Triangular Microstrip Antenna Research Articles

Prediction of Resonant Frequency of an Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antenna Using Conformal Mapping Technique

In this manuscript, Conformal Mapping Technique (CMT) is applied to predict the resonant frequency of an Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antenna (ETMA). The ETMA is mapped into a simple circular geometry with the aid of CMT. The wave equation is solved in the transformed domain using Galerkin technique to obtain the approximate solution of eigenfunction and eigenvalue. Twenty-three measured data are collected from the open literature to validate our theory. Our theoretical results are also compared with several CAD models to show the effectiveness of the present theory. It is found that our proposed theory can predict the resonant frequency of the ETMA with an error of less than 1.5%, whereas those CAD models can produce a large error (sometimes, 10-19% error). Internal field patterns, input impedance, far-field radiation patterns, quality factor, bandwidth gain, and directivity of the ETMA for the dominant mode are also investigated using CMT.

The study of the radiating module of the energy management system of buildings

Purpose. Improving the toolkit of interaction between sensors and the building control system using a triangular microstrip antenna. Methodology. Mathematical modeling by the method of finite differences in the time domain. Findings. The proposed technical solution consists in choosing the optimal design of the radiating module in the form of a triangular microstrip antenna, by means of mathematical modeling, the values of the geometric dimensions of the triangle, the thickness of the dielectric layer and the value of its dielectric constant, the overall dimensions of the radiating module, which ensure optimal coordination of the antenna with the power feeder in the form of a microstrip line. The developed computer model of the triangular microstrip antenna using the finite-difference method in the time domain allows conducting research on the parameters of this antenna that provide stable wireless communication between the system of sensors and the home automation control unit. The condition for increasing the degree of matching the impedance of the antenna and the supply line is the choice of the method of powering the antenna. It was established that the most optimal way of feeding a triangular antenna is the method of connecting the microstrip line to the middle of the side of the triangle, compared to the way of connecting the power line to the top of the triangle. The width of the microstrip power line was optimized according to the criterion of minimizing the module of the reflection coefficient at the antenna input. A study of the degree of matching the impedance of the antenna at operating frequencies of 2,4 and 7 GHz was carried out. At a frequency of 7 GHz, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient module is -23,6776 dB. The three-dimensional and two-dimensional radiation patterns of this antenna are calculated. The radiation pattern has an almost spherical shape, that is, it allows placing the radiating module in any orientation relative to the earth's surface. This allows the triangular microstrip antenna to be used as a radiating module of the building energy management system and the smart home system. Originality. The study of the ways of feeding the triangular microstrip antenna allows to find the optimal coupling of the antenna with the power line, which ensures the formation of radiation characteristics that ensure effective interaction between the sensors and the building's energy management control system. Practical value. The radiation characteristics of a triangular microstrip antenna obtained as a result of the study make it possible to use it to organize a wireless communication channel in a 4% operating frequency band.

Investigation of Multi-Band Reconfigurable Triangular Microstrip Antenna on Magnetic YIG Substrate

Reconfigurable antennas based on magnetised ferrite substrate and electronic components present a remarkable interest for nowadays antennas. The present research contribution deals to investigate an efficient multiband tuneable triangular microstrip antenna with acceptable characteristics, able to operate from 2.6 GHz to 5.8 GHz requiring frequency and polarization agility by dual reconfigurability using a YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet) substrate and PIN diode. Different magnetic bias fields were applied to the proposed antenna for ON and OFF states. The obtained results and analysis demonstrate the efficiency of magnetic frequency tuning and a high stability of the radiated field, the antenna bandwidth can reach 1300 MHz for ON state, and a maximum tuning range close to 550 MHz is observed. The proposed antenna design exhibits a linear polarization and stable E and H–plane radiation pattern performance at resonance frequencies over the operating bands. These characteristics make the antenna suitable for multiband wireless communications requiring frequency agility.

Thinner Substrate Designs of Modified Ground Plane E–shape Microstrip Antennas for Wideband Response

ABSTRACT Wideband designs of a coaxially fed pair of slot cut square, circular, and equilateral triangular microstrip antennas employing the H-shaped or Bow-tie shaped ground plane profile are presented on an electrically thinner substrate (ht ~ 0.04λg). The modified ground plane yields an optimum impedance matching for the response inside VSWR = 2 circle that gives a wider bandwidth. Among all the slot cut regular shaped microstrip antennas, an optimum response in terms of the bandwidth and gain against the substrate thickness reduction is achieved in E-shaped square microstrip antennas backed by the Bow-tie shaped ground plane. Against the thicker substrate design (ht ~ 0.07λg), it yields bandwidth increment by > 10% and reduction in the substrate thickness by 0.03λg, with a peak broadside gain of 6.2 dBi. An experimental validation is carried out in all the proposed configurations that show close matching with the simulations.

Wideband designs of proximity fed isosceles triangular microstrip antennas gap‐coupled with parasitic pairs of sectoral patches

Wideband designs of proximity fed isosceles triangular microstrip antennas gap‐coupled with parasitic pairs of sectoral patches

Designs of regular shape microstrip antennas backed by bow-tie shape ground plane for enhanced antenna characteristics

Designs of microstrip antenna backed by defected ground plane structure have been extensively reported for reducing the cross-polar radiation level. However, reported configurations do not show any improvement in antenna bandwidth and gain. In this paper, novel designs of rectangular, circular, and equilateral triangular microstrip antennas backed by bow-tie shape ground plane are proposed on thinner FR4 substrate, in 1500 MHz frequency range. In addition to the cross-polar level reduction, each of the proposed designs offers a reduction in the resonance frequency (patch size), and an increase in the bandwidth and gain. The design using rectangular patch offers 10 dB reduction in the cross-polar levels with 4.7% reduction in the frequency whereas using the circular patch, reduction in the frequency by 8.5%, cross-polar level reduction by 41 dB, improvement in the bandwidth and gain by three times and 0.7 dBi, respectively, is obtained. An equilateral triangular patch offers optimum performance. Here in addition to the frequency and cross-polar level reduction by more than 10% and 20 dB, respectively, bandwidth improvement by more than five times and gain by 1.3 dBi are achieved. All these results are obtained on thinner and lossy FR4 substrate, thus they are notable. The measurements have been carried out for the result validation and a closer match with the simulated results, is obtained.

Design of multi band triangular microstrip patch antenna with triangular split ring resonator for S band, C band and X band applications

With the rapid advancement in multi-functional communication devices, devices capable of operating for more than one frequency bands emerged. Such applications demand for multiband antennas. Wide band antennas are capable of resonating over larger frequency bands, but it limits the impedance bandwidth and gain. So, the solution of this could be compact multi band antennas. A quad band Triangular Microstrip antenna designed for IEEE 802.16e Wi-MAX, IEEE 802.11a WLAN, C band downlink communication and x band radar applications is suggested in this work. The proposed antenna has triangular patch with triangular split ring resonator. The conservativeness and data transfer capacity are the preferred possessions of the suggested antenna. The proposed antenna yields better return and gain by resonating in 3.5 GHz, 4.1 GHz, 5.6 GHz and 9.7 GHz.

Compact Microstrip Antennas With Enhanced Bandwidth for the Implanted and External Subsystems of a Wireless Retinal Prosthesi

In this communication, two pairs of compact microstrip antennas were introduced for a dual-unit retinal prosthesis operating at two frequencies of 1.45 and 2.45 GHz. For the 2.45 GHz frequency band, a triangular microstrip antenna with shorting pin and 7 mm $\times6.93$ mm $\times0.63$ mm dimensions is explored to enhance the intraocular element bandwidth. Also, a modified rectangular patch (26 mm $\times24$ mm $\times1.43$ mm) with parasitic radiators is employed for the extraocular element. In the 1.45 GHz frequency band, another triangular microstrip intraocular element (6.25 mm $\times6$ mm $\times0.63$ mm) is proposed by etching a series of slots, which results in lower resonance frequency. For the extraocular element at 1.45 GHz, a planar inverted-f antenna (PIFA) (28 mm $\times24$ mm $\times1.43$ mm) with parasitic radiators is introduced. The effectiveness of intraocular and extraocular antennas was evaluated through simulation and further examined by fabricating to characterize the performance in a wireless system inside eye phantom. Specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis of the proposed antennas, results of the simulation, and experimental coupling measurements are presented. Compared with others’ work in this problem, with this proposed structure, we could enhance the impedance bandwidth up to 36% without compromising the coupling, which is advantageous for high-resolution retinal prosthesis.

Circularly polarized designs of modified isosceles triangular microstrip antennas

AbstractThe modified designs of different isosceles triangular microstrip antennas realized by overlapping two isosceles patches, are proposed for circularly polarized response. An offset distance between the two overlapped patches yield optimum spacing in between the orthogonal modes of the composite patch, to give circular polarization. Proposed configuration is investigated for angle increasing from 50° to 100°. An optimum response in terms of the bandwidth (BW) is obtained in 50° modified isosceles patch. Here, input impedance and axial ratio (AR) BW of 646 MHz (52%) and 76 MHz (6.12%), respectively, is obtained. As an additional design feature, proposed configuration shows variation in the center frequency of AR BW against increasing isosceles angle and the offset distance. Proposed designs exhibit broadside radiation pattern with a gain of above 8 dBi, with a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. A new simpler design for circular polarized response supported with detailed design methodology are the new technical contributions in the proposed work.

Electromagnetically Coupled Circularly Polarized Modified Triangular Microstrip Antenna

ABSTRACT Modified design of triangular-shaped microstrip antenna is proposed for circular polarized response which yields an axial ratio bandwidth of 68 MHz (∼5%) in the L-band. Furthermore, its electromagnetically coupled stacked design is presented, which yields enhanced impedance and axial ratio bandwidth of more than 1100 (∼70%) and 90 MHz (>7%), respectively. A single and stacked antenna offers a broadside pattern with a peak gain of 9 dBi. As a part of the design procedure, resonant length formulation at patch modes is presented. This serves as a guideline in the re-designing of similar antenna in a given frequency spectrum. Theoretical results have been verified experimentally with a good agreement.

High gain broadband stacked triangular microstrip antennas

AbstractA low cost, broadband, and high gain stacked equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMSA) is designed to cover the frequency band from 1700 to 2600 MHz with low cross polar level (X‐pol). The antenna consists of a metallic ETMSA at the bottom layer and three parasitically coupled ETMSAs (1B3T) are printed symmetrically on the bottom side of the top FR‐4 substrate layer, which is supported by foam inserted between the top and bottom layers. The bottom patch is shorted by a metallic via at its center. It improves the X‐pol in upper frequency band. The 1B3T ETMSA is further enclosed in a metallic cavity to improve the gain and front to back ratio (F/B). The fabricated 1B3T ETMSA provides 42.2% BW with peak gain of 10.8 dBi, F/B of more than 15.8 dB and X‐pol of less than −13.6 dB throughout the BW. The proposed antenna can be used for RF energy harvesting in 2G, 3G, 4G, and Wi‐Fi frequency bands.

Miniaturised Triangular Microstrip Antenna with Metamaterial for Wireless Sensor Node Applications

This paper presents a simple, low cost and compact triangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial, designed for wireless sensor node applications. The proposed microstrip antenna consists of a triangular patch and circular shaped split ring resonator (SRR) as a ground plane. The metamaterial-based triangular microstrip patch antenna is designed at 2.4 GHz with a return loss of S11 < 10 dB and acceptable gain. The proposed antenna is of small size (0.065 λ0 × 0.065 λ0) and uses a FR-4 substrate of dielectric constant 4.3. The simulated and measured normalised radiation patterns are in concurrence with each other. The antenna covers 2.4 GHz ISM band making it appropriate for WSN applications.

Tapered Antenna Array with Non-identical Triangular MSA Elements for FSLL Reduction

Reduced interference from nearby communication systems is an essential need in all generations of wireless communication systems. In this paper, interference is reduced by reducing the first side lobe level (FSLL) by using the concept of tapering realized with non-identical triangular elements. Resonance frequency of an Equilateral triangular microstrip antenna depends on its patch height. This property has been used effectively to realize isosceles triangular microstrip antenna with equal height, thus resonating at the same frequency. The isosceles triangular elements are designed as non-identical elements, based on its area reduction and hence gain variation, with respect to three different standard amplitude distribution functions. Six such arrays have been designed with two different inset notch feed gaps. An analysis of the non-identical elements’ antenna arrays with varying inset notch feed gaps to realize tapering in the H-plane for FSLL reduction has been presented. To verify the proposed concept, one triangular patch array using eight non-identical equilateral and isosceles triangular elements designed at 6 GHz is fabricated and tested. A reasonably acceptable agreement between the simulated and measured results validates the proposed concept.

Triangular Microstrip Antenna for Circularly-Polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar Sensor Application

&lt;p&gt;In this paper, we obtain the basic construction of triangular microstrip antennas based on the analysis of the single patch and array two patches. This construction use the basic corporate feeding-line with modified lossless T-junction power divider for Circularly Polarized-Synthetic Aperture Radar (CP-SAR) sensor embedded on airspace with compact, small, and simple configuration. The design of Circular Polarization (CP) is realized by truncating the whole three tips and adjusted the parameters of antennas at the resonant frequency, f = 1.25 GHz. The equations for reciprocal, lossless, and matched of the modified lossless T-junction power divider are also described. The result of characteristic performance and S-parameter for the single patch both Left-Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) and Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP) at the resonant frequency show consecutively 7.15 dBic and 7.16 dBic of gain, 0.12 dB and 0.11 dB of axial ratio, -26.75 dB and -26.72 dB of S-parameter. For array two patches, the result of gain, axial ratio, and S-parameter both of LHCP and RHCP are 7.63 dBic, 7.62 dBic, 2.68 dB, 2.74 dB, -19.43 dB, and -19.40 dB, respectively. The modified lossless T-junction power divider both for LHCP and RHCP are capable of being reciprocal, matched, and lossless at all ports.&lt;/p&gt;

Employing Iron Nanoparticles on Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antenna for Multiband Operation

Employing Iron Nanoparticles on Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antenna for Multiband Operation

A 50‐Ω microstrip line fed shorted equilateral triangular microstrip antenna

AbstractFor the fundamental TM10 mode of an equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMSA), along its height, the impedance value is maximum at the vertex, zero at the isocenter and finite value at the base. Along the base, the impedance remains constant in between 150 to 200 Ω, depending upon the design. Thus, 50‐Ω microstrip (MS) line cannot be used to directly feed an ETMSA at its base. Instead, either inset or impedance transformer is used to facilitate the 50‐Ω MS line feed. In this article, a simple MS line feed at the base is proposed using a single shorting post for impedance matching. By inserting a shorting post (via) closer to the edge of the base of an ETMSA, a wide range of impedances can be achieved at any of the edge by selecting proper shorting positions. A detailed investigation of an ETMSA with variation in shorting post position is carried out for the direct MS line feed. Experiments have been carried out to validate the concept.

Wide Band Designs Of Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Antennas With Parasitic Sectoral Patches

Proximity fed equilateral triangular microstrip antenna is discussed which yields bandwidth of 498 MHz (37.53%) with peak gain of above 8 dBi. To enhance the bandwidth and gain of equilateral triangular patch without increment in its area, gap-coupled configurations with 300 Sectoral patches are proposed. A gap-coupled configuration with pair of 300 Sectoral patches yields bandwidth of above 570 MHz (>45%) and that with two pairs of 300 Sectoral patches, a bandwidth of above 640 MHz (>48%) is obtained. The gap-coupled configuration with two pairs of 300 Sectoral patches yields peak broadside gain close to 9 dBi. Thus with marginal increase in total patch area, gap-coupled design yields bandwidth enhancement by 10% with larger peak gain.

Radiation Characteristics of an Isosceles 45°–45°–90° Triangular Microstrip Antenna

ABSTRACTIn this paper, radiation characteristics of an isosceles 45°–45°–90° triangular microstrip antenna (TMA) are presented using simple extension of cavity model considering field variation in all dimensions for the first time along with physical explanation. Eigenfunctions, eigenvalues, input impedance, far-field radiation patterns, etc. are discussed. Approximate expression is given here to predict the resonant frequency with accuracy better than 1%. Theoretical results are verified with experimental data to show the accuracy of our theory. The study of 45°–45°–90° TMA is important because (1) the area occupied by the antenna is just half of that compared to a square patch antenna for a given resonant frequency, (2) mode suppression (including fundamental mode) of the antenna is quite easy compared to other conventional shaped patch antennas, (3) all modes of the antenna are dual polarized, and (4) four modes out of first five modes of the antenna produce a peak in the broadside direction.

Simple procedure to evaluate singularity free expressions for radiation patterns of an antenna with rectilinear symmetry

An efficient, simple technique is demonstrated here to find a singularity free analytic solution for the far-field radiation patterns of an antenna with rectilinear symmetry. Closed form singularity free expressions are given for the rectangular slot antenna, rectangular microstrip antenna, rectangular dielectric resonator antenna, equilateral triangular microstrip antenna (ETMA) and TMAs. Theoretical results are verified with measured data as found in the published literature. It is found that one can easily avoid singularities and complex mathematical calculations for the far-field radiation patterns by applying this novel technique. This procedure is also applied here to evaluate certain types of complex integrals which are essential to evaluate conductor loss and stored energy within a cavity, waveguide and antenna. Typical results are shown for ETMA where 18 numbers of integrals are replaced by a single integration. Theoretical results are verified by numerical integration using the inbuilt function of MATLAB®. Therefore, it is concluded that this novel technique can efficiently be utilized (i) to give singularity free expressions for the far-field radiation patterns (ii) to reduce unnecessary, time consuming mathematical processing (iii) to provide a much more efficient analysis than these offered by the commercial numerical simulator.

Planar array of right-angled isosceles triangular microstrip antenna using Koch and meander lines for the Internet of things

An ultrawideband antenna array using a right-angled isosceles triangular microstrip antenna as a basic element is presented using inset feed for applications in the Internet of things. A Koch fractal antenna array with defected ground plane is used to generate multiband applications. Further, meander lines are added to increase the equivalent inductance that reduces the size of the antenna and increases the bandwidth and gain. Antenna arrays have been constructed and experimentally studied. The measured results show good agreement with the numerical prediction and wideband operation.