Triangular Area Research Articles

POST EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF RED-VENTED BULBUL ( PYCNONOTUS CAFER )AS OBSERVED LOCALLY IN ATIGRE, KOLHAPUR, WESTERN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

The post embryonic development and observation of the nest-building behavior and breeding performance, parental care of the red-vented bulbul was made locally in Atigre , kolhapur at two different sites, one in between human habitation and the other in natural habitat. The male and female bird took active participation in choosing the site and nest building process. The parental care was very carefully studied in these birds. Breeding activity was observed from egg laying to first flight in the study area from 05 October 2020 to19 October 2020. Nest was constructed with in 5 to 6 days on small branch triangular area of Annona squamosa custard apple. The height of nest was 1 meter from ground. Incubation period of Red Vented Bulbul was 9 to 10 days and growth period required 14 days respectively.

Age-dependent changes in the anatomical and histological characteristics of the aggregated lymphoid nodules in the stomach of Dromedary camels (Camelus Dromedarius).

Gastrointestinal associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is an important component of the mucosal immune system. It is the largest mass of lymphoid tissues in the body and makes up more than 70% immune cells of entire body. GALT is considered to be the origin of systemic mucosal immunity and consists of solitary lymphoid nodules, aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches, PPs), scattered lymphoid tissues, and follicular associated epithelia. PPs play important roles as antigen inductive sites of the mucosal immune system, which are mainly distributed in the intestine of animals and humans (especially ileum and appendix). However, a special area of well-developed aggregated lymphoid nodules in the abomasum of Dromedary camel was found in our laboratory. Its existence was rarely described in the stomach before. In the present study, we investigated this special structure with the dromedary camels of different ages (young, 0.5-2 years; pubertal, 3-5 years; middle-aged, 6-16 years; old, 17-20 years), by the anatomical, histological and immunohistochemical approaches. The results showed that the special structure was mainly distributed in the cardiac glandular area of the abomasum, forming a triangular area. The mucosal folds in this area were significantly thicker than those in the surrounding region. These mucosal folds had two different forms, namely reticular mucosal folds (RMF) and longitudinal mucosal folds (LMF). There were abundant lymphoid nodules in the submucosa of RMF and LMF, which were arranged in one or multiple rows. The statistical analysis of the height and thickness of RMF and LMF showed that the structure was most developed in pubertal dromedary camels. The histological characteristics of the structure were the same as PPs in the intestine of the Dromedary camel, while anatomical appearance showed some difference. The immunohistochemical examination revealed that both immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) antibodies-producing cells (APCs) were extensively distributed in the gastric lamina propria (LP) in all age group. Our finding suggest that camel stomach not only performs digestive functions, but also involves parts of body immunity.

Diagenesis, compaction strain and deformation associated with chert and carbonate concretions in organic‐rich marl and phosphorite; Upper Cretaceous to Eocene, Jordan

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an integrated petrographic–geochemical–geomechanical study of the growth mechanisms of carbonate and chert concretions observed at outcrop and core from the Upper Cretaceous to Eocene organic‐rich carbonate mudrocks, central Jordan. It provides evidence for displacive and replacive concretion growth from the analysis of primary lithological characteristics, compaction strain and deformation structures associated with concretion growth. Concretions were analysed to determine the primary lithological controls on their development and the measurement of strain in the host rock to develop a method for constraining the growth mode and their paragenesis. Concretions exhibit either a replacive or displacive growth mode largely dependent on the original host lithology. Displacive concretions exhibit irregular shapes and semi‐fibrous internal structures in contrast to regular shapes and microcrystalline textures observed for replacive concretions. Cement fraction is high in both carbonate concretion types, indicating early formation in high‐porosity sediments at shallow burial depths. The strain field around displacive concretions is vertically asymmetrical. Conversely, it is symmetrical with uniform differential compaction for the replacive concretions. Evidence for displacive growth comes from triangular areas of chert at the lateral margins of some carbonate concretions, interpreted as areas of reduced strain. Another indicator is the forced asymmetrical folding of heterolithic host rocks around displacive concretions, with displacive carbonate units separated by trace laminae of the original (chert) beds. Enveloping chert beds exhibit early‐formed radial silica fractures with increased aperture size in the areas of maximum curvature. Carbon isotopic signatures of carbonate concretions show a strong correlation between concretion centres and host rock, suggesting a relatively shallow depth (first few tens of metres) of initial growth. Carbonate concretions are interpreted to have formed at shallow depths in the presence of alkaline pore waters rich in dissolved organic carbon in the presence of Mg2+ ions, available organic matter and redox‐sensitive metals such as U and Mo. A paragenetic history for the different concretion types is presented.

Morphometric Evaluation of Occipital Artery

Objective: Occipital artery anatomy should be well known in order to minimize complications that may occur in the occipital artery, which is closely adjacent to this nerve, during greater occipital nerve blockade. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the morphometric relationship of the occipital artery with neighboring anatomical structures in order to prevent damage during clinical applications. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out using CTA images of the head and neck region of patients who applied to Balikesir University Medical Faculty Training and Research Hospital for various reasons between 2015 and 2021. In the study, CTA images of 85 individuals aged 35-63 years were evaluated morphometrically using Radiant DICOM viewer 64-bit computer software. The obtained data were transferred to SPSS Version 25 software and analyzed quantitatively. Results: According to the results obtained from the study, no significant difference was found between the variables and genders. As the age of the individual increased, it was observed that the left occipital artery was located more inferolateral to the external occipital protuberance. As a result of the data obtained, a negative correlation was observed between the closest distance between the right OA-ML and the right EOP-ML and the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. Conclusion: In line with the average values obtained as a result, it is thought that an injection to the central point of the triangular area, which is formed as a result of combining the reference points in the posterior occiput, may be safer in order to protect the occipital artery.

ATS-RRT*: an improved RRT* algorithm based on alternative paths and triangular area sampling

The Rapidly Exploring Random Tree Star (RRT*) is a probabilistically complete algorithm. It is recognized as a better path planning algorithm, but its path quality and path planning speed still have room for improvement. This paper proposes an improved RRT* algorithm based on alternative paths and triangular area sampling (ATS-RRT*). The alternative paths strategy generates multiple initial paths based on whether the sample points can communicate with the target points and set the path with the smallest cost as the final initial path, which can speed up the initial path planning and improve the initial path finding rate. The triangular area sampling strategy combines every three adjacent nodes to generate some triangle areas and corresponding half-triangle areas. The path quality can be improved quickly by limiting the sampling in these triangle areas. In addition, the direct connection strategy with triangle nodes and the tabu table using in the Rewire process also speeds up the algorithm. Experiments show that the speed of finding the initial path and the success rate of finding the suboptimal path are improved by 2.3 and 1.45 times respectively compared with RRT*, Quick-RRT*, and Informed + Quick-RRT*.

Morphometric analysis of the palatine triangle in adult human skulls: a potential aid for anthropologists and intraoral bone grafts

Morphometrics of the hard palate is an important aspect of forensic anthropology and odontology. Palatine triangle is a triangular area in the hard palate formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae, which can aid intraoral bone grafts. We present the osteological measurements of the palatine triangle (maxillary palate) based on sex, compare it with other hard palate parameters, and establish the correlation between them. Seventy-seven male skulls and 36 female skulls were examined. Various morphometric measurements of the hard palate and palatine triangle were performed meticulously. Mean and standard deviation of each parameter were computed for groups using SPSS 16.0. Relationships between all parameters were analyzed using Pearson’s rank correlation test. The mean palatine length was 38.84 ± 3.75 mm in males and 37.22 ± 4.12 mm in females; the mean palatine breadth was 31.36 ± 2.61 mm in males and 29.78 ± 3.07 mm in females. The mean area of the palatine triangle was 600.88 ± 80.16 mm2 in male skulls and 547.96 ± 94.28 mm2 in the female skulls. Statistically significant difference in various measurements of the palatine triangle and hard palate between the male and female skulls was noted. Leptostaphyline (narrow palate) was the most prominent type of palate. The area of the palatine triangle showed a strong positive correlation between the total length and breadth of the palate for both male and female skulls. A strong positive correlation was also observed between the palate length and the palatine triangle length. Palatine index and palate breadth had a statistically significant moderate linear relationship. The maxillary palate length, breadth, and area of the palatine triangle were higher in males when compared to females in South Indian origin skulls. Most of the skulls had a narrow palate. The results of this metric analysis of the palatine triangle may lead to a new concept of anatomical research into studying the hard palate, which can be used for sexual dimorphism.

Buccofacial apraxia in primary progressive aphasia.

Buccofacial apraxia (BFA) is associated with nonfluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) as well as with the severity of apraxia of speech (AOS), a core symptom of nfvPPA. However, an association with agrammatism has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine the association between BFA and agrammatism in nfvPPA and to determine differences in atrophic regions in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) with and without BFA. Seventy-four patients with PPA were recruited, including 34, 15, 10, and 15 patients with nfvPPA, semantic variant PPA, logopenic variant PPA, and unclassified PPA, respectively. All patients underwent language examination and BFA evaluations. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to determine whether atrophy of a specific lesion correlated with the presence of BFA. BFA was observed in 20 and 3 patients with nfvPPA and unclassified PPA, respectively. In a comparison of patients with nfvPPA with and without BFA, the BFA group showed significantly worse spontaneous speech and writing in the Western Aphasia Battery. The agrammatism ratio or the ratio of agrammatic errors to the total number of particles was higher in the BFA group; however, the severity of prosodic and phonetic components of AOS did not differ between the two groups. VBM showed that the severity of BFA correlated with atrophy of the opercular and triangular areas of the inferior frontal gyrus to a part of the left middle frontal gyrus. BFA has a different anatomical basis from AOS in patients with nfvPPA and that BFA is characterized by more anterior degeneration compared to that of AOS.

Measurement of Deformity at the Craniovertebral Junction: Correlation of Triangular Area and Myelopathy.

Diseases of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) are commonly associated with deformity, malalignment, and subsequent myelopathy. The misaligned CVJ might cause compression of neuronal tissues and subsequently clinical symptoms. The triangular area (TA), measured by magnetic resonance imaging/images (MRI/s), is a novel measurement for quantification of the severity of compression to the brain stem. This study aimed to assess the normal and pathological values of TA by a comparison of patients with CVJ disease to age- and sex-matched controls. Moreover, postoperative TAs were correlated with outcomes. Consecutive patients who underwent surgery for CVJ disease were included for comparison to an age- and sex-matched cohort of normal CVJ persons as controls. The demographics, perioperative information, and pre- and postoperative 2-year cervical MRIs were collected for analysis. Cervical TAs were measured and compared. A total of 201 patients, all of whom had pre- or postoperative MRI, were analyzed. The TA of the CVJ deformity group was larger than the healthy control group (1.62 ± 0.57 cm2 vs. 1.01 ± 0.18 cm2, p < 0.001). Moreover, patients who had combined anterior odontoidectomy and posterior laminectomy with fixation had the greatest reduction in the TA (1.18 ± 0.58 cm2). In CVJ deformity, the measurement of the cervical TA could indicate the severity of brain stem compression. After surgery, the TA had a varying degree of improvement, which could represent the efficacy of surgery.

​Ultrasonographic Morphometry of Reticulum in Cattle and Buffaloes

Background: Tremendous achievements have been made in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of digestive tract affections of bovines throughout the world, wherein clinical traumatic reticuloperitonitis (TRP) is the most commonly reported and studied condition in bovines. TRP is accidental ingestion of foreign body (metallic or non-metallic; penetrating or non-penetrating) objects, which generally get lodged or penetrate the reticulum. The reticulum plays a crucial role in the motility of the digestive tract in bovines and so several invasive and noninvasive methods are used for reticular examination. Hence, the ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular morphometric parameters is the need of the hour. Methods: The present study was undertaken to evaluate ultrasonographic morphometry of reticulum in bovines (Group I, six clinically healthy cattle and Group II, six clinically healthy buffaloes) at the Postgraduate Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kamdhenu University, Rajpur (Nava), Himmatnagar, Gujarat. For ultrasonography, using Esaote MyLabDelta Veterinary Ultrasound System with convex transducer (3-5 MHz), a standing left post-xiphoid paramedian approach was adopted. The morphometric parameters viz. half-moon-shaped reticular wall (RW), RW thickness, RW distance from the parietal peritoneum and the roughly triangular area between RW, cranio-ventral rumen sac and diaphragm were evaluated. Result: The mean RW thickness (Buffalo-5.33±0.58 mm; Cattle-4.53±0.33 mm), mean distance of the closest point of the RW from the peritoneum (25.77±3.23 mm; 13.07±0.67 mm) and mean triangular area (10.21±4.42 cm²; 4.94±0.52 cm²) were higher in healthy buffaloes than cattle.

Study on LBW/SPF/DB technology of TA15 four-storey lightweight high strength cylinder

This paper investigates the application of Laser beam prewelding/superplastic forming/diffusion bonding (LBW/SPF/DB) process in cylindrical parts. The forming die design and the processing process have been researched. A numerical simulation was carried out to determine the parameters of the superplastic forming/diffusion bonding process. The causes of defects are analysed and effective optimization methods are presented. In this paper, the main research contents are as follows, (1) Considering the characteristics of the structure and process of the workpiece, a design idea using a flapping tool and wedge fastening is presented. The process scheme for forming the core barrel step is described. (2) A laser welding power of 1300W and a welding rate of 1000mm/min were determined as the welding parameters for the SPF/DB process. The weld depth and weld width were considered suitable for parameters for laser welding. (3) The results of high temperature material performance indicate that 900 °C and a strain rate of 0.1s-1 strain rate were selected to simulate the forming process. (4) Verify the workpiece in accordance with the simulation parameters and evaluate defects, such as grooves on the surface of the workpiece and triangular areas between vertical bars. All the cylinders’ indexes can meet the requirements, and the process quality is stable and controllable.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of rime ice accumulation on silicone rubber insulator and its experimental verification in the natural environment

Icing on transmission lines is a challenging problem in the world. Rime icing on silicone rubber insulator was taken as research object in this paper. The position coordinates of supercooled water droplets collided with the surface of the insulator were extracted, the local collision coefficient (E) of the droplet was calculated by a triangular area ratio method. The “point-line-face-solid” ice shape reconstruction algorithm was proposed to realize three-dimensional numerical simulation of rime ice accretion on the insulator. The results shown that the effect of median volume diameter (MVD) of the droplet on the E is greater than that of wind speed (v). The most serious icing occurs on the rod and the edge of the shed. Due to the shielding effect of the shed, the icing on the rod presents the shape of the nose. The length, thickness and amount of rime icing on the insulator calculated by the model increases with time, whose average errors with that obtained by the tests are 7.68%, 7.96%, 10.34%, and 9.45%, respectively. Moreover, the simulated icing distribution is well consistent with the experimental results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the numerical simulation method was proved in the present research.

Determination of the Entry Point for Lower Lumbar Intradiscal Procedure Using Transforaminal Technique: Cross-Sectional Study Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Triangular working area otherwise known as the Kambin triangle is designated as a safe place to position the instrument during the operation, with minimal risk to exiting nerves. This study aims to improve understanding and increase the safety of various transforaminal intradiscal procedures at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1 levels. A cross-sectional analysis involving 102 MRIs that met the inclusion criteria was obtained and analyzed at the L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1 discs level. For each level, the Kambin triangle was measured. By evaluating those measurements, the viability of this method was determined. Safe working zone approach angles were consistently getting wider from L3 to S1 levels. It was statistically significant to be wider for the left side for the mean angle of lateral nucleus trajectory at the L4/L5 level and L5/S1. The entry point is at 32, 45, and 55-60 mm from the midline, and the instrument should be directed at 12°, 20°, and 27° medially for the lateral nucleus at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1, respectively. The center of the nucleus pulposus entry point is at 64, 77, and 85 mm from the midline with a medial inclination of 40°, 47°, and 52°, respectively, for L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1. For the posterior nucleus pulposus, the skin should be pierced 90, 140, and 180 mm from the midline and directed medially at 53°, 61°, and 68°, respectively, for L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1. The posterior annulus fibrosis entry point is 172, 355, and 450 mm with a medial inclination of 69°, 80°, and 84° at L3/L4, L4/L5, and L5/S1, respectively. The sagittal inclination is 3° cephalad at L3/L4, 10° caudally at L4/L5, and 27° caudally at L5/S1. Preoperative MRI assessment is important to determine the angle of trajectory for the safe entry point for intradiscal procedure via transforaminal approach.

Particle filter‐based aerial tracking for moving targets

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of tracking a moving target with a radio transmitter using an aerial robot in an online manner. The aerial robot is equipped with a low‐cost directional antenna and Software Defined Radio receiver to obtain the signal emitted by the target. The aerial robot rotates around itself and collects a predefined number of signal recordings from each direction to determine the bearing angle to the target in which the received signal strength is maximized. The measurement uncertainty is assumed to be bounded and represented by two triangular areas divided by a bisector. To localize and track the target, a particle filter‐based approach is proposed. In this approach, we integrate the discrete and bounded measurement model with the particle filter in such a way that the particles' weights are updated based on a novel method which considers the measurement wedge and the particle locations with respect to this wedge along with a logistic function. We also incorporate the doubling strategy into the particle filter to determine the next measurement locations and avoid arbitrarily large number of measurements. We choose wildlife monitoring as a use case scenario in which a radio transmitter is put on the animal under consideration to allow wildlife researchers to track it. Since each animal has its own motion behavior, we consider different motion models for the target, which are used in modeling animal movements in wildlife studies. Therefore, the proposed approach is validated using a target moving with varying velocity and acceleration. We verified the tracking performance of the approach through a series of extensive simulations. We compared the proposed approach with the optimal offline strategy in terms of the empirical competitive ratio of the total distance traveled and the tracking distance. We also developed a low‐cost hardware platform and software infrastructure for the proposed tracking system. Using this platform, we conducted field experiments for the stationary and moving targets.

Mechanical Strength and Energy Absorption Optimization of Biomimetic Honeycomb Anti-Collision Pier

The anti-collision pier plays an irreplaceable role in road traffic protection due to its significance. In this research, the biomimetic honeycomb structure was applied to internal anti-collision pier interior structures. The enhancement of mechanical strength and energy absorption characteristics was explored and optimized by five anti-collision pier honeycomb structures. Finite elements of the piers are designated as 650 mm in diameter and 850 mm in height. Polypropylene Acetate (PLA) material is utilized in this research due to its environment-friendly characteristics. Displacement loading in finite element simulation is 50 mm to the middle region of the model at YOZ direction. The energy-absorbing properties of five optimized honeycomb anti-collision piers at the same force position will be carefully compared. Moreover, the influence of internal hexagon direction-quantity configuration upon loading resistance under displacement loading is outlined. The results determined the best biomimetic structure to be three honeycomb shapes with a central triangle area, with maximum stress of 503.8 MPa and fracture displacement of 58.02 mm. Furthermore, the numerical simulation shows that the number of nest increases has a negative relationship with the effect upon force and deformation of the model. Moreover, the triangular central area is superior to the Y-shape central area in both mechanical strength and energy absorption performance.

Time-Evolving Quantum Superpositions in Open Systems and the Rich Content of Coherence Maps.

We discuss the general features of the time-evolving reduced density matrix (RDM) of multistate systems coupled to dissipative environments and show that many important aspects of the dynamics are visualized effectively and transparently through coherence maps, defined as snapshots of the real and imaginary components of the RDM on the square grid of system sites. In particular, the spread, signs, and shapes of the coherence maps collectively characterize the state of the system and the nature of the dynamics, as well as the equilibrium state. The topology of the system is readily reflected in its coherence map. Rows and columns show the composition of quantum superpositions, and their filling indicates the extent of the surviving coherence. Linear combinations of imaginary RDM elements specify instantaneous population derivatives. The main diagonal comprises the incoherent component of the dynamics, while the upper/lower triangular areas give rise to coherent contributions that increase the purity of the RDM. In open systems, the coherence map evolves to a band surrounding the principal diagonal whose width decreases with increasing temperature and dissipation strength. We illustrate these behaviors with examples of 10-site model molecular aggregates with Frenkel exciton couplings, where the electronic states of each monomer are coupled to harmonic vibrational baths.

The law of blast stress wave propagation and fracture development in soft and hard composite rock

The process of blasting stress wave propagation and crack propagation is directly affected by the physical properties of the rock mass and internal joints in the rock. In soft and hard rock layers, the blasting process is more complicated since the blasting stress wave needs to penetrate two kinds of rocks with different physical properties and the interface between soft rock and hard rock. In this study, the modal transformation of stress waves at the interface of layered composite rock was analyzed, and the process was reproduced by finite element analysis. Furthermore, the development law of cracks was explored. The research results demonstrated that in the single blasting-hole model, a triangular crack area caused by reflected stress waves appeared at the rock interface of rock medium I near the blast hole. In rock medium II, the tensile crack generated by the interface wave appeared on the side away from the blast hole. Besides, the development of the tensile crack was associated with the incident mode of the blast stress wave and the incident angle. In the deep hole blasting model, the incidence of the detonation wave front from hard rock to soft rock promoted the fragmentation of the hard rock.

Conditions for Reliable Divergence Estimates from Drifter Triplets

Abstract Horizontal velocity gradients of a flow field and the related kinematic properties (KPs) of divergence, vorticity, and strain rate can be estimated from dense drifter deployments, e.g., the spatiotemporal average divergence (and other KPs) over a triangular area defined by three drifters and over a given time interval can be computed from the initial and final areas of said triangle. Unfortunately, this computation can be subject to large errors, especially when the triangle shape is far from equilateral. Therefore, samples with small aspect ratios are generally discarded. Here we derive the thresholds on two shape metrics that optimize the balance between retention of good and removal of bad divergence estimates. The primary tool is a high-resolution regional ocean model simulation, where a baseline for the average divergence can be established, so that actual errors are available. A value of 0.2 for the scaled aspect ratio Λ and a value of 0.86π for the largest interior angle θ are found to be equally effective thresholds, especially at scales of 5 km and below. While discarding samples with low Λ or high θ values necessarily biases the distribution of divergence estimates slightly toward positive values, this bias is small compared to (and in the opposite direction of) the Lagrangian sampling bias due to drifters preferably sampling convergence regions. Errors due to position uncertainty are suppressed by the shape-based subsampling. The subsampling also improves the identification of the areas of extreme divergence or convergence. An application to an observational dataset demonstrates that these model-derived thresholds can be effectively used on actual drifter data. Significance Statement Divergence in the ocean indicates how fast floating objects in the ocean spread apart, while convergence (negative divergence) captures how fast they accumulate. Measuring divergence in the ocean, however, remains challenging. One method is to estimate divergence from the trajectories of drifting buoys. This study provides guidance under what circumstances these estimates should be discarded because they are too likely to have large errors. The criteria proposed here are less stringent than some of the ad hoc criteria previously used. This will allow users to retain more of their estimates. We consider how position uncertainty affects the reliability of the divergence estimates. An observational dataset collected in the Mediterranean is used to illustrate an application of these reliability criteria.

Unraveling environmental drivers of chlorophyll seasonal and interannual variability in the East China Sea

Phytoplankton, the dominant marine primary producers, are considered highly sensitive indicators of ecosystem conditions and changes. The East China Sea (ECS) includes a variety of oceanic and coastal domains that collectively challenge our understanding of phytoplankton dynamics and controls. This study evaluates the seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton in the ECS and the underlying environmental determinants based on 22-year satellite chlorophyll (Chl-a) data and concurrent environmental variables. A seasonal spring bloom was found in the ECS, classically driven by increased stratification, which is associated with increases in sea surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), net heat flux (NHF), and reduced wind mixing. The most significant Chl-a interannual variability was present in a triangular area surrounded by three SST fronts in the southern ECS during springtime. Anomalously high Chl-a (~30% increase) occurred with increased SST and NHF and enhanced wind mixing during negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modes. This seems to be contrary to the stratification control model, which fits the seasonal spring bloom observed in this region. More front activities during the negative PDO and ENSO could be associated with Chl-a increase in this triangular area. Contrary to this mixing control scenario, a significant Chl-a increase (~36% increase) also developed during the positive PDO and ENSO modes after 2014 under conditions of higher SST, NHF, and weaker wind mixing following the stratification control scenario. This study used biologically relevant objective regionalization of a heterogeneous area to elucidate phytoplankton bloom dynamics and controls. Our analyses highlight the triangular area in the ECS for its region-specific linkages between Chl-a and multiple climate-sensitive environmental drivers, as well as the potential structural and functional variability in this region.

Investigation of the Deformation and Failure Characteristics of High-Strength Concrete in Dynamic Splitting Tests

The dynamic response properties of concrete have been of interest during the use of buildings due to seismic, impact, and explosion events. The splitting Hopkinson lever is a classical device for testing the dynamic mechanical properties of materials. In this paper, dynamic splitting tests on concrete were conducted using it, and a time series predictive computational model for the incident, reflected and transmitted pulses of high-strength concrete specimens at high strain rates was developed, and the extension mechanism of splitting tensile cracks in high-strength concrete was detected and analyzed based on the DIC technique. The results show that: the peak strength of C60 specimens and C80 specimens increased by about 60% and 90%, respectively, from 0.05 MPa to 0.09 MPa in impact strength; the triangular damaged area at the end of the contact surface of the specimen and the rod subjected to high impact pressure increased significantly, the dynamic energy dissipation increased, and the damage degree of the specimens increased; under the action of high strain rate, the brittleness of the concrete specimens with higher strength increased, the damage rate The higher strength concrete specimens have increased brittleness, faster damage rate and higher crack extension under high strain rate. The results of the paper can provide important references for the design of buildings under impact loading.

MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF QUADRATE TUBERCLE AND RELATED NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES ON DRY ADULT BONES

Objectives There is only a little information about quadrate tubercle (QT) and its' clinical importance in anatomy textbooks and literature. This study aims to provide comprehensive morphometrical data about QT, related neighboring structures, and gender differences will also be investigated. Material and Methods A total number of 108 [(34 female/74 male) / (48 right/60 left)] adult femurs were morphometrically evaluated. Distances between QT to the greater trochanter (GT), lesser trochanter (LT), the femoral head (FH), and GT to LT measurements were taken to determine the position of QT. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (v 26.0) package software program. Results The distances between QT-GT; QT-LT; QT-FH; GT-LT parameters determined as 33.65±4.47, 28.52±3.43 (p=0.001); 40.89±4.62, 35.64±3.87 (p=0.001); 79.73±7.05, 70.18±5.66 (p=0.001); 67.53±5.20, 58.68±5.14 (p=0.001) mm in males and females, respectively. The cut-off points were calculated for gender determination as 62.80, 75.45, 30.75, 38.45 mm for GT-LT, QT-FH, QT-GT, QT-LT parameters, respectively. Conclusions In this study, a triangular safe area for arterial anastomoses was determined between QT-GT/QT-LT/GT-LT parameters at the proximal end of the femur. It can create a safe area that can be used in clinical applications when needed. Also, it has been shown that gender determination among the parameters has the highest confidence interval with the GT-LT parameter, while other QT-centered parameters have high predictive power and can be used for gender determination. To best our knowledge, this is the first study in the literature about QT precise distances and use for gender determination together.