Triangular Relationship Research Articles

The Complement of Destination and Convention Relationship : Applying Balance Theory

This study aims to investigate the triangular relationship among of convention satisfaction, destination satisfaction, and consequently on destination loyalty. As the convention is held through intense competition, meeting the satisfaction of attendees is considered the most successful criteria in the convention industry. However, for the continuous development of the convention industry, the triangular relationship, which are the satisfaction of the destination through the satisfaction of the convention, and ultimately the royalty for the destination, should be intimately pertained. The interconnection between the convention and the venue is ‘Kill two birds with one stone’: satisfaction for convention participants, successful hosting of the convention organization, and enhancing the value of the destination. Therefore, in this study, empirical studies on the purpose of this study were conducted based on three factors of satisfaction theory and balance theory. This research employed foreigner data among the secondary data collected by Korean Tourism Organization(KTO) for the attendees in international conventions held in Korea in 2015. s a result, the influence of three factors has been verified in this study, which suggests that satisfying convention participants could be the basis for successful convention hosting and one way to increase the sustainability of the destination.

Aberrant gyrification contributes to the link between gestational age and adult IQ after premature birth.

Gyrification is a hallmark of human brain development, starting in the second half of gestation in primary cortices, followed by unimodal and then transmodal associative cortices. Alterations in gyrification have been noted in premature-born newborns and children, suggesting abnormal cortical folding to be a permanent feature of prematurity. Furthermore, both gyrification and prematurity are tightly linked with cognitive performance, indicating a link between prematurity, gyrification, and cognitive performance. To investigate this triangular relation, we tested the following two hypotheses: (i) gyrification is aberrant in premature-born adults; and (ii) aberrant gyrification contributes to the impact of prematurity on adult cognitive performance. One hundred and one very premature-born adults (i.e. adults born before 32 weeks of gestation, and/or with birth weight <1500 g) and 111 mature-born adults were assessed by structural MRI and cognitive testing at 27 years of age. Gyrification was measured by local cortical absolute mean curvature (AMC), evaluated through structural MRI. Cognitive performance was assessed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, full-scale IQ test. Two-sample t-tests, regression and mediation analyses were used to assess AMC group differences and the relation between AMC, birth-related variables, and full-scale IQ. Three key findings were identified. First, local AMC was widely increased in fronto-temporo-parietal primary and associative cortices of very premature-born adults. Increase of AMC was inversely associated with gestational age and birth weight and positively associated with medical complications at birth, respectively. Second, increased AMC of temporal associative cortices specifically contributed to the association between prematurity and reduced adult IQ (two-path mediation), indicating that aberrant gyrification of temporal associative cortices is critical for impaired cognitive performance after premature birth. Finally, further investigation of the relationship of gyrification between the early folding postcentral cortices and associative temporal cortices, folding later during neurodevelopment, revealed that the effect of gyrification abnormalities in associative temporal cortices on adult IQ is influenced itself by gyrification abnormalities occurring in the early folding postcentral cortices (three-path mediation). These results indicate that gyrification development across cortical areas in the brain conveys prematurity effects on adult IQ. Overall, these results provide evidence that premature birth leads to permanently aberrant gyrification patterns suggesting an altered neurodevelopmental trajectory. Statistical mediation modelling suggests that both aberrant gyrification itself as well as its propagation across the cortex express aspects of impaired neurodevelopment after premature birth and lead to reduced cognitive performance in adulthood. Thus, markers of gyrification appear as potential candidates for prognosis and treatment of prematurity effects.

Pedestrian Facilities and Perceived Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS): A Case Study of Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh

The promotion of active transport (a type of sustainable transportation) such as walking is a form of response against environmental pollution engendering from transport sector. Pedestrian level of service (PLOS) is a measurement tool to evaluate the degree of pedestrian accommodation on roadway to provide a comfortable and safe walking environment. The roadway characteristics-based model to measure PLOS has been widely applied since this approach is conceived as being transferable to different contexts. We present a comprehensive framework to measure the influence of pedestrian facilities on perceived PLOS qualitatively and quantitatively. We modeled triangular relationships among pedestrian facilities, perceived roadway conditions (accessibility, safety, comfort, and attractiveness), and perceived PLOS to identify pedestrian facilities, related to footpath, carriageway, and transit, influencing perceived PLOS. We developed these models for a case study of Chittagong Metropolitan Area in Bangladesh. Poor condition of pedestrian facilities in the region resulted in PLOS B as the highest tier of perceived PLOS. Findings of this study showed that accessibility and attractiveness influenced the perceived PLOS for footpath, carriageway, and transit, whereas safety is an important roadway condition for carriageway and transit facilities. We further measured the influence of 22 selected parameters of pedestrian facilities on roadway conditions and perceived PLOS. We concluded that achieving a better perceived PLOS is dependent on the availability, maintenance, and planning of different pedestrian facilities, as improper placement and poor condition of such facilities increased the probability that a lower level PLOS will be perceived.

Reflexiones en torno a la inmunidad de jurisdicción penal de los Jefes de Estados ante la comisión de crímenes internacionales en el marco del Estatuto de Roma

This article aims to address some questions surrounding the topic of the immunity of criminal jurisdiction of Heads of State in the exercise of their functions before the International Criminal Court (ICC). In the first place, the author starts from the distinction between two –although correlated – different planes, such as, on the one hand, the vis-a-vis relationship between the ICC and the State of the agent and, on the other hand, the triangular relationship between the Court, the requested State and the State of the agent. Taking into account such a distintion, the author highlights the incoherent jurisprudential line adopted by the ICC and supports the thesis that defends the existence of an exception of customary law with respect to the immunity of criminal jurisdiction of the Heads of State when the subject is accused of committing international crimes that are related to the first type of plane mentioned above but not the second one.

Su Shi Renders No Emotion

Abstract A complex triangular relationship of ideas, naturalness, and emotion is distinctly evident in the artistic practice and theory of Su Shi 蘇軾 (1037–1101), the leading figure exploring ways to expand the expressive capabilities of the graphic arts in the late Northern Song. This article traces the evolution of Su's practice, focusing first on the close relationship with a cousin, the bamboo painter Wen Tong 文同 (1018–79). Examination of communication between the two men sets a historical framework through the decade of the 1070s leading to Su's first exile at Huangzhou. This is followed by analyses of key works of calligraphy related to Su's efforts to give visual form to a discourse on emotions that ironically includes a vocal declaration of the absence of emotions as a philosophical ideal. A final section draws attention to Su's one known painting, Old Tree, Rock, and Bamboo, and ties it to what can be learned from Su's poetic and calligraphic practice.

Martin Thomas and Richard Toye. Arguing about Empire: Imperial Rhetoric in Britain and France, 1882–1956.

In Arguing about Empire: Imperial Rhetoric in Britain and France, 1882–1956, Martin Thomas and Richard Toye tackle “the most divisive arguments about empire” between and within Britain and France, from Tunisia and Morocco in the early 1880s to Suez in 1956 (1). Their aim is to examine how British and French elites justified imperial activity in cases of both competition and collaboration between the two states. They argue that claims of exceptionalism and superiority on both sides mask and indeed contribute to commonalities in rhetoric, reflecting, in part, the significance of their common project of “co-imperialism” (10). The argument is developed through a series of case studies largely taken from North Africa and Western Asia, chosen as instances where both states were involved and where much discussion was generated (4). These are, unsurprisingly therefore, mostly familiar “crises.” The book starts by examining Tunisia 1881 and Egypt 1882 as the advent of a rhetorical struggle that was very much part of broader, clashing imperial agendas in which strategies of “othering” were pursued by both sides. Shared assumptions about the “civilizing” effects and the complementary existence of the two empires were later tested in Fashoda, but the containment of the crisis of 1898 is held to be “a harbinger of twentieth-century Anglo-French co-imperialist cooperation” (82). Their assessment of events in Morocco in 1905 and 1911 highlights jockeying for imperial advantage within the context of the Entente Cordiale, and the significance of the triangular relationship with Germany, in which “rhetorical posturing supplanted intergovernmental negotiation” (121). The theme of co-imperialism is explored further through Chanak in 1922, which they argue severely strained collaboration, establishing the rancor of subsequent Anglo-French relations in the modern Middle East. World War II as imperial crisis is examined at length, culminating in discord over Syria. Differing domestic contexts feature prominently in the treatment of Suez, cast as “a crisis of prestige for Britain . . . [and] a fatal crisis of regime for France” (229).

The Triangular Relationship between Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Iran during the Development Plans

The Triangular Relationship between Poverty, Inequality and Growth in Iran during the Development Plans

유익하고 흥미로운 삼각관계 이야기 : 신욱희 지음, 『삼각관계의 국제정치: 중국, 일본과 한반도』를 읽고

유익하고 흥미로운 삼각관계 이야기 : 신욱희 지음, 『삼각관계의 국제정치: 중국, 일본과 한반도』를 읽고

Incentive strategies for construction project manager: a common agency perspective

According to the principal-agent theory, the agent should be motivated to behave in a manner consistent with the principal’s requirements. By expanding the focus from the bilateral principal-agent relationship within the firm to the triangular relationship between the client, the construction company and its project manager, this study seeks to explore a new way in which construction firms determining incentive strategies for their construction project managers (CPMs). A common agency model of ‘one servant of two masters’ is established while some negative/positive factors are identified, including rent-seeking effect, collusion effect and check-and-balance effect between the three parties. An autonomy-incentive grid is developed in which one can distinguish four alternative strategies. Implementation costs of each strategy in different scenarios are qualitatively assessed and a set of incentive strategies suitable for different scenarios are determined according to the complicatedness of the project and the type of the client. The model of ‘one servant of two masters’ may provide conceptual insights into incentive strategies for CPMs, and provide practical guidelines for construction firms, but at the same time, it needs testing, verifying and improving in the future practice.

A New Model for Deriving the Priority Weights from Hesitant Triangular Fuzzy Preference Relations

Fuzzy preference relation is a common tool to express the uncertain preference information of decision maker in the process of decision making. However, the traditional fuzzy preference relation will fail under hesitant fuzzy environment as the membership has a single value. In addition, it is very difficult to obtain the precise membership values. Therefore, a new model of fuzzy preference relation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the concept of hesitant triangular fuzzy preference relation is defined and its properties are investigated based on the concepts of hesitant fuzzy set, hesitant triangular fuzzy set, fuzzy preference relation, and hesitant fuzzy preference relation. Then, the steps of applying this novel model are offered for the case of determining the weights of failure modes. Finally, an example is used to illustrate the proposed model.

A Goal-Programming-Based Heuristic Approach to Deriving Fuzzy Weights in Analytic Form from Triangular Fuzzy Preference Relations

Triangular fuzzy preference relations (TFPRs) have long been viewed as an effective framework to express subjective preferences with ambiguity in fuzzy multicriteria decision-making systems. This paper focuses on solving two important and challenging issues: First, how to judge the quality of nondiagonal preferences in a TFPR; and second, how to find an analytic solution of optimal fuzzy weights for consistent TFPRs and an analytic solution of heuristic fuzzy weights for inconsistent TFPRs. This paper analyzes two existing normalization models of triangular fuzzy weights and illustrates their deficiency. Notions of normalized triangular fuzzy multiplicative weights (TFMWs) and basic TFMWs are then introduced and used to characterize a group of triangular fuzzy weight vectors with equivalency. This paper proposes transformation models among triangular fuzzy weights, normalized TFMWs and basic TFMWs, and employs basic TFMWs to define consistent TFPRs. Some important properties are presented for the fuzziness of a consistent TFPR and its corresponding basic TFMWs. These properties are subsequently used to develop a two-step approach consisting of three-goal programming (GP) models to find basic TFMWs of consistent TFPRs. By using the Lagrangian multiplier method, this paper finds analytic solutions of the three GP models and obtains optimized basic TFMWs denoted by three computation formulas for consistent TFPRs. By changing the constraints of the three GP models and using heuristics, three concise and visualized formulas are devised, respectively, to obtain the lower and upper support bounds and the modal values of heuristic-based TFMWs for any TFPR. A numerical example comprising of a consistent TFPR and two inconsistent TFPRs is supplied and a comparative study is conducted to show that the two challenging issues are reasonably solved, and a hierarchical fuzzy multicriteria decision-making example is offered to illustrate the applicability of the proposed fuzzy priority model.

Three strategies of capital accumulation in China's agro-food sector: A technological-political-financial accumulation synergy

Capital accumulation in the agro-food sector displays new characteristics in modern society. By means of a case study of China’s sugarcane sector, this paper identifies three capital accumulation strategies that recently emerged. The first strategy is the redistribution of costs and benefits between farmers and companies through the introduction of new technologies which is known as agro-technification. The second strategy is termed food politicization and relates to the profound restructuring of both sugarcane production and the sugar market through massive state intervention. The third strategy is land swindle, namely the conversion of land from a means of production into an object of speculation. Following a discussion of the three strategies by drawing on developments in China’s sugarcane sector, this paper argues that these new capital accumulation activities will render national and transnational food systems more fragile and unsustainable. Moreover, it argues that classical agrarian analyses defining accumulation as a land-labour-capital triangular relation cannot explain the current capital accumulation in agro-food sector. Instead, a new triangular technological-political-financial synergy more aptly describes recent developments in the agro-food industry in general.

Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics

Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.

Ménage à trois: Virus, Host, and Microbiota in Experimental Infection Models.

Infections of mammals with pathogenic viruses occur mostly in the polymicrobial environment of mucosal surfaces or the skin. In recent years our understanding of immune modulation by the commensal microbiota has increased dramatically. The microbiota is today accepted as the prime educator and maintainer of innate and adaptive immune functions. It became further apparent that some viral pathogens profit from the presence of commensal bacteria and their metabolites, especially in the intestinal tract. We further learned that the composition and abundance of the microbiota can change as a consequence of acute and chronic viral infections. Here we discuss recent developments in our understanding of the triangular relationship of virus, host, and microbiota under experimental infection settings.

Triangular hesitant fuzzy preference relations and their applications in multi-criteria group decision-making

In this paper, we present a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology for assessing several alternatives under the triangular hesitant fuzzy environment. A scientific evaluation and prioritization approach is proposed by solving the MCDM problems with triangular hesitant fuzzy preference relations (THFPRs). Firstly, the concepts of THFPRs are defined, and a series of aggregation operators is introduced and their corresponding properties are discussed. Then, we define the consistency of the THFPRs and propose two methods to measure consistency. Furthermore, we construct an MCDM model using THFPR (MCDM-THFPR) to help decision makers assess and prioritise alternatives in the decision making process. Lastly, the validity and feasibility of the proposed MCDM-THFPR method for the MCDM are verified by a comparison with two previous approaches, along with certain discussions.

Beyond Rebalancing: Crowd-Sourcing and Geo-Fencing for Shared-Mobility Systems

In this paper, we propose an integrated model of two-sided stochastic matching platforms to understand the operations of free-float shared-mobility systems, wherein agents on both sides respond to incentive instruments. In particular, we address the joint design of incentives as well as spatial allocation of capacity in such systems. Addressing such a problem via both stylized models and computational studies, we obtain analytical insights in the design and operations for such shared-mobility systems. Methodology-wise, we identify an analytical paradigm that certain stochastic models can be operationalized using tractable computational framework under heavy traffic approximations. From the platform's perspective, we formulate a strategic double-ended queueing model. We identify an operational regime wherein the systems performance is competitive in almost all dimensions against alternative scenarios. We implement this optimization problem in a real case study, using a data set from a leading free-float bicycle-sharing system, and solve it via mixed-integer Second-Order Conic Programs (SOCPs). Both stylized results and computational studies generate insights about fundamental trade-offs and triangular relationships among operational costs, capacity utilization rates and service levels. Interestingly, we find the value of parking capacity design in determining the market thickness (transient service availability) in such a two-sided marketplace. We also demonstrate that this framework can be extended in multiple directions, e.g., optimal service region design, incentive externalities, and potentially a wider range of applications. Our insights guide the platform as well as the policy-maker in terms of incentive-driven demand-supply balancing, as well as the design and spatial allocation of parking spaces for shared-mobility systems.

The triangular relationship between TQM, organizational excellence and organizational performance: A case of Arab American University Palestine

The triangular relationship between TQM, organizational excellence and organizational performance: A case of Arab American University Palestine

Public Diplomacy and Personal Encounter: the Triangular Relations between East Germany, Scandinavia and the Soviet Union at the Baltic Sea Week (1958—1975)

The Baltic Sea Week in the German Democratic Republic was a tool of public diplomacy that principally sought to target Scandinavian tourists and opinion leaders. Backed by Soviet delegations, the East German government promoted its international recognition. While the response of the Nordic guests to the political program of the festival varied from affirmation to challenging (inter alia) the sincerity of the peace message, many of them brought along a genuine interest in socialist societies and what they were building. Moreover, they took the omnipresent friendship rhetoric literally and were eager for a genuine interpersonal encounter across the barrier of the “Iron Curtain”. Although the GDR finally gained international recognition by other means, the Baltic Sea Week appears to have contributed to a transnational Baltic Sea identity among segments of the civil society along its coasts.

Burma-China Early Approach and Implications for Contemporary Bilateral Relations

During the Cold War Burma followed a foreign policy of neutralism that was shaped between 1948 and 1954. In 1954, Burma began to move closer to China in order to balance the Western influence in the country. The diplomatic balancing skills of Burmese leaders were reflected in Burma's early postcolonial diplomacy and constitute a substantial core dimension of the Burmese foreign policy tradition. Between 1998 and 2010 Burma was heavily reliant on China in the face of Western sanctions and its relative isolation; China's influence thus increased sharply in that country. The pattern of China-Burma-US triangular relations that was restructured in the early 1950s reappeared in the twenty-first century. Beginning in 2011, Nay Pyi Taw's policy reflected a determination to weaken China's growing influence and rebalance Burmese relations with Washington and Beijing. However, this Burmese rebalancing was overinterpreted by the media as Nay Pyi Taw's shift into the American orbit. Both Thein Sein and Aung San Suu Kyi have attempted to steer Burma's foreign policy back to its traditional neutralist and nonaligned track.

Responsabilidad solidaria derivada de las relaciones laborales triangulares en Nicaragua

El presente trabajo describe el contexto jurídico de las relaciones laborales triangulares y la responsabilidad solidaria que de ellas se derivan, con el propósito de identificar posibles recomendaciones tendientes a mejorar el sistema de responsabilidad ya fijado en el derecho doméstico, en aras de contar con un sistema jurídico que brinde seguridad a los sujetos que conforman la relación laboral, y sea garante de los derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores.&#x0D; Se dedica un apartado a la responsabilidad derivada de las obligaciones en general de acuerdo a las disposiciones contenidas en nuestro derecho común como fuente del derecho laboral. De igual manera, se exponen y analizan las distintas posiciones doctrinales que fundamentan la existencia de responsabilidad solidaria o subsidiaria en las relaciones laborales triangulares, y seguidamente el tratamiento jurídico dado por las legislaciones peruana y chilena a la responsabilidad solidaria derivada de este tipo de relaciones.&#x0D; Se realizó una identificación del marco jurídico de esta clase de relaciones laborales en el ordenamiento jurídico nicaragüense, haciendo énfasis en los tipos de relaciones laborales triangulares reconocidas por nuestra legislación y cómo se determina la responsabilidad en este tipo de relaciones para identificar debilidades y limitaciones presentes en nuestro régimen de responsabilidad, y en base a ello proponer los elementos básicos de deba contener un régimen de responsabilidad aplicable a las relaciones laborales triangulares que brinde seguridad y garantía jurídica a los sujetos involucrados en ellas.