an angle of attack (β=60°) compared to (without winglet) case for Reynolds number ranging between (19000-49000), where the triangle type gives the least amount of heat transfer compared to other shapes.

Use of Simple Skull Radiographs in Orbital Correlations in Nigeria

Introduction: Anthropometric measurements have been carried out in many studies to segregate people into races, ethnicity and various biological traits in the past. Such studies include cephalometry being deployed because of its significance in forensic and clinical evaluations of individuals. The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between the shape types of the orbit with different age groups and their prevalence using simple skull X-rays.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Plain X-rays of the skull with posteroanterior exposures were obtained for a retrospective period of 5-year period from 2004 to 2009. The selected radiographs were those based on clear recognition of their orbital margins assessed by 2 experienced Radiologist who determined the shapes of the orbits as being oval, circular or quadrangular. Out of total of five hundred (500) plain X-rays of the skull obtained, only 255 satisfied the inclusion criteria.&#x0D; The data was analyzed statistically using INSTAT software to compare the mean values in relation to age distribution of the subjects with the Student’s T-Test. Chi-Square (with Yates correction) was used for the comparison of proportions.&#x0D; Results: In the first 30 years of postnatal life, the oval shape orbit had been found to be more predominant with values of 22(64.7%), 17(30.9%), and 27(38.0%) respectively. As from the age of 30 to 70 years, the circular type had values of 16(34.0%), 8(33.3%), and 8(61.5%) respectively in each of the decades. Between the age of 60 to 70 years, the oval and circular types had equal prevalences.&#x0D; Conclusions: In addition to the known oval and quadrangular (triangular) types of orbital shape, this study revealed a 3rd type of orbit which we described as circular in shaped. The oval type of orbit is found to be more common from birth to age of 30 years but from but from 40 to 70 years the circular type predominates.

Variational Iteration Approach for Solving Two-Points Fuzzy Boundary Value Problems

The main objective of this paper is to introduce interval two-point fuzzy boundary value problems, in which the fuzziness course when the coefficients of the governing ordinary differential equation and/or the boundary conditions include fuzzy numbers of either triangular or trapezoidal types. Such equations will be solved by introducing the concept of α – level sets, α  [0,1] to treat the fuzzy ordinary differential equation into two nonfuzzy ordinary differential equations, which correspond to the lower and upper solutions of the interval fuzzy solutions. The well-known variational iteration method has been used to solve two-point fuzzy boundary value problems and linear equations have been examined.

Оптико-электронная система для оперативного контроля прямолинейности железнодорожных рельсов

The paper considers principles of operation of the optical electronic devices designed for operational high-precision control of the railway rails rolling surface straightness. It provides a description of the functional scheme proposed by the authors of the optical electronic devices of the triangulation type with structured illumination, where the rolling surface straightness is assessed based on analyzing the images of the rail cross sections registered by a linear camera. A technical solution is proposed that could significantly increase control and reliability of its results, as well as ensure image registration of the rail cross sections, where the distance between them is not exceeding 1 mm with the measurement car speed of 180 km/h. Mathematical expressions were obtained to study the optical electronic devices proposed scheme influence on the threshold sensitivity of control over the points' position along the rail rolling surface. To reduce the control results error, methods of the coordinates' subpixel refinement of the structured illuminated peaks registered coordinates were used. In the course of numerical experiments, the error root-mean-square deviation dependence in measuring the rail surface points' coordinates on the signal-to-noise ratio and the structured illumination peaks width values was studied. Requirements are formulated to components of the triangular type optical electronic devices, which could be introduced in design and development of the high-precision equipment for operational control of the railway track rolling stock straightness

A Fuzzy-AHP Analysis to the Determination of Weights of the Main Obstacles of RMG in Industry 4.0 Application for Bangladesh

The movement of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is touching the manufacturing and processing industries in Bangladesh. The research uses the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy-AHP) geometric mean technique, a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methodology, to identify, analyze, and prioritize the key obstacles to Industry 4.0 implementation in Bangladesh’s Ready Made Garments (RMG) industries. Another triangular type Fuzzy-AHP extent analysis approach is applied to evaluate the minimum degree of possibilities by using fuzzy appropriateness indices and to determine the weights of assessment criteria. Pairwise comparisons are used to collect 11 experts’ preferences in verbal and numerical terms from different industries. The four main obstacles identified from related review studies are used as input variables in the Fuzzy-AHP methods to measure the intensity level of obstacles. The results have shown that the main four obstacles for Industry 4.0 are “Lack of Top Management Commitment and Owners’ Willingness” (40.6%), “Lack of Ability to Meetup Initial Investment” (30.8%), “Lack of Technical Knowledge and Education” (17.8%), and “Availability of Cheaper Labor” (10.8%). In order to avoid a null weight criterion using Fuzzy-AHP possibility extent, the weight values evaluated using Fuzzy-AHP geometric mean method are considered for decision making. The opinions or ratio scales collected from industry experts are verified with the consistency ratio checking technique.

Numerical Study of the Effects of Roughness Coupled with Inclination on a Turbulent Flow around an Obstacle

In this study, we simulate the cooling of a microprocessor by thermal convection in three different shapes: a square, a trapezoidal, and a triangular shape. The latter is improved by a variety of types of roughness, including square roughness, triangular roughness Type 1, triangular roughness Type 2, and triangular roughness Type 3. The microprocessors are kept at a constant temperature, the air flow is constant, and the geometry is fixed. The physical phenomenon is simulated by the ANSYS software. The numerical results reported in this study cover the ranges of the obstacle’s angle of inclination, 0°≤θ≤45°, (square obstacles, θ=0°, trapezoidal obstacles, 0°&lt;θ&lt;45°, triangular obstacles, θ=45°) and Reynolds number, 2500≤Re≤10,000. The findings relate to streamlines, dynamic pressure (max), mean velocity, temperature field, mean Nusselt number (Nu/Nu0) profiles, local coefficient of friction (Cf/f0), mean coefficient of friction (f/f0) profiles, mean velocity field with roughness, and fluid temperature field with roughness. The aim of the study is to show the interaction between the roughness parameter and the obstacle geometry. In the case of a triangular obstacle, the contact between the cold air and the obstacle is significant downstream of the obstacle, which gives us good cooling, and the Nusselt number has an important value because the agitation of the flow increases convective heat transfer, and the coefficient of friction is low because the air flow is uniform.