Triangular Patch Research Articles

Designed on 0.18 μm CMOS Process Small Size Broadband Millimeter Wave Chip Antenna

This paper proposes a small-size broadband triangular monopole chip antenna for millimeter wave band applications. Process using 0.18 μm CMOS process and antenna design using Met-al_6. Triangular patch design and feed line length analysis to achieve a better reflection coefficient and also dig three circular slots at the grounding point to achieve better impedance matching. The operating frequency of the chip antenna is 62–100 GHz below the reflection coefficient −10 dB standard, with a fractional bandwidth of 54%. The maximum gain is −0.4 dBi at 64 GHz. The efficiency is 40.9%. The overall chip size is 1.2 × 1.2 (mm2). After measurement and verification, the proposed antenna reflection coefficient is similar to the simulation trend and has better resonance. The chip antenna frequency range proposed in this article covers the 5G NR FR2 frequency band. The proposed chip antenna can be applied in related fields such as the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and biomedical electronics.

Performance Analysis of Different Shapes of Microstrip Patch Antenna Having Partial Ground for X and Ku Band Applications

The shape of the radiating patch exerts a great influence on the performance of the microstrip patch. The vital target of this research article is to constitute the microstrip antennas of rectangular, elliptical, triangular and square patches on FR4 substrate employing partial ground that notably lower the shape complexity and hence the antenna size reduction with profitable results on the basis of the center frequency of 8.5 GHz. The execution specification, such as S-parameter, gain, VSWR, and the directivity of the antenna, is investigated using ANSYS HFSS 13.0 software, which reveals beneficial outcomes of dual-band operation over the entire band frequency range of 5-15 GHz. The antenna gives poor results without any modification to the ground structure. But good bandwidth, dual band nature, better gain directivity, VSWR, and the best efficiency are achieved by the introduction of partial ground in the design of all the shapes. This is applicable for Marine Radar Communication (SART), Effective Satellite Communications, and Wireless Communication applications like weather monitoring, defense, and military purposes.

Integral Hydro-Bulge Forming Method of Spherical Pressure Vessels Using a Triangle Patch Polyhedron

AbstractThis paper proposes an integral hydrobulge forming (IHBF) method using a triangular patch polyhedron as the closed preform shell. When triangular flat parts are welded along the edges in sequence, triangular patch polyhedra are naturally formed. From the radius of the spherical pressure vessel, a design formula was derived to calculate the side lengths of the triangular flat plate parts. The water pressure, water volume, average strain of molding, and amount of springback after molding, which are necessary for implementing the IHBF for practical use, were also formulated. To verify the forming performance of the spherical pressure vessel using IHBF method, the finite element method was carried out, and a stainless-steel spherical pressure vessel with a thickness of 1.0 mm and a diameter of approximately 500 mm was fabricated using the proposed IHBF method. As a result, the measured shape error expressed as roundness to diameter ratio was 0.52%, and the calculated average plastic strain was 0.02, which was approximately 1/19 times of the forming limit strain of the material. The amount of springback after forming by calculation was approximately 0.7 mm, indicating that the amount of water required for IHBF was 5.90% of the volume of the spherical pressure vessel, while the required water pressure was no bigger than 2.3 MPa. The process directly utilizes triangular flat plate parts, eliminating the need for molds to process closed preform shells resulting in a low average plastic strain during forming, thereby improving the quality of the formed spherical pressure vessels.

Research on discretization algorithm of free-form surface for robotic polishing

Traditional surface processing measures for free-form surface parts are unable to distinguish the curvature of the surface to be machined, nor can they identify the concave and convex characteristics of different areas of the surface, as well as the time-varying characteristics of the contact between the tool and the surface of the part, making it impossible to tailor the processing parameters to the different mathematical characteristics of each area of the part surface. The result is that different areas of the same surface cannot be machined uniformly. In order to solve the above problems, this study proposes a discrete partition algorithm for free-form surface parts from the perspective of free-form surface parts simplification. The algorithm takes the spatial coordinates of each triangular patch after meshing the 3D model of the free-form surface part as input parameters. The partition of the free-form surface part is realized by the criterion for determining the spatial position of triangular patches, the method for detecting overlapping edges of triangular facets based on the principle of co-linear determination and the strategy for determining the difference of normal vectors between triangular patches. The 3D solid model after the corresponding surface partition is further obtained by reverse modeling. In addition, in order to effectively improve the machining efficiency of the free-form surface parts after partition, this study proposes an optimal machining path planning algorithm based on the principle of genetic algorithm. This algorithm ensures that the processing equipment can finish each sub-surface and plan the polishing path based on the results of surface partition, and then achieving the complete polishing process of the surface in the shortest time. Finally, the simulation software was used to simulate and analyze the surface polishing quality before and after the partition processing, which proved that the proposed surface partition algorithm can effectively improve the machining accuracy of free-form parts.

A Single-Layer Filtering Antenna With Two Controllable Radiation Nulls Based on the Multimodes of Patch and SIW Resonators

A single-layer filtering hybrid antenna with low profile and high selectivity is presented. The proposed antenna is composed of a triangular patch and a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity with triangular slot and U-shaped slot etched on the top surface. The patch is embedded in the triangular slot. Four modes can be generated by the hybrid structure. That is, the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> mode of the patch, the right half-TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> , the modified right half-TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> and the TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.5, 1</sub> modes of the SIW cavity are selected. By merging the four modes into a single passband, the impedance bandwidth is broadened, and the frequency selectivity is enhanced. There are two radiation nulls at the lower and upper edges of the passband, which can be controlled independently. In addition, part of the shorting pins surrounding the SIW cavity is truncated to decrease the operating frequency and increase the out-of-band rejection. The measured –10 dB impedance bandwidth ranges from 3.44 to 3.62 GHz with sharp frequency selectivity and more than 18 dB out-of-band suppression level.

An evaluation algorithm for [formula omitted]-Bézier triangular patches formed by convex combinations

An extension to triangular domains of the univariate q-Bernstein basis functions is introduced and analysed. Some recurrence relations and properties such as partition of unity and degree elevation are proved for them. It is also proved that they form a basis for the space of polynomials of total degree less than or equal to n on a triangle. In addition, it is presented a de Casteljau type evaluation algorithm whose steps are all linear convex combinations.

Revolutionary Triangular Patch Antenna with Dumbbell-Shaped Defected Ground Structure for 5G at 3.7 GHz: A Disruptive Design Innovation

This research proposes the use of a triangularshaped printed antenna operating at 3.7 GHz as a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for a 5G communication system. The design of triangular antenna is incorporates with a printed Dumbbell shaped DGS structure in order to reduce the cost of antenna fabrication. The aim is to improve service performance, effectiveness, and quality of 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna has been analyzed and found to have return losses of -28.73 dB at the resonant frequency of 3.73 GHz, and an antenna gain of 3.23 dB. The DGS design is expected to increase the performance and this antenna be a choice for 5G communication systems.

A Low-Profile Antenna for On-Body and Off-Body Applications in the Lower and Upper ISM and WLAN Bands.

The article presents a Co-planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna of a low-profile, simple geometry, and compact size operating at the dual band for ISM and WLAN applications for 5G communication devices. The antenna has a small size of 30 mm × 18 mm × 0.79 mm and is realized using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The proposed dual-band antenna contains a CPW feedline along with the triangular patch. Later on, various stubs are loaded to obtain optimal results. The proposed antenna offers a dual band at 2.4 and 5.4 GHz while covering the impedance bandwidths of 2.25-2.8 GHz for ISM and 5.45-5.65 GHz for WLAN applications, respectively. The proposed antenna design is studied and analyzed using the Electromagnetic (EM) High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSSv9) tool, and a hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results. As the antenna is intended for on-body applications, therefore, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis is carried out to investigate the Electromagnetic effects of the antenna on the human body. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed dual-band antenna and other relevant works in the literature is presented. The results and comparison of the proposed work with other literary works validate that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for future 5G devices working in Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands.

Hexagonal-Triangular Combinatorial Structure Based Dual-Band Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for GAGAN Receivers

A multilayer gap-coupled dual band hexagonal microstrip patch antenna is presented for GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) receivers. GAGAN is developed by AAI (Airport Authority of India) and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization) exclusively for aviation purposes with the GPS frequencies L5 (1176.45 MHz) and L1 (1575.42 MHz). The proposed GAGAN antenna has three trapezoidal and four equilateral triangular patch resonators configured to form a gap-coupled hexagonal patch on the top layer and seven equilateral triangular patches with slots in between to form the middle layer. Both the layers are fed by a single coax feed to achieve a dual band compact microstrip antenna of size 55 mm x 55 mm x 3.2 mm. Instead of designing the hexagonal antenna conventionally from a circular patch antenna, the sides of the equilateral triangular patch are truncated to obtain the proposed compact hexagonal antenna as the triangular antenna occupies less area when compared to circular or square patches for a fixed frequency. To bring in novelty with improved performance, the combinatorial structured configuration has been explored through step-by-step optimization. The aspects of GAGAN requirements like circular polarization with a single input, dual band operation and high gain with gain flatness are achieved with this compact structured antenna when compared to square and circular patch antennas. The combinatorial structures such as perturbation and truncation introduced in the patches are responsible for exciting two near-degenerate orthogonal modes producing circular polarization (CP). A cross slot etched in the center patch results in gain enhancement with a gain above 3.2 dBi over a bandwidth of 20 MHz in both the bands. Five shorting pins are added to achieve high impedance matching and good CP with an axial ratio (AR) below 2 dB. The simulated and measured results are found to be in good agreement with greater than 20 MHz operational bandwidth exhibiting CP with an omni-directional radiation pattern having high cross polar levels of -22 dB. The size reduction achieved in the proposed design is 56.79% when compared to the conventional hexagonal patch antenna. The measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth is 2.7% and 2.1% for L5 and L1 bands respectively with a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 2.3% for L5 and 2.0% for L1, satisfying GAGAN requirements.

A Low Profile Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna with Equilateral Triangular Patch and Parasitic Elements for Dual Application Band

A Low Profile Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna with Equilateral Triangular Patch and Parasitic Elements for Dual Application Band

Study and Development of a Multi-band Triangular Patch Antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications

Study and Development of a Multi-band Triangular Patch Antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications

Dr. KID: Direct Remeshing and K-Set Isometric Decomposition for Scalable Physicalization of Organic Shapes.

Dr. KID is an algorithm that uses isometric decomposition for the physicalization of potato-shaped organic models in a puzzle fashion. The algorithm begins with creating a simple, regular triangular surface mesh of organic shapes, followed by iterative K-means clustering and remeshing. For clustering, we need similarity between triangles (segments) which is defined as a distance function. The distance function maps each triangle's shape to a single point in the virtual 3D space. Thus, the distance between the triangles indicates their degree of dissimilarity. K-means clustering uses this distance and sorts segments into k classes. After this, remeshing is applied to minimize the distance between triangles within the same cluster by making their shapes identical. Clustering and remeshing are repeated until the distance between triangles in the same cluster reaches an acceptable threshold. We adopt a curvature-aware strategy to determine the surface thickness and finalize puzzle pieces for 3D printing. Identical hinges and holes are created for assembling the puzzle components. For smoother outcomes, we use triangle subdivision along with curvature-aware clustering, generating curved triangular patches for 3D printing. Our algorithm was evaluated using various models, and the 3D-printed results were analyzed. Findings indicate that our algorithm performs reliably on target organic shapes with minimal loss of input geometry.

Millimeter Wave Planar Wideband Circularly Polarized Antenna Loaded Triangular Patch for End-Fire Radiation

Millimeter Wave Planar Wideband Circularly Polarized Antenna Loaded Triangular Patch for End-Fire Radiation

Simulation and Study of a Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

This study considers the simulation and study of a probe fed triangular microstrip patch antenna developed on a FR4 type substrate. The antenna design is first simulated using Sonnet Lite™ electromagnetic (EM) analysis software. Sonnet Lite™ is memory limited free version of commercial Sonnet™ electromagnetic analysis tool. It is based on method of moments technique to solve electromagnetic boundary value problem. The simulation predicted antenna resonant frequency to be 2360 MHz, Return Loss bandwidth of 36 MHz and input impedance of 52.72 Ohm. The antenna is then studied for its return loss (RL), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and impedance (ZIn1) to determine its resonant frequency. The antenna resonant frequency is found to be 2380 MHz and its return loss bandwidth to be 60 MHz. The antenna radiation pattern is then measured at 2380 MHz. The RL, VSWR and ZIn1 of antenna predicated by Sonnet Lite™ are compared with their measurements which show a good agreement.

Radiation Performance of Different Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Configuration Shapes Operating at 28 GHz

The radiation performance of different triangular microstrip patch antenna (TMPA) shapes such as right triangle (RTMPA), isosceles triangle (ITMPA), obtuse triangle (OTMPA), and equilateral triangle (ETMPA) operating at (28 GHz) are computed and compared using inset-fed techniques and Rogers-RT5880 substrate material of permittivity and (h=0.15 mm) height. The directivity, gain, efficiency, bandwidth, VSWR, S11 and 2D-radiation pattern for each mentioned triangular patch shapes are computed utilizing CST and HFSS method. The computed results reveal generally that the ETMPA provide better radiation performance whereas the OTMPA displays lower antenna radiation parameter values compared to the other considered ones. In addition, the antenna parameters of ETMPA with the use of coaxial probe fed are also simulated and the results are compared to those previously achieved experimentally and theoretically by other researchers. Generally, a good agreement between mentioned antenna parameter results is displayed and reliability of those achieved by CST with inset fed techniques is clearly observed. Moreover, the overall antenna parameter obtained, respectively, with CST and HFSS techniques for inset fed ETMPA are S11 (-28.68, -20.64), VSWR (1.076,1.20), gain (5.82, 6.29) dB, directivity (6.85, 7.09) dB, bandwidth (0.452, 0.369) GHz, efficiency (78.9%, 83.2%) and with a small antenna size of about (3.88 mm3) which is most reliable for 5G technology application systems.

Edge Restoration of a 3D Building Model Based on Oblique Photography

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) oblique photography technology is widely used in a variety of fields because of its excellent efficiency, realism, and low cost of manufacturing. However, due to the influence of lighting, occlusion, weak textures, and other factors in aerial images, the modeling results can have the problem of an incorrect structure that is inconsistent with the real scene. The edge line of a building is the main external expression of its structure. Whether the edge line is straight or not will directly affect the realism of the building, so the restoration of the edge line can improve the realism of the building. In this study, we proposed and developed a method for the restoration of the edge line of a 3D building model based on triangular mesh cutting. Firstly, the feature line of the edge line was drawn using human–computer interaction, and axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) collision detection was carried out around the feature line to determine the triangular patches to be cut. Then, the triangular cutting algorithm was used to cut the triangular patches projected onto the plane. Finally, the structure and texture of the 3D building model were reconstructed. This method allowed us to actualize the physical separation of continuous triangulation; the triangulation around the edge line was cut, and the plane was fitted. This method was able to improve cutting accuracy and edge flatness and enhance the edge features of buildings and the rendering quality of models. The experimental results showed that the edge restoration method proposed in this paper is reliable and that it can effectively improve the building rendering effect of a 3D building model based on UAV oblique photography and can also enhance the realism of the model.

Electronically reconfigurable and conformal triband antenna for wireless communications systems and portable devices.

This paper presents the design of a triband antenna that can be electronically configured to operate at different frequencies. The proposed antenna is design to operate at sub-6GHz bands at 2.45 GHz (ISM, Wi-Fi, and WLAN), 3.3, 3.5 & 3.9 GHz (WiMAX), and 4.1 & 4.9 GHz (4G & 5G). This is achieved by connecting two open-ended stubs to a modified triangular patch radiator using PIN diodes. The antenna's performance was optimized using a 3D electromagnetic solver and its performance was verified through measurements. Moreover, the conformal analysis done on the antenna shows that the proposed technique can be used in moderately flexible wireless devices without compromising the antenna's gain, radiation efficiency and radiation patterns. These characteristics makes the proposed antenna applicable for various wireless communication systems and devices.

A New Compact Triple-Band Triangular Patch Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Applications in IoT Devices.

This work proposes a new compact triple-band triangular patch antenna for RF energy harvesting applications in IoT devices. It is realized on Teflon glass substrate with a thickness of 0.67 mm and a relative permittivity of 2.1. Four versions of this antenna have been designed and realized with inclinations of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° to study the impact of the tilting on their characteristics (S11 parameter, radiation pattern, gain) and to explore the possibilities of their implementation in the architectures of electronic equipment according to the available space. The antenna is also realized on waterproof paper with a thickness of 0.1 mm and a relative permittivity of 1.4 for biomedical domain. All the antennas (vertical antenna, tilted antennas and antenna realized on waterproof paper) have a size of 39 × 9 mm2 and cover the 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz Wi-Fi bands and the 8.2 GHz band. A good agreement is obtained between measured and simulated results. Radiation patterns show that all the antennas are omnidirectional for 2.45 GHz and pseudo-omnidirectional for 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz with maximum measured gains of 2.6 dBi, 4.55 dBi and 6 dBi, respectively. The maximum measured radiation efficiencies for the three antenna configurations are, respectively, of 75%, 70% and 72%. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for the antenna bound on the human body is of 1.1 W/kg, 0.71 W/kg and 0.45 W/kg, respectively, for the three frequencies 2.45 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz. All these antennas are then applied to realize RF energy harvesting systems. These systems are designed, realized and tested for the frequency 2.45 GHz, −20 dBm input power and 2 kΩ resistance load. The maximum measured output DC power is of 7.68 µW with a maximum RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 77%.

Printed humidity sensor for low-cost item tagging

This paper presents a printable 30-bit Chipless RFID tag that offers a better-read range. The tag structure consists of two different triangular patches arranged in a fan-shaped assembly enabling the tag suitable for a higher read range. The proposed tag is analyzed for several substrates, i.e., Taconic (TLX-8), Rogers RT/Duroid® (5880), PET, and Kapton® HN; so that tag can be used in different environmental conditions. The tag is optimized on Dupont Kapton® HN along with silver nanoparticle ink as a radiator. The 55.3 × 55.3 mm2 tag is designed to operate in a frequency band of 2.63–9.22 GHz. Silver nanoparticle-based ink is used for the easy printability of the tag. Along with the enhanced read range feature, the Kapton® HN-based tag exhibits the humidity sensing feature and can be the best choice for low-cost item tagging.

A low-profile broadband crossed-dipole antenna with fractal structure and inverted-L plates

A low-profile broadband circularly polarized (CP) crossed-dipole antenna is proposed. In this antenna, the dipole uses a fractal-based structure with multiple similar patches for obtaining broadband CP radiation and impedance matching. The incorporation of the crossed-dipole antenna with four triangular parasitic patches improves both the impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths. Four parasitic coupled inverted-L metal plates are loaded on the ground plane to significantly enhance the AR bandwidth and reduce the antenna profile. The measured results are in agreement with the simulations, which demonstrates that the proposed antenna has a low profile of 0.18 λ0, a − 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 91% (2.78–7.42 GHz), a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 81.5% (2.99–7.1 GHz), and a good right hand circular polarization (RHCP) radiation pattern with an average gain of 7.9 dBi over the whole operating band.