Triangular Framework Research Articles

Two Stage Magnetic Ordering and Spin Idle Behavior of the Coordination Polymer Co3(OH)2(C4O4)2·3H2O Determined Using Neutron Diffraction

We report the magnetic structure of two of the magnetically ordered phases of Co(3)(OH)(2)(C(4)O(4))(2)·3H(2)O, a coordination polymer that consists of a triangular framework decorated with anisotropic Co(II) ions. The combination of neutron diffraction experiments and magnetic susceptibility data allows us to identify one phase as displaying spin idle behavior, where only a fraction of the moments order at intermediate temperatures, while at the lowest temperatures the system orders fully. This novel magnetic behavior is discussed within the framework of a simple Hamiltonian and representational analysis and rationalizes this multiphase behavior by considering the combination of frustration and anisotropy.

Revisiting the Silicon Island? The Geographically Varied ‘Strategic Coupling’ in the Development of High-technology Parks in Taiwan

Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. and Ching C.-H. Revisiting the silicon island? The geographically varied ‘strategic coupling’ in the development of high-technology parks in Taiwan, Regional Studies. High-technology parks have been instrumental for propelling regional development and acclaimed as the panacea for curing regional decline since industrial restructuring after the 1980s in Taiwan. This paper aims to explore the divergent dynamics of different technology park projects in Taiwan as well as their impacts on local development. Inspired by the global production networks (GPNs) perspective, a triangular framework is proposed – the interaction between state intervention, economic competence, and societal forces – to highlight and explain the geographically varied patterns of ‘strategic coupling’ between the global production networks and local institutional embeddedness that shape the divergent patterns of regional development in Taiwan. Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. et Ching C.-H. L'île d'industries électroniques vue sous un nouveau jour? La diversité géographique de ‘l'accouplement stratégique’ dans le développement des technopôles au Taiwan, Regional Studies. Les technopôles ont été une force motrice quant à l'impulsion donnée à l'aménagement du territoire, acclamées comme la panacée du déclin régional depuis la restructuration industrielle après les années 1980 au Taiwan. Cet article cherche à examiner la dynamique différente de divers projets de construction de technopôles au Taiwan aussi bien que leurs impacts sur le développement local. En s'inspirant des réseaux de production mondiaux, on propose un cadre triangulaire – l'interaction entre l'intervention de l'Etat, la compétence économique et les forces sociales – afin de souligner et expliquer la diversité géographique de la distribution de ‘l'accouplement stratégique’ entre les réseaux de production mondiaux et l'ancrage insitutionnel local qui influent sur la distribution divergente de l'aménagement du territoire au Taiwan. Réseaux de production mondiaux Accouplement stratégique Etat du développement Communauté technique Aménagement du territoire Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. und Ching C.-H. Eine neue Sicht von Silicon Island? Die geografisch unterschiedliche ‘strategische Kopplung’ in der Entwicklung von Hochtechnologieparks in Taiwan, Regional Studies. Seit der industriellen Umstrukturierung in Taiwan nach den achtziger Jahren haben Hochtechnologieparks bei der Förderung der Regionalentwicklung eine wesentliche Rolle gespielt und wurden als Allheilmittel zur Abwendung eines regionalen Niedergangs gepriesen. In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die divergente Dynamik verschiedener Technologiepark-Projekte in Taiwan sowie ihre Auswirkungen auf die lokale Entwicklung. In Anlehnung an die Perspektive der globalen Produktionsnetze (GPN) schlagen wir zur Darstellung und Erläuterung der geografisch unterschiedlichen Muster einer ‘strategischen Kopplung’ zwischen den globalen Produktionsnetzen und der lokalen institutionellen Einbettung, die die divergenten Muster der Regionalentwicklung in Taiwan prägen, einen dreieckigen Rahmen vor: das Wechselspiel zwischen staatlicher Intervention, wirtschaftlicher Kompetenz und gesellschaftlichen Kräften. Globale Produktionsnetze Strategische Kopplung Entwicklungsstaat Technische Gemeinschaft Regionalentwicklung Yang D. Y.-R., Hsu J.-Y. y Ching C.-H. ¿Revisión de Silicon Island? Diferencias geográficas de la ‘conexión estratégica’ en el desarrollo de parques de alta tecnología en Taiwán, Regional Studies. Desde la reestructuración industrial tras la década de los ochenta en Taiwán los parques de alta tecnología han sido fundamentales para impulsar el desarrollo regional y han sido alabados como la panacea para solucionar el declive regional. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las dinámicas divergentes de los diferentes proyectos de parques tecnológicos en Taiwán así como sus efectos en el desarrollo local. Inspirados por la perspectiva de las redes de producción global, proponemos una estructura triangular –la interacción entre la intervención estatal, la competencia económica y las fuerzas sociales– para resaltar y explicar las diferentes variaciones geográficas de ‘conexión estratégica’ entre las redes de producción global y la integración institucional a nivel local que forman los modelos divergentes del desarrollo regional en Taiwán. Redes de producción global Conexión estratégica Estado desarrollista Comunidad técnica Desarrollo regional

Hexa‐ and Dodecanuclear Polyoxomolybdate Cyclic Compounds: Application toward the Facile Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Film Electrodeposition

Two new compounds based on O(3)PCH(2)PO(3)(4-) ligands and {Mo(V)(2)O(4)} dimeric units have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The dodecanuclear Mo(V) polyoxomolybdate species in (NH(4))(18)[(Mo(V)(2)O(4))(6)(OH)(6)(O(3)PCH(2)PO(3))(6)] x 33 H(2)O (1) is a cyclohexane-like ring in a chair conformation with pseudo S(6) symmetry. In the solid state, the wheels align side by side, thus delimiting large rectangular voids. The hexanuclear anion in Na(8)[(Mo(V)(2)O(4))(3)(O(3)PCH(2)PO(3))(3)(CH(3)AsO(3))] x 19 H(2)O (2) has a triangular framework and encapsulates a methylarsenato ligand. (31)P NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed the stability of 2 in various aqueous media, whereas the stability of 1 depends on the nature of the cations present in solution. It has been evidenced that the transformation of 1 into 2 occurs in the presence of CH(3)AsO(3)(2-) ions. This behavior shows that 1 can be used as a new precursor for the synthesis of Mo(V)/diphosphonate systems. The two complexes were very efficient both as reductants of Pt and Pd metallic salts and as capping agents for the resulting Pt(0) and Pd(0) nanoparticles. The size of the obtained nanoparticles depends both on the nature of the polyoxometalate (POM; i.e., 1 or 2) and on the [metallic salt]/[POM] ratio. In all cases, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements have revealed the presence of Mo(VI) species that stabilize the nanoparticles and the absence of Mo(V) moieties. Diffuse-reflectance FTIR spectra of the Pt nanoparticles show that the capping Mo(VI) POMs are identical for both systems and contain the diphosphonato ligand. The colloidal solutions do not show any precipitate and the nanoparticles remain well-dispersed for several months. The electrochemical reduction of Mo(V) species was studied for 2. Cyclic voltammetry alone and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance coupled with cyclic voltammetry show the deposition of a film on the electrode surface during this reduction.

Spatial Invariance Under Input Monopsony

The spatial invariance theorem states that if the production function is homothetic, then the optimal plant location and the optimal input ratio are independent of the output level, and so any location that is optimal for one output level is optimal for all output levels. This theorem holds for the general design–location problem under the assumption that both input markets are perfectly competitive. However, if one of the input markets has monopsony power, this theorem may become invalid. The purpose of this note is to examine the validity of the spatial invariance theorem under the input monopsony.We conduct a comparative static analysis within the context of the Weber–Moses triangular framework. Our analysis is based on the following assumptions: (1) A firm employs two transportable inputs (L and K) located at A and B respectively, to produce a single output Q which is sold in a consumption center C. (2) The firm is interested in finding the optimum production location within the locational triangle. (3) Transportation rates are known and constant. (4) The output market is perfectly competitive. (5) The firm has the monopsony power in the input L market. The degree of monopsony power in the input L market can be measured by the supply elasticity of the input L, which is defined as e=(W/L)/(1/W ′). The firm’s monopsony power in the L market increases as the value of e decreases. In particular, as e approaches infinity, the L market becomes perfectly competitive. However, when e approaches zero, the firm has the absolute monopsony power in the L market. The results of our analysis indicate that if the production function is homothetic, then when the output increases, the firm possessing monopsony power will have an incentive to move its location away from the monopsonized input market. Our results make the spatial invariance theorem invalid under the assumption of monopsony. Int Adv Econ Res (2008) 14:257 DOI 10.1007/s11294-008-9140-4

Square‐Pyramidal/Triangular Framework Oxide: Synthesis and Structure of PKU‐6.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Special announcement on family planning and reproductive health in China

On June 5-9 2001 the International Conference on the Quality of Care for Family Planning Reproductive Health and the Three China National Comprehensive Programs (IC-ECQ/3NCPs) was conducted in Beijing China. Co-sponsored by Chinas State Family Planning Commission (SFPC) and WHO the meeting aimed to promote the 3NCPs improve the programs planning and execution and increase their support domestically and internationally. During the conference where more than 70 representatives participated SFPC introduced and detailed the 3NCPs. The 3NCPs emphasize the principle that respect for human individual is the key factor and focus on the needs of citizens. Hence this paper discusses the 3NCPs namely 1) Program for Improving the Quality of Contraceptive Care; 2) the Healthy Baby Promoting Program; and 3) the Reproductive Tract Infections Intervention Program.

Designed self-assembly of molecular necklaces.

This paper reports an efficient strategy to synthesize molecular necklaces, in which a number of small rings are threaded onto a large ring, utilizing the principles of self-assembly and coordination chemistry. Our strategy involves (1) threading a molecular "bead" with a short "string" to make a pseudorotaxane and then (2) linking the pseudorotaxanes with a metal complex with two cis labile ligands acting as an "angle connector" to form a cyclic product (molecular necklace). A 4- or 3-pyridylmethyl group is attached to each end of 1,4-diaminobutane or 1,5-diaminopentane to produce the short "strings" (C4N4(2+), C4N3(2+), C5N4(2+), and C5N3(2+)), which then react with a cucurbituril (CB) "bead" to form stable pseudorotaxanes (PR44(2+), PR43(2+), PR54(2+), and PR53(2+), respectively). The reaction of the pseudorotaxanes with Pt(en)(NO(3))(2) (en = ethylenediamine) produces a molecular necklace [4]MN, in which three molecular "beads" are threaded on a triangular framework, and/or a molecular necklace [5]MN, in which four molecular "beads" are threaded on a square framework. Under refluxing conditions, the reaction with PR44(2+) or PR54(2+) yields exclusively [4]MN (MN44T or MN54T, respectively), whereas that with PR43(2+) or PR53(2+) produces exclusively [5]MN (MN43S or MN53S, respectively). The products have been characterized by various methods including X-ray crystallography. At lower temperatures, on the other hand, the reaction with PR44(2+) or PR54(2+) affords both [4]MN and [5]MN. The supermolecules reported here are the first series of molecular necklaces obtained as thermodynamic products. The overall structures of the molecular necklaces are strongly influenced by the structures of pseudorotaxane building blocks, which is discussed in detail on the basis of the X-ray crystal structures. The temperature dependence of the product distribution observed in this self-assembly process is also discussed.

Reactions of the Cluster Anion [HRu3(CO)11)]− with Dicyclohexylphosphine: Synthesis and Molecular Structure of H2Ru3(CO)8(PCy2)2 and H2Ru3(CO)6(PCy2)2(HPCy2)2

The cluster anion [HRu3(CO)11]- (1) reacts with dicyclohexylphosphine in THF solution to give the anionic derivative [HRu3(CO)8(PCy2)2]- (2), protonation of which yields the neutral cluster H2Ru3(CO)8(PCy2)2 (3) and, in the presence of excess phosphine, HRu3(CO)7(PCy2)3 (4). In protic methanol as reaction medium, the reaction of 1 with HPCy2 gives directly the neutral complex H2Ru3(CO)6(PCy2)2(HPCy2)2 (5), together with 4. The single-crystal structure X-ray analysis of 3 shows a closed triangular Ru3 framework. The electron count is in accordance with the EAN rule, but the structure analysis of 5 reveals an open, almost linear Ru3 skeleton, which is electron-deficient with respect to the EAN rule.

Emerging from Washington's shadow: Japan's new relations with Europe

On the rare occasions when Japan's relations with Europe are examined, they tend to be fixed within a trilateral structure at whose apex is the United States. This triangular framework was established in the aftermath of World War II, as a result of direct American involvement in the socio-economic reconstruction of Japan and the major countries of Western Europe. The current article examines how the very nature of the triangular relationship has changed over time, with the result that the trilateralism of the 1990s – in contrast to its earlier form – has served to facilitate the development of bilateral relations between Japan and the European Union and its member states.

Anatomy and Biomechanics of the First Ray

The medial longitudinal arch serves as the chief load-bearing structure in the foot1–3 and is dependent on the kinematics of the first ray for optimal support during gait.4 The first ray is a single foot segment consisting of the first metatarsal and first cuneiform bones.5 Pronation of the subtalar joint lowers the first ray to the ground in early stance5 and dissipates the shock of heel impact.3 As body weight moves forward, the mechanics of supination stabilize the medial arch, preparing the foot for the propulsive phase of gait. The dichotomous actions of weight acceptance and weight-bearing stability required of the first ray underscore the importance for clinicians who treat the foot to understand the biomechanics of the first ray. The importance of the first ray to the mechanics of the foot is, in part, because of the metatarsocuneiform joint's location, which intersects the transverse and medial longitudinal arches.6 A curved beam and a truss (Fig. 1) are frequently used when modeling the medial arch.7–10 Beams are designed to withstand bending under an applied force. A truss is a triangular framework with 2 rigid supports connected together at its base. Because the ends of the foot are not secure at the beginning of stance, the foot functions like a beam. As the weight of the body transfers forward, the calcaneus and the heads of the metatarsals are pressed to the ground, with the arch functioning as a truss. Truss-and-beam mechanics of the foot rely on the first ray to function as the pillar for the medial arch. The first ray, therefore, is a critical element in controlling the structural integrity of the foot.4 Figure 1. During early stance (A), the medial longitudinal arch functions like a curved beam to support …

Hospitality: a framework for a millennial review

Such are the breadth and diversity of the hospitality industry, that a millennial review requires a specific focused perspective. This article proposes a triangular framework for analysis based on the hospitality cycle of practice of knowledge, in which the increased sophistication of practice and operations requires the development of theoretical paradigms for research and education purposes. The nature of the industry and its challenges are introduced in preparation for a series of six articles by academic experts.

Syntheses and Structures of Mixed-Metal Sulfido Clusters Containing Trimetallic M2M‘S4(M = Mo, W; M‘ = Pd, Pt) and Tetrametallic Cubane-Type Mo2Pd2S4Cores

The reaction of the sulfido-bridged dimolybdenum or ditungsten complex [M2S2(μ2-S)2(S2CNEt2)2] (M = Mo (1a), W) with an equimolar amount of [M‘(PPh3)4] (M‘ = Pd, Pt) gave a series of mixed-metal sulfido clusters with a trimetallic M2M‘ core [M‘(PPh3)(μ2-S)2{M(S2CNEt2)}2(μ2-S)2]. The X-ray diffraction study for [Pt(PPh3)(μ2-S)2{W(S2CNEt2)}2(μ2-S)2] (3b) has disclosed the presence of a novel triangular framework, for which the two Pt−W edges are each bridged by one μ2-S ligand and the remaining W−W edge is supported by two μ2-S ligands. Cluster 3b crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 13.718(3) A, b = 12.795(2) A, c = 43.798(2) A, β = 95.24(1)°, and Z = 8. Refinement by full-matrix least-squares techniques gave final residuals R = 0.052 and Rw = 0.038. Treatment of [Pd(PPh3)(μ2-S)2{Mo(S2CNEt2)}2(μ2-S)2] with an additional amount of [Pd(PPh3)4] resulted in the formation of the cubane-type mixed-metal sulfido cluster [{Pd(PPh3)}2{Mo(S2CNEt2)}2(μ3-S)4], which was also obtained straig...

Chemical behaviour of the mixed-metal carbonyl clusters [Fe2Rh(CO)10]–and [Fe2Rh2(CO)12]2–. Crystal structures of [Fe2Rh(CO)9(PPh3)]–and [Fe2Rh2(µ-CO)3(CO)9{µ3-Au(PPh3)}]–

Addition of triphenylphosphine to the cluster [Fe2Rh(CO)10]– yielded the derivative [Fe2Rh(CO)9(PPh3)]–, which is stable enough to allow a single-crystal X-ray analysis on the [PPh4]+ salt. The cluster contains a triangular metallic framework, the vertices of which are occupied by two Fe(CO)4 groups and one Rh(CO)(PPh3) moiety; the unsaturation of the cluster (46 valence electrons) is brought about by this 16-electron square-planar fragment. The cluster [Fe2Rh2(CO)12]2– was obtained by treating [Fe2(CO)9] with [Rh(CO)4]–(molar ratio 1:2) in refluxing acetone, and was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The adduct [Fe2Rh2(CO)12{Au(PPh3)}]– was prepared by stoichiometric addition of [Au(PPh3)Cl] in acetone and the crystal structure of the [PPh4]+ salt was elucidated by X-ray analysis. The cluster contains a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement of metal atoms, with one Au(PPh3) and one Fe(CO)3 group occupying the apical positions. The vertices of the FeRh2 equatorial plane are bound to two terminal carbonyl ligands, and the edges are spanned by three bridging carbonyls. The 31P NMR spectral data for [Fe2Rh(CO)9(PPh3)]– and [Fe2Rh2(CO)12{Au(PPh3)}]– are consistent with the solid-state structures, but do not exclude the presence of fluxional processes in solution.

Monopsony and the production-location decision of the firm

This paper incorporates monopsony power in one of the input markets within the context of the Weber-Moses triangular framework and examines the effect of an increase in monopsony power on the production-location decision of the firm. In particular, this paper shows that the optimum location of the firm is independent of monopsony power if the production funstion is homogeneous of degree one. However, if the production function is not homogeneous of degree one, the firm possessing monopsony power will have an incentive to move its location away from the monopsonized input market towards other markets under certain reasonable assumptions. Finally, some important policy implications are generated from the analysis.

Stability of osmium carbonyl cluster catalysts in different reaction environments

There is considerable interest in the nse of organometallic clnster compounds bound to oxide supports as heterogeneous catalysts. In particular, clusters derived from Os3(CO)12 are known to react with terminal OH groups on metal oxides to yield HOs3(CO)10-O-M where M can be Si or Al. In a previous study we have reported high-resolution electron micrographs of such Os3(CO)12 derived catalysts supported on A12O3. We found ca. 0.5 nm scattering centers to be clearly visible in samples that had undergone a 2 hr treatment in flowing Argon at 473 K. The catalysts were characterized by IR spectroscopy and other techniques to establish that the 3 osmium atom triangular framework was intact even on the supported samples. The samples treated in Argon were remarkably stable even under prolonged examination with 100 keV electrons. However, when the catalysts were treated in flowing H2 also at 473 K for 2 hr the resulting particles were unstable and disappeared in the course of extended observation in the microscope.

Crystal and molecular structure of [Pd3{C3Ph(p-MeOC6H4)2}2(acac)2], derived from a tri-arylcyclopropenium salt and a palladium(0) complex

The crystal and molecular structure of [Pd3{C3Ph(p-MeOC6H4)2}2(acac)2](2){obtained from [Pd2(PhCH: CHCOCH:CHPh)3(CHCI3)] and [C3Ph(p-MeOC6H4)2] Br followed by reaction of the product with Tl(acac)} has been determined. Crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c(C62h, No. 15) with a= 14.99(1), b= 21.88(2), c= 18.98(2)Å, β= 90.5(1)°. U= 6 227 Å3. and Z= 4; R= 0.060 for 2 259 independent reflections. The compound is composed predominantly (67%) of enantiomers of one isomer which arises from the addition of the C3R1R22 moiety (R1= phenyl, R2=p-MeOC6H4) to Pd(1) by ring-opening of the CR2–CR2 bond [R2C(1)-C(2)R1= 1.370(17); R1C(2)-C(3)R2= 1.443(19); R2C(1)⋯ C(3)R2= 2.116(17)Å]. Pd(1) is also O,O′-bonded to the acac (pentanedionato) ligand. Two such units are linked by Pd(2) such that the three Pd atoms form a triangular framework [Pd(1)–Pd(2)= 2.662(2) A; Pd(1)–Pd(1′)= 4.769(2)Å; Pd(1)–Pd(2)-Pd(1′)= 127 °], the two halves of the molecule being related by a two-fold axis of symmetry through Pd(2). The structure may be viewed either as having the acyclic C3R1R22 ligands bridging Pd(1)–Pd(2)[and Pd(2)-Pd(1′)] or as two palladiacyclo-butenyl ligands [> Pd(1)C3R1R22]π4-bonded to Pd(2). The presence of other isomers of (2)(33%) is deduced from the electron densities in the p-positions of the C3-aryl substituents; these isomers arise from cleavage of CR1–CR2 bonds in the original C3R1R22 salt.

Talking drums and ethical conundrums

Malian women and children represent the poorest as well as the most difficult to reach through written media. The interrelated practices of dancing, drumming, and storytelling transmit history, cultural beliefs, and current events for people who do not read and write. Researchers in the social sciences and officials for international aid organizations struggle with the circulation and reception of public health literature. They now recognize that native non-governmental organizations with staff that are fluent not only in the native languages but also in the social mores, better communicate with under-served populations through means other than billboards, pamphlets, or power-point presentations. The body, in both a general Western and Malian tradition, plays a particular role in how we come to know the world. This paper describes research conducted in Mali on female circumcision with international aid organizations, native NGOs, and independent human rights activists. Three interconnected areas form a triangular framework: how different research methods like dancing, drumming, storytelling, and soccer can offer valuable phenomenological insights to lived experience; the ethics of learning and listening to these various voices that transmit sexual health knowledge; and the ethics of engaging and disseminating such knowledge. The talking drums elicit new ways of seeing, being, and listening along with ethical ethnographic conundrums.

The critical load of a triangular framework when lateral buckling occurs

The critical load of a structure is that load at which elastic buckling occurs. In this paper, the critical load of lateral buckling of a single triangle is evaluated, the assumption being made that the joints are fixed in position in space but free to rotate. The use of matrix algebra greatly simplifies the problem.