Triangular Faces Research Articles

Experimental investigation of solar still with opaque north triangular face

ABSTRACTDeveloping a compact, simple, and productive solar still is a main challenge. This paper describes a simple modification of the solar still that significantly enhances its productivity. A laboratory scale of modified single effect double slope glass solar still with the opaque triangular north wall has been developed and tested for enhancement of productivity in sunny days of the summer season in the month of April. The experiments on still have been carried out under three levels of water depths from 1 to 3 cm and compared it with the performance of conventional still of double slope single effect solar still of the same size. It is clear from the observations that opaque type still gave maximum distillate of 1793 ml at 1 cm depth of water while conventional still could produce only 1519 ml for the same depth of water. Also, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, the opaque type still found to be more productive than conventional double slope solar still. As the former produced 1532 and 1464 ml while the latter produced 1328 and 1235 ml, for 2 and 3 cm depth of water, respectively.

Silylated Ge9 Clusters as New Ligands for Cyclic (Alkyl)amino and Mesoionic Carbene Copper Complexes.

The coordination of Ge9 Zintl clusters at (carbene)CuI moieties is explored, and the complexes [(CAAC)Cu]2[η3-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2] (1), (CAAC)Cu[η3-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3] (2), and (MIC)Cu[η3-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3] (3) are compared with their known N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derivatives (A and B), where CAAC = cyclic (alkyl)amino carbene, MIC = mesoionic carbene, and TMS = trimethylsilane. In analogy to the NHC derivatives, the synthesis of 1-3 proceeds by single-step reactions of (CAAC)CuCl or (MIC)CuCl with the [Ge9R2]2- and [Ge9R3]- [R = Si(TMS)3] cluster ligands, respectively, and yields complexes of (carbene)CuI (carbene = CAAC, MIC) moieties exhibiting η3-coordination modes of the Ge9 deltahedron to the Cu atom. In 1, [Ge9R2]2- acts as a η3-bridging unit for two (CAAC)CuI moieties, and 2 and 3 feature single (carbene)CuI (CAAC and MIC) fragments η3-connected to [Ge9R3]- units. Analysis of the bond lengths in comparison with known examples shows a bond expansion within the coordinated Ge3 triangular faces for all (carbene)CuIGe9 complexes (carbene = NHC, MIC, CAAC). All compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, NMR spectroscopy [1H, 13C{1H}, and 29Si{1H}], electrospray ionization mass spectometry, elemental analysis (C, H, and N), and for the first time also by IR and Raman investigations (for 2 and 3). The new complexes add to the known NHC derivatives and extend the exploration of Ge9 clusters with carbene ligands at CuI atoms.

Clinical and molecular findings in nine new cases of tetrasomy 18p syndrome: FISH and array CGH characterization

BackgroundSmall Supernumerary Marker Chromosomes (sSMC) are rare chromosomal abnormalities, which have abnormal banding arrangement and take many shapes. Several disorders have been correlated with sSMC presence. The aim of this study is to characterize the sSMC derived from chromosome 18 by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH).ResultsNine children with dysmorphic features have been investigated. They have these features in common: a triangular face, low-set ears, a large mouth with a thin upper lip, and a horizontal palpebral fissure. Epicanthus and strabismus were present in two patients. In addition, we have noticed microcephaly and mental and/or developmental delay with low birth weight. However, two patients had standard birth weight; one patient had hypospadias; two had skin problems; and three showed different congenital heart defects. One patient had corpus callosum hypoplasia. Systematic karyotype analysis revealed a de novo supernumerary chromosome. Array CGH showed a gain in copy number on the short arm of chromosome 18 in the nine cases. In one case, the sSMC seemed to be in mosaic. The breakpoints of the marker were identified using aCGH and FISH. Thus, the sSMC led to 18p tetrasomy with approximately 14 Mb lengths, between 364344 and 14763575 based on the human genome version 18.ConclusionsThese results have been completed by FISH in order to ascertain the shape of the sSMC. Our results confirm the uniqueness and particularity of the iso18p syndrome on the phenotypic as well as on the genetic level.

Evaluation of the spherical harmonic coefficients for the external potential of a polyhedral body with linearly varying density

The gravitational potential and its derivatives of a polyhedral body with linearly varying density can be expressed as closed analytical expressions in terms of spherical harmonics. In this paper, a recursive algorithm using linear integrals is proposed by the Gauss divergence theorem and the Stokes theorem to evaluate the spherical harmonic coefficients for the external potential. The formulas can handle a polyhedron with general polygonal faces instead of triangular faces. It is shown that the algorithm is stable. The recursive algorithms for computing the spherical harmonic coefficients of the potentials of a right rectangular prism with linearly varying density and of a prism with density varying with depth following a cubic polynomial are also given. The potential of the prisms can be directly expressed as the spherical harmonics with respect to the whole prism that does not need division, as well as no influence on the stabilities of the recursive algorithms. To verify the correctness of the algorithm in this paper, the numerical experiments for the two actual polyhedral bodies with linearly varying density including a right rectangular prism and the asteroid 433 EROS are implemented.

Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of an octanuclear cerium(III) complex of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate

Abstract An octanuclear compound of cerium(III), [Ce8(Pydc)10(HPydc)4.22H2O].11H2O (1) (Pydc=pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate anion) was prepared under mild solvothermal conditions and its crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Three kinds of coordination environments are observed, which include: [Ce(Pydc)3], [Ce(Pydc)(H2O)4(O,O)], and [Ce(H2O)7(O,O)]. Each cerium atom in 1 is nine-coordinated but two different geometries are found. The Ce1 and Ce2 atoms exhibit a nearly tricapped trigonal prismatic CeN3O6 geometry, while Ce3 and Ce4 possess CeNO8 and CeO9 coordination polyhedra, which approximate to slightly distorted mono-capped square antiprisms having 12 triangular faces. The Pydc ligands adopt tri-, tetra-, and penta-coordination modes through tridentate chelating and, μ 2 and μ 3 -bridging modes, respectively. The clusters are joined by O–H···O hydrogen bonds to generate 3D supramolecular network. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for 1 indicate that the χ m values obey the Curie-Weiss law. The overall magnetic behavior is typical for the presence of antiferromagnetic exchange coupling interactions between the cerium(III) ions.

Molecular Evaluation of Children with Clinical Russell-Silver Phenotypes: The First Report From Iran

Background: Russell-Silver syndrome is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder that is mostly known because of its prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. Patients with Russell-Silver syndrome have syndromic facial appearance, as well as some other common clinical features. Disrupted methylation of 11p15 is the most common genetic abnormality that is seen in these patients, called as one of the tire molecular studies in diagnostic guidelines. Objectives: In the present study, the methylation status of 11p15 was evaluated in a group of children with clinical diagnosis of Russell-Silver syndrome in Iran. Methods: A total number of 15 children with a clinical diagnosis of Russell-Silver syndrome were enrolled in this descriptive study. Children’s DNA was extracted by the salting-out method and the 11p15 region was assessed by the methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) method. The correlation of molecular results was then evaluated with clinical features. Results: The mean age of children was 4.5 years and most of them were male. Among 15 children, four children had a confirmed molecular diagnosis of Russell-Silver syndrome according to the MS-MLPA results. All of these four patients had low set ears, high peach voice, micrognathia, failure to gain weight, growth failure, and triangular face. Conclusions: Less than one-third (26.6 ) of our patients had confirmed Russell-Silver syndrome by the MLPA analysis. This experiment showed that Russell-Silver syndrome with abnormal 11p15 methylation was less frequent in our population and showed similar clinical findings in comparison with other studies. © 2019, Author(s).

The Stray and Demagnetizing Field of a Homogeneously Magnetized Tetrahedron

The stray- and demagnetization tensor field for a homogeneously magnetized tetrahedron is found analytically. The tetrahedron is a special case of four triangular faces with constant magnetization-charge surface density, for which we also determine the tensor field. The tensor field is implemented in the open source micromagnetic and magnetostatic simulation framework MagTense and compared with the obtained magnetic field from an FEM solution, showing excellent agreement. This result is important for modeling magnetostatics in general and for micromagnetism in particular as the demagnetizing field of an arbitrary body discretized using conventional meshing techniques is significantly simplified with this approach.

Study on the icosahedral fullerene structure with ultra-light and pressure resistance character.

An ultra-light icosahedral fullerene structure is described having 12 pentagonal faces at the vertices of the regular icosahedron and 20 triangular faces, which are expanded by hexagonal faces that consist of carbon atoms. When its size exceeds a critical value, the density of the icosahedron becomes lower than that of air. Since the hollow structure deforms under atmospheric pressure, we proposed the addition of helium atoms as a means to obtaining a floatable icosahedral fullerene with pressure-resistant character. According to these requirements, the radius of the midpoint ball of the edge is 493.33 μm; the total density of the helium-filled structure is 0.18 kg m-3; and the buoyancy per cubic meter in the air is 10.88 N. Theoretical calculation and simulation are combined to explore a new approach to ultra-light materials.

Assessment the Performance of the Triangular Integrated Collector

A numerical study was achieved on a new design of storage solar collector. The storage collector is a triangular face and a right triangular pyramid for the volumetric shape. It is obtained by cutting a cube from one upper corner at 45o, down to the opposite hypotenuse of the base of the cube. The numerical study was carried out using the computational fluid dynamics code (ANSYS-Fluent) software with natural convection phenomenon in the pyramid enclosure. The results show that, the temperature and velocity distributions throughout the operating period were obtained. The influence of introducing an internal partition inside the triangular storage collector was investigated. Also the optimum geometry and location for this partition were obtained. The enhancement was best at y= 0.25 m whereas the height of triangular collector was 0.5 m. The hourly system performance was evaluated for all test conditions.

The symmetry origin of the austenite-cementite orientation relationships in steels

Abstract The connection between austenite/cementite orientation relationships and crystal structure of both phases has been established. The nucleus formation mechanism at the mutual transformation of austenite and cementite structures has been proposed. Mechanism is based on the interpretation of the considered structures as crystallographic tiling onto triangulated polyhedra, and the said tiling can be transformed by diagonal flipping in a rhombus consisting of two adjacent triangular faces. The sequence of diagonal flipping in the fragment of the initial crystal determines the orientation of the fragment of the final crystal relative to the initial crystal. In case of the mutual austenite/cementite transformation the mutual orientation of the initial and final fragments is coinciding to the experimentally observed in steels Thomson-Howell orientation relationships: { 1 ¯ 03 } C | | { 111 } A ; < 010 > C || < 10 1 ¯ > A ; < 30 1 ¯ > C | | < 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ > A ${\left\{ {\bar 103} \right\}_{\rm{C}}}||{\left\{ {111} \right\}_{\rm{A}}};{\rm{}} < {\kern 1pt} 010{\kern 1pt} { > _{\rm{C}}}{\rm{||}} < {\kern 1pt} 10\bar 1{\kern 1pt} { > _{\rm{A}}};\; < {\kern 1pt} 30\bar 1{\kern 1pt} { > _{\rm{C}}}\;||\,\, < {\kern 1pt} \bar 12\bar 1{\kern 1pt} { > _{\rm{A}}}{\rm{}}$ The observed orientation relationship between FCC austenite and cementite is determined by crystallographic group-subgroup relationship between transformation participants, and non-crystallographic symmetry which is determining the transformation of triangulated clusters of transformation participants.

Cri-du-chat syndrome mimics Silver-Russell syndrome depending on the size of the deletion: a case report

BackgroundSilver-Russell Syndrome (SRS) is a rare growth-related genetic disorder mainly characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth failure. Although molecular causes are not clear in all cases, the most common mechanisms involved in SRS are loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 (≈50%) and maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 7 (upd(7)mat) (≈10%).Case presentationWe present a girl with clinical suspicion of SRS (intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, prominent forehead, triangular face, mild psychomotor delay, transient neonatal hypoglycemia, mild hypotonia and single umbilical artery). Methylation and copy number variations at chromosomes 11 and 7 were studied by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and as no alterations were found, molecular karyotyping was performed. A deletion at 5p15.33p15.2 was identified (arr[GRCh37] 5p15.33p15.2(25942–11644643)× 1), similar to those found in patients with Cri-du-chat Syndrome (CdCS). CdCS is a genetic disease resulting from a deletion of variable size occurring on the short arm of chromosome 5 (5p-), whose main feature is a high-pitched mewing cry in infancy, accompanied by multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual disability, microcephaly and facial dysmorphism.ConclusionsThe absence of some CdCS features in the current patient could be due to the fact that in her case the critical regions responsible do not lie within the identified deletion. In fact, a literature review revealed a high degree of concordance between the clinical manifestations of the two syndromes.

Bi-allelic TMEM94 Truncating Variants Are Associated with Neurodevelopmental Delay, Congenital Heart Defects, and Distinct Facial Dysmorphism

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous conditions due to defects in genes involved in development and function of the nervous system. Individuals with NDD, in addition to their primary neurodevelopmental phenotype, may also have accompanying syndromic features that can be very helpful diagnostically especially those with recognizable facial appearance. In this study, we describe ten similarly affected individuals from six unrelated families of different ethnic origins having bi-allelic truncating variants in TMEM94, which encodes for an uncharacterized transmembrane nuclear protein that is highly conserved across mammals. The affected individuals manifested with global developmental delay/intellectual disability, and dysmorphic facial features including triangular face, deep set eyes, broad nasal root and tip and anteverted nostrils, thick arched eye brows, hypertrichosis, pointed chin, and hypertelorism. Birthweight in the upper normal range was observed in most, and all but one had congenital heart defects (CHD). Gene expression analysis in available cells from affected individuals showed reduced expression of TMEM94. Global transcriptome profiling using microarray and RNA sequencing revealed several dysregulated genes essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival that are predicted to have an impact on cardiotoxicity hematological system and neurodevelopment. Loss of Tmem94 in mousemodel generated by CRISPR/Cas9 was embryonic lethal and led to craniofacial and cardiac abnormalities and abnormal neuronal migration pattern, suggesting that this gene is important in craniofacial, cardiovascular, and nervous system development. Our study suggests the genetic etiology of a recognizable dysmorphic syndrome with NDD and CHD and highlights the role of TMEM94 in early development.

Global rigidity of triangulations with braces

A.L. Cauchy proved that if the vertex-edge graphs of two convex polyhedra are isomorphic and corresponding faces are congruent then the two polyhedra are the same. This result implies that a convex polyhedron with triangular faces, as a bar-and-joint framework, is rigid.A framework is said to be globally rigid if the bar lengths uniquely determine all pairwise distances between the joints. Global rigidity implies rigidity. It is well-known that every three-dimensional generic bar-and-joint realisation of the graph of a convex polyhedron with triangular faces (that we call a triangulation) is rigid. It is also known that if the number of vertices is at least five then such a realisation of a triangulation is never globally rigid.In this paper we consider braced triangulations, obtained from triangulations by adding a set of extra bars (bracing edges) connecting pairs of non-adjacent vertices. We show that a braced triangulation is generically globally rigid in three-space if and only if it is 4-connected. The special case, when there is only one bracing edge, verifies a conjecture of W. Whiteley.Our proof is based on a new result on the vertex splitting operation which may be of independent interest. We show that every graph which can be obtained from the complete graph on five vertices by non-trivial vertex splitting operations is generically globally rigid in three-space.

Au30Si12: A DFT study of the pentakis icosidodechedron

A stable hollow cage containing 30 gold atoms and 12 silicon atoms, Au30Si12, has been studied using density functional theory and compared with the icosahedral Au42. The results show that the Au42 cage is an icosahedron structure which is composed of 20 trigonal-planar faces, and it has 12 vertexes. The Au30Si12 is pentakis icosidodechedron structure constructed by 80 triangular faces and it has 42 vertexes. This Au30Si12 molecular cluster also is Ih point group symmetry. The doped Si atoms make the Au30Si12 clusters more compact and enhance the stability of gold fullerence. The p-d hybridizations between Si and Au atoms play a significant role in forming the cagelike structure. The HOMO-LUMO gap is only 0.18eV, suggesting its chemical activities. Therefore, the hollow space within Au30Si12 can be used to accommodate foreign atoms and emphasizes the benefit of studying endohedral fullerenes and may have potential applications in semiconductor and microelectronic industry.

Intermolecular complexes of [B6H6]2− with nH2 (n = 1-8) molecules: a theoretical study

Ab initio calculations were used to analyze the interactions among [B6H6]2− dianion with H2 molecules at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ computational level. The vibrational spectrum of the optimized complexes has been studied for consolidation testing. The triangular faces at the surface of the [B6H6]2− have enough potential to act as the main focus for interaction with H2 molecules. The results show that the stabilization energies of the [B6H6]2− increase with increasing H2 number. The unscaled vibrational stretching frequencies B-H and H2(H-H) show blue shifts and red shifts, respectively. The cooperativity in [B6H6]2− H2 complexes has been investigated. The Atoms in Molecules (AIM 2000) method was applied to analyze the interactions.

Contribution of a better maxillofacial phenotype in Silver–Russell syndrome to define a better orthodontics and surgical management

IntroductionMaxillofacial phenotype for SRS is incompletely described in literature. The aim of this study was to describe a maxillofacial phenotype for SRS, to determine a better treatment. Materials and methodsA retrospective study was conducted including 37 patients with SRS. 24-control patients had been included and appareled. The subjective clinical examination included analyzes of SRS defined criteria. Frontal and lateral photographs had been reviewed, according to Farkas analysis; dental photographs had been examined for the deep-bite and the crowding severity. Radiologic cephalometric analysis had been reviewed. ResultsMaxillofacial examination showed protruding forehead (55%), anteverted ears (55%) and low-set ears (16%), small triangular face (48%); retrognatia (29%) and micrognathia (13%). SSR patients presented a lower forehead transverse growth, forehead height, and higher sagittal and transverse mandibular growth than control patients. Deep-bite was present in 21 patients of patient, and crowding in 17 patients. Cephalometric analysis showed 18 patients with the skeletal class II. We did not note a correlation between sleep apnea and retrognatia, neither between genetic anomalies and craniofacial phenotype. ConclusionIn this study, we showed new SRS characteristics: small forehead, small mandible, skeletal class II and a dental phenotype, leading to a specific maxillofacial and orthopedic management.

얼굴형태소의 특징에 따른 사무형 직무 면접평가지 구안

The purpose of this study is to develop an interview evaluation paper by analyzing the effects of facial morpheme characteristics on basic qualities (integrity, responsibility, activeness, endurance). The influence of the facial morpheme characteristics on the judgment of basic qualities of office work types was examined in 203 subjects. As a result, the characteristics of facial morphemes were analyzed to affect the judgment of basic qualities of office type: sincerity, responsibility, activeness and endurance. Egg-shaped face, square face, inverted triangular face, obtuse eyebrows, eyes with lowered eyes, thin lips affect judgment of integrity and square face, inverted triangular face, high nose, long nose, straight-on mouth affect judgment of responsibility and dark eyebrows, raised eyes, and big mouth affect the judgment of activeness and square face, rhombus face, small eye, long eyes, and lowered eyes affected the judgment of endurance. Second, based on the analysis of the effects of facial morphemes on the judgment of basic qualities of office work, interview score sheet and job assignment sheet were developed to place the right people in right positions according to different job descriptions. It is significant as it provides a baselie data to create a scale for staffing utilizing the results of this study.

A polyoxometalate-based metal–organic polyhedron constructed from a {V5O9Cl} building unit with rhombicuboctahedral geometry

The design and construction of metal-organic polyhedra has received much attention by chemists due to the intriguing diversity of architectures and topologies that can be achieved. There are several crucial factors which should be considered for the construction of metal-organic polyhedra, such as the starting materials, reaction time and temperature, solvent and suitable organic ligands. Recently, polyoxometalates (POMs), serving as secondary building units to construct POM-based metal-organic polyhedra, have been the subject of much interest. The title compound, dodecakis(dimethylammonium) octakis(μ-benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylato)hexa-μ-chlorido-tetracosa-μ-oxido-triacontaoxidotriacontavanadium, (NH2Me2)12[(V5O9Cl)6(C9H3O6)8], was synthesized successfully by self-assembly of VOCl3 and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid under solvothermal conditions. The title polyhedron has an rdo topology when the {V5O9Cl} building unit and the benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (BTC3-) ligand were simplified into 4-connected and 3-connected vertices. Interestingly, when the {V5O9Cl} building unit and the BTC3- ligand are considered as quadrangular and triangular faces, the structure displays rhombicuboctahedral geometry with an outer diameter of 21.88 Å. The packing of the polyhedra produces a circular channel with a diameter of 8.2 Å. The title compound was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and powder X-ray diffraction.

Optimization of STL model and layer shape for laser cladding forming

Laser cladding forming (LCF) is a type of additive manufacturing technologies, which is promising in many fields such as individuation manufacturing, parts repair, green remanufacturing, and so on. However, uneven mesh model distribution and mutation points of layer shape are bad for LCF process. Aiming at these problems, the optimization methods of STL model and layer shape are proposed. To improve the smoothness of stereo lithography (STL) model, the STL model is optimized by the discrete Laplace mesh deformation method. Then, the smoothness of STL model and the uniformity of the triangular face in the model are both improved. The regularity calculation model is established to quantify the optimization results by radius ratio method. Regarding the turbine blade as a research object, the optimization of STL model for turbine blade is conducted, and the optimizing results of turbine blade STL model are quantified. To solve the problem of path point mutation of the cladding path for the robot, an optimization method based on the path interpolation of layer shape is proposed, which is verified by simulation and experiment.

Phenotypic and molecular insights into PQBP1‐related intellectual disability

We report two discordant clinical and imaging features in four male patients from two unrelated families of Egyptian descent with hemizygous pathogenic variants in PQBP1. The three patients of the first family displayed the typical features underlying PQBP1 such as the long triangular face, bulbous nose, hypoplastic malar region, and micrognathia, which were subsequently confirmed using targeted sequence analysis that showed a previously reported nonsense mutation c.586C>T p.R196*. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel missense PQBP1 variant c.530G>A:p.R177H in the second family, in which the index patient presented with intellectual disability and dysmorphic facial features reminiscent of Kabuki-like syndrome and his brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed partial agenesis of corpus callosum, mild vermis, and brainstem hypoplasia. These imaging features are distinct from the previously described with a well-known phenotype that is already known for PQBP1. This report expands the phenotypic spectrum of PQBP1-related disorders and is the second reported missense PQBP1 variant. Further, it highlights the possible role of PQBP1 in hindbrain development.