Triangular Framework Research Articles

An ontology-based multi-hazard coupling accidents simulation and deduction system for underground utility tunnel - A case study of earthquake-induced disaster chain

Integrated underground utility tunnels are increasingly crucial in modern cities, addressing the pressing need for sustainable urban development. However, their extensive centralization amplifies both the complexity and scale of potential risks. When a utility tunnel accident occurs, it is possible to trigger a sequence of cascading events, thereby resulting a complex coupling accident. While previous research has predominantly focused on individual hazards, understanding multi-hazard coupling accidents presents significant challenges and lacks effective methodologies. In this paper, we propose an integrated system utilizing ontology technology and knowledge base construction for simulating and deducing coupling accidents in urban utility tunnels. Specifically, by extending ontology techniques to emergency decision-making and adopting the triangular framework for public safety, we establish a multidimensional information ontology for utility tunnel emergencies. Furthermore, a knowledge base for typical coupling accident evolution paths is established based on the event chain and contingency plan chain theory. Through integration with a multi-hazard accident basic database that serves the conditional, investigative and decision-making node within the evolution path, the simulation and deduction system is formulated, boasting a user-friendly visual interface, interactive functionality, and seamless applicability for widespread adoption. A case study demonstrates the system ability to support multiple paths and unified mapping deduction, offering practical emergency decision-making suggestions to mitigate cascading events in urban utility tunnels.

The developmental trajectory of African American masculinity in African-American Drama

Notwithstanding the belated emergence and subsequent acknowledgment of African American dramaturgy, its impact has proven salient in elucidating cultural, social, and political occurrences. Thus, this study constructs a triangular framework for twentieth-century African-American drama, delineating three distinct periods through the analysis of selective works by Langston Hughes, Amiri Baraka (formerly LeRoi Jones), and August Wilson. The selected literary works delineate the developmental trajectory of African American men across the dimensions of individuality, manhood, and fatherhood. By juxtaposing the historical context of each playwright's oeuvre with the unfolding chapters of the Civil Rights Movement, this study endeavors to unravel the intricate interplay between artistic expression and the broader socio-political landscape. In elucidating the multifaceted dimensions of African American drama through thematic underpinnings, narrative strategies, and stylistic choices of each writer, this study provides a nuanced understanding of how these playwrights grappled with the exigencies of their times and aims to contribute to a richer comprehension of the complexities inherent in the intersection of artistic creation and social activism within the African American literary tradition. The stages of creating an identity, defiant resistance to the status quo and a mature protestation tone are three selective eras that have been associated with the works to understand the parallelism between dramatic works and civil rights movement.

An Examination of the Koryŏ-Khitan Relations from the 10th to 12th Century through the Balance of Power System

International relations in East Asia from the 10th through the 12th centuries had been understood through a triangular relationship framework with the Khitan and the Song in a bipolar relationship and either Koryŏ or Western Xia as the third state. It is widely acknowledged that this framework has the advantage of simplifying international affairs under restricted conditions, which allows for an easy comprehension of the situation at the time. However, even the Song and the Khitan, which were considered to be major powers at the time, were merely two nations among equals. The period spanning the 10th to 12th centuries was not characterized by any single nation overpowering others. Consequently, the countries in East Asia during that time had to seek allies and strive for survival in response to the shifting international landscape. There are difficulties in understanding the international order of that era based solely on triangular relationships.The relationship between Koryŏ and the Khitan also did not lead to a situation where one country overpowered the other. Of course, there is a lot of room to believe that the Khitan has an overall advantage. However, as can be seen from the fact that the Khitans requested reinforcements from the Song to attack Koryŏ, the Khitans were also not confident that they were overpowering Koryŏ. Therefore, rather than confining the relationships among East Asian nations at the time within a rigid triangular framework, understanding the constantly shifting international situations at the time and the fact that all states prioritized their own security would bring us closer to the historical truth.

A Theoretical Approach to the Spaces of the New Future: Planning under the Uncertainty Principle

Over the past few decades, the world has become an increasingly dangerous and complex place, and thus, expectations from spatial planning have changed. The study defines the concept of uncertainty as an important problem area of spatial planning. Based on lack of native studies on this subject, it is aimed to reveal how the uncertainties in spatial planning process are handled in international literature. It consists of two basic steps. In the first step, a three-stage model, "Uncertainty Components of Spatial Planning" is proposed. These stages involve (i) the conceptualization, (ii) the classification and (iii) the evaluation of uncertainty. In the second step, a triangular framework was formed for the conceptualization stage of this model having components of (1) identification and modelling, (2) theories and processes, (3) legal regulations. The theoretical handling suggested that the concept of uncertainty is synonymously used with the concepts of vagueness and ambiguity in everyday life despite their differences. It is also found that uncertainty is the subject of many international studies having a common point of presenting either a model or a method to evaluate uncertainty. These studies were categorized in three groups in handling uncertainty; (1) in multidisciplinary context within a general framework, (2) in the field of planning under two subcategories (2a and 2b), and (3) in the field of environment. The studies carried out in the second category allowed for regular conceptual patterns in themselves, and they were shallower and more inward-oriented than those studies in the 1st and 3rd groups, and there is an apparent interaction between the 1st and the 3rd groups. In the model proposed, the focus was only on (i) the conceptualization. However, as the origin, definition and basis of the concept of uncertainty were revealed, it might provide an important initiation for future studies. The study is original in introducing the concept of uncertainty to native literature by elaborating on how it is handled in international studies. Proposals were offered on how to place this concept on a theoretical basis before establishing an evaluation framework for uncertainties within the spatial planning process in Türkiye.

Maximizing the Potential of Twice-Exceptional Learners: Creating a Framework of Stakeholder Supports

Through a qualitative case study approach, this study sought to understand how an independent school for gifted learners supports parents, teachers, and students in maximizing the potential of twice-exceptional learners. Findings indicated that the school’s success in working with twice-exceptional learners could be attributed to a triangular framework of supports created for all three stakeholder groups—twice-exceptional learners, their parents, and their teachers—that facilitated both academic achievement and social and emotional well-being. The framework of support arose from the school’s cultivation of a culture of acceptance of twice-exceptionality coupled with a belief in a team approach to problem-solving. A detailed discussion of the framework of supports is provided, and implications for working with twice-exceptional learners and avenues for future research are discussed.

Developing critical geopolitical awareness in management education

The impact of geopolitics on business activities is an undeniable reality, as reflected in the fact that a growing number of companies consider geopolitical risks as a substantial risk to their cross-border operations. Against this background, this article advocates developing the critical geopolitical awareness of management learners to allow them to better understand the risks and challenges posed by the rapidly changing and highly uncertain external environment. After explaining the specificities of the critical geopolitical approach, we discuss three selected case studies that show how it can be applied to complex crisis situations in which companies can become involved. We then highlight how developing critical geopolitical awareness could be beneficial to management learners as part of an incremental critical learning process. The latter is presented as a three-step process, aiming to: (a) increase knowledge of the international and local context by using the triangular framework of analysis (space-power-representations), which provides a deeper understanding of the external environment and how the strategies of both state- and non-state actors may affect business activities; (b) enrich traditional political risk models with a relational and multiscale approach to geopolitical risk; and (c) reconsider the role of corporate leaders and companies as (geo)political actors.

Dynamics of an excitation-transfer trimer: Interference, coherence, Berry's phase development, and vibrational control of non-adiabaticity.

We detail several interesting features in the dynamics of an equilaterally shaped electronic excitation-transfer (EET) trimer with distance-dependent intermonomer excitation-transfer couplings. In the absence of electronic-vibrational coupling, symmetric and antisymmetric superpositions of two single-monomer excitations are shown to exhibit purely constructive, oscillatory, and purely destructive interference in the EET to the third monomer, respectively. In the former case, the transfer is modulated by motion in the symmetrical framework-expansion vibration induced by the Franck-Condon excitation. Distortions in the shape of the triangular framework degrade that coherent EET while activating excitation transfer in the latter case of an antisymmetric initial state. In its symmetrical configuration, two of the three single-exciton states of the trimer are degenerate. This degeneracy is broken by the Jahn-Teller-active framework distortions. The calculations illustrate closed, approximately circular pseudo-rotational wave-packet dynamics on both the lower and the upper adiabatic potential energy surfaces of the degenerate manifold, which lead to the acquisition after one cycle of physically meaningful geometric (Berry) phases of π. Another manifestation of Berry-phase development is seen in the evolution of the vibrational probability density of a wave packet on the lower Jahn-Teller adiabatic potential comprising a superposition of clockwise and counterclockwise circular motions. The circular pseudo-rotation on the upper cone is shown to stabilize the adiabatic electronic state against non-adiabatic internal conversion via the conical intersection, a dynamical process analogous to Slonczewski resonance. Strategies for initiating and monitoring these various dynamical processes experimentally using pre-resonant impulsive Raman excitation, short-pulse absorption, and multi-dimensional wave-packet interferometry are outlined in brief.

Triangular Bounded Consistency of Interval-Valued Fuzzy Preference Relations

The consistency of interval-valued fuzzy preference relations (IFPRs) is a prerequisite for the application of IFPRs in real problems. To support the application of IFPRs, various types of consistency of IFPRs have been developed. They all satisfy some fixed mathematical conditions under the assumption that decision makers are perfectly rational. In practice, this assumption is usually violated because decision makers generally have bounded rationality. Considering the bounded rationality of decision makers, this article develops a new type of consistency of IFPRs called triangular bounded consistency, which is based on the historical preferences of decision makers. A triangular framework is designed to describe the three IFPRs of any three alternatives. The strict transitivity of IFPRs is defined as the restricted max-max transitivity of IFPRs, which is reconstructed in the triangular framework. In this situation, under the assumption that the preferences of a decision maker are consistent in similar circumstances, the triangular bounded consistency of IFPRs is defined by use of the historical IFPRs of decision makers. Based on the developed consistency, the process of determining the optimal estimations of missing IFPRs in an incomplete IFPR matrix is developed. A problem of selecting suppliers of simulation systems is analyzed using the multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) process with the triangular bounded consistency of IFPRs to demonstrate the application of the developed consistency in MCGDM.

Hierarchical Structure Model of Safety Risk Factors in New Coastal Towns: A Systematic Analysis Using the DEMATEL-ISM-SNA Method.

When a coastal town transforms from a rural area to an emerging city, it faces many safety risks. Some are new risks from urban construction, while some are traditional risks that belong to this coastal area. The joint efforts of these risks may lead to new hazards, harming public health, but this problem has not been noticed in previous studies. Therefore, this study constructs the Triangular Framework for Safety Risk in New Towns to identify the risks and proposes strategies to reduce the risks. In this study, multiple methods are integrated, including Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Social Network Analysis (SNA). This study takes the Lin-gang Special Area in China as a case study to verify the framework’s effectiveness. Sixteen disaster-causing factors are identified, and the internal linkages among these factors are clarified. Results show that the hybrid method performs well in quantitatively analyzing the risk factors of new coastal towns. A typhoon, public risk perception, and population migration are essential influencing factors. Disaster prevention capability of high-rise buildings, disaster prevention capacity of port facilities, and transportation are the most direct influencing factors. Environmental degradation is the most conductive among all elements. This study contributes to the theoretical theory by proposing an effective framework to analyze the safety risks in new coastal towns. In addition, it provides practical references for governments to make emergency plans in the city.

Species Diversity Regulates Ecological Strategy Spectra of Forest Vegetation Across Different Climatic Zones.

Ecological strategy is the tactics employed by species in adapting to abiotic and biotic conditions. The ecological strategy spectrum is defined as the relative proportion of species in different ecological strategy types within a community. Determinants of ecological strategy spectrum of plant community explored by most previous studies are about abiotic factors. Yet, the roles of biotic factors in driving variations of ecological strategy spectra of forest communities across different geographic regions remains unknown. In this study, we established 200 0.04-ha forest dynamics plots (FDPs) and measured three-leaf functional traits of tree and shrub species in four forest vegetation types across four climatic zones. Based on Grime’s competitor, stress-tolerator, ruderal (CSR) triangular framework, and the StrateFy method, we categorized species into four ecological strategy groups (i.e., C-, S-, Int-, and R-groups) and related the ecological spectra of the forests to three species diversity indices [i.e., species richness, Shannon-Wiener index, and stem density (stem abundance)]. Linear regression, redundancy analysis, and variance partition analysis were utilized for assessing the roles of species diversity in regulating ecological strategy spectra of forest communities across different climatic zones. We found that the proportion of species in the C- and Int-groups increased, while the proportion of species in the S-group decreased, with the increase of three indices of species diversity. Among the three species diversity indices, stem abundance played the most important role in driving variations in ecological strategy spectra of forests across different climatic zones. Our finding highlights the necessity of accounting for biotic factors, especially stem abundance, in modeling or predicting the geographical distributions of plant species with varied ecological adaptation strategies to future environmental changes.

The (cyclical) path towards impoliteness in electoral debates

This work proposes, first, an approach to the agonal character of electoral debates, and then analyses the nature of the acts of (im)politeness that appear in them. From there, it presents a triangular theoretical-methodological framework, based on the analysis of functional impoliteness strategies, linguistic-discursive mechanisms for their implementation and social repercussions of impolite acts. Within the first of these three axes, a dynamic quantitative analysis is carried out. This analysis demonstrates the growing appearance of impoliteness in electoral debates, as well as the cyclical nature of this growth ‒ which is increasingly accelerated ‒ in successive sections of these speech events. This quantitative analysis is based on the face-to-face debate between Mariano Rajoy and Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba days before the Spanish general elections in November 2011.

An empirical investigation of Spolsky’s framework applied to family language policy

ABSTRACT The current study quantitatively applies Spolsky’s triangular framework of language policy, including beliefs, practices, and management, to the family domain by investigating language policy in multilingual families in Belgium’s Flemish Community. Firstly, we examine whether the three components in fact call for an independent description and examination. Secondly, we address the relationships between the components. To that end, we developed three scales for each of the language policy components according to Spolsky’s model, and we tested construct validity of these scales using confirmatory factor analysis. Respondents were 776 multilingual families in Belgium. The results of our analyses confirmed that language policy in the family domain is not a unitary construct and that even though the three components are interconnected, they can still be described independently from each other. Interestingly, while beliefs and practices, and practices and management, were strongly correlated, a similar relationship was not found for beliefs and management, a finding which goes against what was reported previously in more formal domains of language policy. We believe that the current study opens up a wide range of follow-up investigations that dig deeper into the differing dynamics between language policy components in formal institutionalised domains, and the informal family sphere.

Assembly of cobalt-p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene frameworks with phosphate, phosphite and phenylphosphonate ligands

Abstract Three cobalt-calixarene coordination frameworks, namely, {[Co4Cl(H4TC4AS)]4(HPO3)8}4− (CIAC-253), {[Co4Cl(H4TC4AS)]4(PO4)8}12− (CIAC-254) and {[Co4Cl(H4TC4AS)]3(Ph-PO3)6}3− (CIAC-255) were obtained by solvothermal reaction of a cobalt salt, sodium p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene (Na4H4TC4AS) and phosphate, phosphite and phosphonate ligands. In CIAC-253 and CIAC-254, the shuttlecock-like Co4Cl-(TC4AS) secondary building units (SBUs) are bridged by HPO3 2− or PO4 3− anions into two quadrilateral frameworks while in CIAC-255, the Co4Cl-(TC4AS) SBUs are linked into a triangular framework by phenylphosphonate anions. The supramolecular interactions between the phenyl groups of phosphonate and TC4AS play a crucial role in the formation of the triangle. Magnetic measurements revealed that all the cobalt(II) centers exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions.

Functional outcomes in total talus reconstruction with triangular double-barrel free fibula flap following oncological resection: A retrospective case series review

With the advent of new techniques, foot salvage is feasible following talus oncological resection. As the reconstruction aims to achieve a pain-free, stable ankle for ambulation, biological limb reconstruction is the best option. This case series will evaluate the primary indications, complications, and functional outcomes of the reconstructed talus and highlighting the technical aspects of the surgery with a novel technique of triangular double-barrel free fibula flap. We performed a retrospective case note review of patients undergoing foot salvage surgeries and primary talus reconstruction with double-barrel free fibula flaps between 2009 and 2019. Patient demographics, aetiologies, operative details, complications, and outcomes were analysed. All patients underwent the same talar reconstruction technique whereby a wide-based triangular framework was created from two bony struts of the osteotomized fibula. The Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) scoring system was used to analyse the short- to mid-term functional outcomes. Four consecutive patients with aggressive benign and malignant tumours were identified. They consist of three males and one female, with a median age of 32 (range 27-39). Patients were followed up for a median duration of 60 months (range 24-132). Two flaps were complicated with venous thromboses; however, all were salvageable following re-explorations. All patients achieved solid bony fusion with good functional and aesthetic outcomes. The median MSTS score was 74.5% (range 66-76). No donor site morbidity and local recurrence were reported. The triangular double-barrel free fibular flap is a good option for limb salvage following total talus resection, with good short- to mid-term functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Single-molecule magnet achieved through topological tuning with sodium ions

A triangular MnIII3-based 2D framework exhibiting SMM properties was achieved by tuning the topological arrangement of cluster units and the intra-unit parameters through the linkage of diamagnetic Na(i) ions.

Triangular Framework for Curriculum Development in the Education Sector

Curriculum planning and subsequent process of course design and implementation are so important in educational programmes that we simply cannot ignore them. Curriculum is essentially a series of activities and learning outcome goals pertaining to each subject. The main purposes of curriculum development are to improve student learning experiences and enhance outcomes by facilitating quality teaching, identifying a suitable syllabus, and assessing learning outcomes. However, educational programmes fail to yield the results of the programmes due to insufficient attention paid to curriculum. Perhaps, the most salient reason for this is the synonymous identification of the terms, curriculum and syllabus. While curriculum is a comprehensive area of study which needs identification of significant disciplines, syllabus could be a factor within the curriculum framework. Literature has proved that possible frameworks or models of curriculum could bring about enormous results. The paper presents a viable curriculum framework mostly suitable for university and the higher education sector with significant areas such as planning, and interrelationships of teaching, learning, assessment, and syllabus. The paper has highlighted the important areas pertaining to curriculum in its framework as a model for curriculum which is useful for development, implementation, revision, and evaluation.

Who feels secure in customary tenure and why? A triangular framework of perceived tenure security in China's small property right housing

Customary tenure is inherent to the informal urbanisation process and institutional ambiguity in the developing world. However, factors that influence perceived tenure security remain poorly understood. We develop an analytical framework to understand the constitutive and heterogeneous nature of perceived tenure security. We employ social capital theory to explicate the individualised perception of exogenous threats. Focusing on China's small property right housing (SPRH), we examine the proposed conceptual framework and uncover the heterogeneous formation of perceived tenure security, which is shaped by homeowners' structural social capital that decides their capability of seeking backing power against external threats from the state and the village. Our hypotheses are substantiated by an analysis of empirical data collected from a household survey and ethnographic investigations in Beijing. Results show that homeowners with adequate structural social capital, namely, local buyers, those working in the public sector and more embedded in the community social network tend to perceive higher degree of security in their tenure. The inconsistent effects of villages' acquisition of political patronage for customary tenure on homeowners' perceived security suggest a triangular rivalry among the state, village and homeowners on the land rent of SPRH.

Theoretical investigation of selected hydrogenated germanium clusters (Ge5Hn, n = 0–12) from density functional theory calculations

ABSTRACTWe reported the selected hydrogen absorption of Ge5Hn isomers and their Ge5Hn− anions in the size range of n = 0–12 for the first time by B3LYP, BPW91, BHandHLYP and BP86 methods in combination with 6-311++G** basis sets. The optimum geometrical structure, relative stability, electronic properties and dissociation behaviour of Ge5Hn (n = 0–12) cluster and their Ge5Hn− anions were systematically analysed by a series of methods and can be applied to the study of more complex cluster systems. H bridged structure and double H bridged structures were found in the size range of n = 1–6 in neutral clusters and corresponding anion with triangular bipyramidal framework of Ge5. The visible odd-even oscillations were observed in the study of change rules with increasing size from the Δ2E(n), H-dissociation energy (De), HOMO–LUMO band-gap (Egap) and electron affinity (EA) energy. This conclusion indicated that Ge5Hn clusters with even H atoms were more stable than clusters with odd H atoms. The infrared spectra of the Ge5Hn (n = 0–12) clusters were also simulated which will further stimulate study on germanium-based nanomaterials.

Is there a U.S.–China–India triangle? – Beijing’s official views

ABSTRACTThis research examines China’s official perspectives on, and interpretation of, U.S.-China-India relations by surveying official, quasi-official, and some most relevant scholarly publications. China’s official line has always emphasized the bilateral nature of the relationship between China and India fending off any third-party interference, including that from the United States. Neither Chinese leaders nor the regime’s official media outlets would speak of China–India relationship with a triangular framework (with a rare exception of the Russia–India–China triangle). In the context of the rapid evolvement of U.S.-India military cooperation, the Chinese official line remains unforthcoming about whether such developments have direct implication for China’s security or national interests. Chinese core official media has in fact minimized the popularization of the idea that containing China is the driving force behind any cooperation between India and the United States.

Bilateral or Trilateral? Japan, the EC and the United States in the “Year of Europe”

It is perhaps a little known fact that Henry Kissinger mentioned Japan several times in his [in]famous “Year of Europe” speech of 1973. He intended to include Japan in the “New Atlantic Charter”, making it a US-EC-Japan triangular framework in the hope of preventing Japan drifting in an undesirable direction during the era of détente. Europe, and France in particular, however, disliked Kissinger’s initiative because they perceived it to be a US attempt to dominate its allies. Instead, the EC proposed direct negotiations with the Japanese government leading to a bilateral Japan-EC declaration in order to avoid America being at the top of the triangle. Japan faced with a dilemma. In the end, the idea of bilateral Japan-EC and US-EC declarations along with a trilateral US-EC-Japan declaration proved impossible due to a deterioration in US-EC relations. The Japanese government had to retreat not only from the Kissinger exercise but also from the idea of a bilateral declaration with the EC because pursuing the latter without a US-EC declaration would, it was feared, be perceived as anti-American behaviour.