Triangular Prism Research Articles

Probing the structural evolution, electronic and vibrational properties of neutral and anionic potassium-doped magnesium clusters

Geometries, stabilities, bonding nature, and vibrational properties of bimetallic KMgn0/– (n = 2–12) clusters have been comprehensively studied by CALYPSO code within DFT calculations. The results reveal the structural transition from 2D to 3D at n = 3. From n ≥ 8, the geometry of KMgn0/– transfers a hollow framework with a six-atom triangular prism unit. By comparing the geometry of neutral and anionic KMgn0/– clusters, most of them are structurally different. In all doped clusters, the K atoms tend to localize on the convex positions of the skeleton and play the role of electron donors. Two highly stable clusters KMg9 and KMg9– have been found, and studies showed that the prominent stability benefits from their compact magnesium structural motifs and quasi-full/full shell electronic configurations. Additionally, bonding nature analysis reflects there is much weak K-Mg interaction than Mg-Mg interaction in the KMg90/– clusters. The spectroscopic properties based on the PES, IR and Raman spectra have also been discussed.

Cascade Enzymes Confined in DNA Nanoanchors for Antitumor Therapy.

Cascade-enzyme reaction systems have emerged as promising tools for treating malignant tumors by efficiently converting nutrients into toxic substances. However, the challenges of poor localized retention capacity and utilization of highly active enzymes often result in extratumoral toxicity and reduced therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we introduced a cell membrane-DNA nanoanchor (DNANA) with a spatially confined cascade enzyme for in vivo tumor therapy. The DNANAs are constructed using a polyvalent cholesterol-labeled DNA triangular prism, ensuring high stability in cell membrane attachment. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), both modified with streptavidin, are precisely confined to biotin-labeled DNANAs. Upon intratumoral injection, DNANA enzymes efficiently colonize the tumor site through cellular membrane engineering strategies, significantly reducing off-target enzyme leakage and the associated risks of extratumoral toxicity. Furthermore, DNANA enzymes demonstrated effective cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo by depleting glucose and producing highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals in the vicinity of tumor cells. This membrane-engineered cascade-enzyme reaction system presents a conceptual approach to tumor treatment.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Evolution of W@WC/Fe Core–Shell Bar‐Reinforced Iron Matrix Composites: Effect of In‐situ Solid Diffusion Time

To improve the strength and toughness of conventional particle‐reinforced iron matrix composites, W@WC/Fe core–shell bar‐reinforced iron matrix composites (CBIMCs) are synthesized by casting and in‐situ solid‐phase diffusion method. These composites, which have an architecture similar to concrete, consist of a core of residual W bar and a shell of gradient‐structured WC‐Fe layer. The effect of in‐situ solid diffusion time on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites is investigated. It is observed that for in‐situ solid diffusion times ranging from 3 to 24 h, the reinforcement in the composites remained as W@WC/Fe core–shell bars. As the solid diffusion time increased, the diameter of the W core gradually decreased, and the thickness of the WC‐Fe shell layer increased. At a solid diffusion time of 30 h, the reinforcement transitioned to the WC‐Fe composite bar. Additionally, with longer solid diffusion times, the WC particles transformed from a triangular prism shape to a truncated octahedron. The composite prepared at 18 h exhibits the highest ultimate compression strength and strain, reaching values of 1100 ± 18 MPa and 35.5 ± 1.3%, respectively. This excellent ultimate compression strength is mainly due to the WC particles, which enhanced load transfer strengthening and dislocation strengthening. Moreover, the metal W core and iron matrix effectively hinder microcrack propagation, thus contributing to the enhanced toughness of the composite.

Strong NIR-II Magneto-Optical Activity of a Chiral Sm15Cu54 Cage.

The magneto-optical response of chiral materials holds significant potential for applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. However, exploration of the near-infrared (NIR) magneto-optical response remains limited. Herein, we report the synthesis and strong NIR-II magneto-optical activity of three pairs of chiral 3d-4f clusters of R/S-Ln15Cu54 (Ln = Sm, Gd, and Dy). Structural analysis reveals that R/S-Ln15Cu54 features a triangular prism cage with C3 symmetry. Interestingly, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra exhibit remarkable magneto-optical response in the NIR-II region, driven by the f-f transition. The maximum g-factor of R/S-Sm15Cu54 reaches 5.5 × 10-3 T-1 around 1300-1450 nm, surpassing values associated with DyIII and CuII ions. This remarkable NIR-II magneto-optical activity may be attributed to strong magnetic-dipole-allowed f-f transitions and helix chirality of the structure. This work not only presents the largest Ln-Cu clusters to date but also demonstrate the key role of magnetic-dipole-allowed transitions on magneto-optical activity.

Do all ceramic and composite CAD-CAM materials exhibit equal bonding properties to implant Ti-base materials? An Interfacial Fracture Toughness Study

ObjectivesTo compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) with or without aging, of four different classes of CAD-CAM ceramic and composite materials bonded with self-adhesive resin cement to titanium alloy characteristic of implant abutments. MethodsHigh translucent zirconia (Katana; KAT), lithium disilicate-based glass-ceramic (IPS. emax.CAD; EMX), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network material (PICN) (Vita Enamic; ENA), and dispersed filler composite (Cerasmart 270; CER) were cut into equilateral triangular prisms and bonded to titanium prisms with identical dimensions using Panavia SA Cement Universal. The surfaces were pretreated following the manufacturers’ recommendations and developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) of the pretreated surfaces was measured. IFT was determined using the Notchless Triangular Prism test in a water bath at 36 °C before and after thermocycling (10,000 cycles) (n = 40 samples/material). ResultsIFT of the materials ranged from 0.80 ± 0.25 to 1.10 ± 0.21 MPa.m1/2 before thermocycling and from 0.71 ± 0.24 to 1.02 ± 0.25 MPa.m1/2 after thermocycling. There was a statistical difference between IFT of CER and the two top performers in each scenario: KAT and EMX before aging, and KAT and ENA after aging. Thermocycling significantly decreased IFT of EMX. The Weibull modulus of IFT was similar for all materials and remained so after thermocycling. Sdr measurements revealed that ENA (7.60)>Ti (4.97)>CER (2.85)>KAT (1.09)=EMX (0.96). SignificanceDispersed filler CAD-CAM composite showed lower performance than the other materials. Aging only affected IFT of Li-Si glass-ceramic, whereas zirconia and PICN performed equally well, probably due to their chemical bonding potential and surface roughness respectively.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Augmented Reality pada Materi Bangun Ruang dengan Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) di Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar

The research is motivated by the fact that not all teachers use technology-based media in teaching and learning activities, especially in learning about building cube and block spaces. Teachers use more objects around students as media. This research aims to develop learning media based on augmented reality technology on classroom building materials in grade IV elementary school using a valid, practical and effective Problem Based Learning model. The type of research used in this study is development research using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate) model. The subjects of product trials and research data collection were grade IV students of SDN 08 Surau Gadang. The validation instrument used in this study is in the form of a validation sheet which aims to determine the validity or not of learning media based on Augmented Reality technology on space building materials. The analysis technique in this study uses the validity of learning media and the practicality of learning media. The results of the study show that the development of learning media based on augmented reality technology on building materials for cubes, blocks and prisms with the Problem Based Learning (PbL) model has been developed using the ADDIE development model and obtained an average result from three expert validators with a percentage of 81.33% which is included in the "Very Valid" category. The practicality of teachers' response to learning media based on Augmented Reality technology in building materials for cubes, blocks and triangular prisms in grade IV of elementary school obtained a percentage result of 90% with the very practical category at SDN 09 Surau Gadang and 96% with the very practical category at SDN 08 Surau Gadang. The results of the effectiveness test at the first meeting were obtained with a learning outcome percentage of 82.16%. Then at the second meeting, the percentage of learning outcomes increased by 88.16% at SDN 09 Surau Gadang. Then at SDN 08 Surau Gadang, the results of the effectiveness test at the first meeting were 87.19% and the results of the effectiveness test increased at the second meeting by 93%.

Культура – знак – значение: о природе и структуре культуры и знака

The article examines the concept of culture as a paradigmatic structure that defines the variety of possible forms of social life, activity, and behavior in a certain community. It examines the structure and nature of the sign and its place in culture. The author sets this concept of culture and ideas about the structure of the sign, starting from some of F. Saussure’s ideas. He accepts Saussure’s distinction between language and speech within “linguistic activity”, but in the language itself he also distinguishes two areas of existence: language as a paradigmatic structure of a single subject and language as a paradigmatic system existing at the community level. As a result, the author sees not two, but three areas of manifestation in “language activity”. He identifies similar three areas in any semiotic activity and in activity in general. At the same time, in the course of generalization in the series “linguistic activity – sign activity – activity”, the social paradigmatic aspect of these activities is also generalized from language to the sign system and culture as a whole. Since language in public form, and language in individual form, and speech have the word as a basic structural unit, then we can talk about three ontological forms (modi) of the word: in public language, in individual language, in speech. The author identifies similar three ontological modi for an arbitrary sign. Taking as a basis the binary structure of an abstract sign (the plan of expression and the plan of content associated with each other) and the idea of the three ontological modi of the sign, we obtain a triangular prism as an ontological scheme of the sign, where the nodes of the prism correspond to various aspects of the sign, three vertical edges – three ontological modi of the sign, the upper face – the plan of expression (syntax), the bottom face – the plan of content (semantics). Based on the obtained ontological scheme of the sign, the author interprets the semiotic representations of some alternative research programs

Ethnomathematics Study: Geometrical Concept in Kudus Market Snacks

Most students consider mathematics difficult, because it is abstract. To respond to this, teachers can use ethnomathematics in learning mathematics so that mathematics is easy to understand. One of the ethnomathematics objects that can be used is market snacks. Market snacks are traditional foods that are often sold in crowded places such as markets. This study aims to analyze the geometrical concepts that exist in various forms of market snacks in Kudus. This research uses a type of qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. Data collection used semi-structural interviews with 3 market snack sellers, literature studies, and documentation. The results of the study found that there are geometric concepts in market snacks. Triangular, rectangular, and circular shapes are found, while for spatial shapes, rectangular pyramids, blocks, spheres, triangular prisms, and tubes are found. The research results can be used as an alternative source of learning mathematics, especially in geometry material.

Quantitative analysis of the polishing performance of Wurtzite-SiC surface texture on surface quality and material removal rate

Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study Wurtzite-SiC's structural changes after polishing process. For realistic planarization conditions, various surface-textured structures are also used. Polishing speed greatly impacts dislocation distribution. Increasing velocity to 2 Å/ps reduces dislocation length from 800 to 500 Å quickly. Increasing polishing depth from 15 to 30 Å improves surface roughness by 25 %. Besides, textures such as RPrt-s (Rectangular prism textured) and TPrt-s (Triangular prism textured) show surface improvement but still result in high values greater than 42 Å. The amorphous transition rate (ATR) and material removal rate (MRR) closely correlate and display similar variations. The material's triangular prism textured surface enables for minimal SDL (subsurface damage layer) thickness, dislocation density, and atom removal while preserving low groove surface roughness.

Smooth Bijective Projection in a High-order Shell

We propose a new structure called a higher-order shell, which is composed of a set of triangular prisms. Each triangular prism is enveloped by three Bézier triangles (top, middle, and bottom) and three side surfaces, each of which is trimmed from a bilinear surface. Moreover, we define a continuous vector field to smoothly and bijectively transfer attributes between two surfaces inside the shell. Since the higher-order shell has several hard construction constraints, we apply an interior-point strategy to robustly and automatically construct a high-order shell for an input mesh. Specifically, the strategy starts from a valid linear shell with a small thickness. Then, the shell is optimized until the specified thickness is reached, where explicit checks ensure that the constraints are always satisfied. We extensively test our method on more than 8300 models, demonstrating its robustness and performance. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, our bijective projection is smoother, and the space between the shell and input mesh is more uniform.

Triply Interlocked [2]catenanes: Rational Synthesis, Reversible Conversion Studies and Unprecedented Application in Photothermal Responsive Elastomer

AbstractTriply interlocked [2]catenane complexes featuring two identical, mechanically interlocked units are extraordinarily rare chemical compounds, whose properties and applications remain open to detailed studies. Herein, we introduce the rational design of a new ligand precursor, L1, suitable for the synthesis of six triply interlocked [2]catenanes by coordination‐driven self‐assembly. The interlocked compounds can be reversibly converted into the corresponding simple triangular prism metallacage by addition of H2O or DMF solvents to their CH3OH solutions, thereby demonstrating the importance of π⋅⋅⋅π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions in the formation of triply interlocked [2]catenanes. Moreover, extensive studies have been conducted to assess the remarkable photothermal conversion performance. Complex 6 a, exhibiting outstanding photothermal conversion performance (conversion efficiency in solution : 31.82 %), is used to prepare novel photoresponsive elastomer in combination with thermally activated liquid crystal elastomer. The resultant material displays robust response to near‐infrared (NIR) laser and the capability of completely reforming the shape and reversible actuation, paving the way for the application of half‐sandwich organometallic units in photo‐responsive smart materials.

Triply Interlocked [2]catenanes: Rational Synthesis, Reversible Conversion Studies and Unprecedented Application in Photothermal Responsive Elastomer.

Triply interlocked [2]catenane complexes featuring two identical, mechanically interlocked units are extraordinarily rare chemical compounds, whose properties and applications remain open to detailed studies. Herein, we introduce the rational design of a new ligand precursor, L1, suitable for the synthesis of six triply interlocked [2]catenanes by coordination-driven self-assembly. The interlocked compounds can be reversibly converted into the corresponding simple triangular prism metallacage by addition of H2O or DMF solvents to their CH3OH solutions, thereby demonstrating the importance of π⋅⋅⋅π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions in the formation of triply interlocked [2]catenanes. Moreover, extensive studies have been conducted to assess the remarkable photothermal conversion performance. Complex 6 a, exhibiting outstanding photothermal conversion performance (conversion efficiency in solution : 31.82 %), is used to prepare novel photoresponsive elastomer in combination with thermally activated liquid crystal elastomer. The resultant material displays robust response to near-infrared (NIR) laser and the capability of completely reforming the shape and reversible actuation, paving the way for the application of half-sandwich organometallic units in photo-responsive smart materials.

Numerical and Experimental Study on Dummy Blade with Underplatform Damper

To confirm the variation in damping ratio offered by dry friction dampers against structural vibration stress, this study developed a blade vibration response test system for capturing damping characteristic curves through both frequency sweep excitation and damping-freevibration methods. The damping-free vibration method demonstrates high efficiency, allowing for the acquisition of a complete damping ratio characteristic curve in a single experiment. Experimental findings indicate that the two contact surfaces on the triangular prism damper produce distinct damping effects, closely aligning with the predicted damping characteristic curves. The peak damping ratio was found to be independent of the centrifugal load of the damper; dampers with varying contact areas produce approximately similar damping characteristics; and the damping effect shows a positive correlation with the root extension length.

Assembly of ligation chain reaction and DNA triangular prism for miRNA diagnostics

Controllable assembly of DNA nanostructure provides a powerful way for quantitative analysis of various targets including nucleic acid molecules. In this study, we have designed detachable DNA nanostructures at electrochemical sensing interface and constructed a ligation chain reaction (LCR) strategy for amplified detection of miRNA. A three-dimensional DNA triangular prism nanostructure is fabricated to provide suitable molecule recognition environment, which can be further regenerated for additional tests via convenient pH adjustment. Target triggered LCR is highly efficient and specific towards target miRNA. Under optimal experimental conditions, this approach enables ultrasensitive exploration in a wide linear range with a single-base resolution. Moreover, it shows excellent performances for the analysis of cell samples and clinical serum samples.

The effect of a textured surface in the form of triangular prisms on the occurrence and development of cavitation behind the cylinder in microchannels

Cavitation flow in a microchannel behind a cylinder with a smooth and textured surface is investigated using mathematical modeling methods. The textured cylinder has 72 triangular prisms on its surface. The height of the prism, normal to the surface of the bluff body, was 100 nm. Profiles of the flow velocity and volume fraction of vapor are constructed. The monitoring of the velocity and pressure at five points behind both the smooth and the textured cylinder was carried out, while the inlet pressure changed up to 30 bars. It is shown that there is no restructuring of the vortex street to a symmetrical form at quite high-pressure values at the inlet to the channel for a rough cylinder. Namely, roughness prevents the flow stabilization. A pressure jump in the microchannel is observed when a cavity appears with a uniform increase in the flow rate. Two pulsation frequencies are determined for each of the flow modes. The first pulsation frequency ranges from 480 to 2200 Hz and is associated with the formation of cavitation. The second pulsation frequency is associated with the hydrodynamic flow around the cylinder and its values range from 26 to 95 kHz. An increase in surface roughness leads to a growth of the cavitation pulsation frequency and intensifies cavitation. At that, the velocity pulsations in the flow before the onset of cavitation increase, and the frequency of hydrodynamic pulsations after its onset decrease. The paper provides an analysis of the drag coefficient of a hydraulic section with rough and smooth cylindrical bluff bodies. The effect of roughness on the change in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow is described.

Incandescent Lamp from Black Body Perspective

The incandescent lamp from black body perspective was investigated using commercial lamps of various watts. The major component of the incandescent lamp is the tungsten filament. The resistance of the tungsten filament was measured using a digital multimeter at an initial laboratory temperature. Light produced from lamp was separated into visible colours by an equilateral triangular glass prism. Deduced resistances were used to obtain equivalent temperatures by power-law parameterization. The Wien’s displacement law was used to estimate Peak wavelengths at different temperatures. The diameter of the tungsten was measured after dissecting the lamp, and this was used to determine its cross-sectional area. Both Wien’s displacement law and Stefan-Boltzmann expressions were applied in determining the filament’s spectral emissive power (SEP) in comparison with that of the visible spectrum. Planck’s graph of intensity using peak wavelength of tungsten filament as reference was juxtaposed with the intensity of visible spectrum using OriginPro 2016 SR0 b9.3.226. The maximum temperature attained was 2852.87 K with (SEP) of 1478955.24 Wm-2 for the 200W lamp. For the 100W lamp, the (SEP) obtained was 749347.9078 Wm-2 at 2489.14 K. Both temperatures, and even as low as 1250 K, were in agreement with Wien’s displacement law. The percentage estimation of visible spectrum in the radiation was about fourteen percent (14 %) while the rest was infra red radiation. This low visible light produced may be as a result of the non-ideal black body nature of the tungsten filament; and so, the incandescent lamp may be considered a quasi-black body.

Facile fabrication of recyclable robust noncovalent porous crystals from low-symmetry helicene derivative

Porous frameworks constructed via noncovalent interactions show wide potential in molecular separation and gas adsorption. However, it remains a major challenge to prepare these materials from low-symmetry molecular building blocks. Herein, we report a facile strategy to fabricate noncovalent porous crystals through modular self-assembly of a low-symmetry helicene racemate. The P and M enantiomers in the racemate first stack into right- and left-handed triangular prisms, respectively, and subsequently the two types of prisms alternatively stack together into a hexagonal network with one-dimensional channels with a diameter of 14.5 Å. Remarkably, the framework reveals high stability upon heating to 275 °C, majorly due to the abundant π-interactions between the complementarily engaged helicene building blocks. Such porous framework can be readily prepared by fast rotary evaporation, and is easy to recycle and repeatedly reform. The refined porous structure and enriched π-conjugation also favor the selective adsorption of a series of small molecules.

Biomimetic Structurally Colored Film for High‐Performance Radiative Cooling

AbstractIn recent years, passive radiative cooling has garnered considerable attention as a sustainable thermal regulation without relying on external energy sources, thus mitigating pollutants generation. However, an intrinsic limitation of these cooling systems lies in the reflective glare, often characterized by an ivory or silvery appearance. This drawback limits their practical application, especially where both functional efficiency and aesthetic appeal are pivotal. Herein, a biomimetic approach inspired by Saharan silver ants' thermoregulatory capabilities is adopted. These ants, equipped with distinctive triangular‐shaped hair, maintain body temperature lower than the ambient air. Leveraging insights from this natural model, a reusable silicon template is employed to fabricate a metasurface structural colored film with a triangular prism array structure using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and the phase separation technique. The film demonstrates an average emissivity of 96% within the atmospheric window and an average solar reflectivity of 93%, leading to a maximum temperature reduction of 8.6 °C during daytime and 5.9 °C at night. Furthermore, the film displays stretchability and mechanical resilience, bolstered by the microscale prismatic structure enhancing superhydrophobicity. This work introduces a biomimetic strategy aimed at augmenting thermal emission while reconciling the challenge of achieving visual appealand high radiative cooling performance.

Effect of strut microstructure on multiscale radiation properties of porous foams

Porous materials, widely used in engineering due to their excellent physical properties, have significant engineering and academic research value in their mechanism of radiation heat transfer. Micro-cellular foams are composed of a large number of struts and walls with micro-scale radiation effect, making it difficult to analyze the influence of strut micro-structure on radiation properties. In this study, the radiation parameters of the curved triangular prism-shaped struts are calculated using the finite element electromagnetic method, and the influence of the strut micro-structure parameters and the macroscopic parameters of the foam on the radiation characteristics is analyzed. The results demonstrate that the radiation properties of the equal-volume cylinder model, compared to the double-layer cylinder model, are closer to those of the curved triangular prism struts. The incidence angle has a negligible impact on the radiation parameter deviation of the struts. It is difficult to ignore the radiation parameter deviation of concave-curved triangular prism-shaped struts. The macroscale radiation properties of the foam are significantly influenced by the microscale radiation properties of the struts in the situation of low porosity, large pore size, and high strut volume ratio.

Refined implicit characterization of engineering geology with uncertainties: a divide-and-conquer tactic-based approach

In engineering geology, a reasonable assessment of the spatial distribution of uncertainty in a region is vital in guiding research, saving money, and shortening the period. However, the traditional modeling process requires a lot of manual interaction, and the uncertainty of the geological model cannot be accurately quantified and utilized. This paper proposes a novel implicit geological modeling and uncertainty analysis approach based on the triangular prism blocks, which is divided into data point acquisition, ensemble model with divide-and-conquer tactic (EMDCT), uncertainty analysis, and post-processing. By employing machine learning algorithms, the EMDCT gives superior results for implicit modeling. The sensitivity analysis of the prediction results is further evaluated via information entropy. According to the distribution of uncertainty, supplementary boreholes are selected as additional knowledge to retrain the local components of the model to enhance their performances. The implicit modeling method is applied to real hydraulic engineering problems by employing the EMDCT, and the proposed model has obvious advantages in the implicit geological characterization. The overall accuracy in the working area with sparse boreholes reaches 0.922, which is 0.013 higher than the traditional method. By evaluating the distribution of uncertainty, an accuracy of 0.962 can be achieved, which is equivalent to reducing 10 boreholes.