Area Of Triangle Research Articles

Mechanical Strength and Energy Absorption Optimization of Biomimetic Honeycomb Anti-Collision Pier

The anti-collision pier plays an irreplaceable role in road traffic protection due to its significance. In this research, the biomimetic honeycomb structure was applied to internal anti-collision pier interior structures. The enhancement of mechanical strength and energy absorption characteristics was explored and optimized by five anti-collision pier honeycomb structures. Finite elements of the piers are designated as 650 mm in diameter and 850 mm in height. Polypropylene Acetate (PLA) material is utilized in this research due to its environment-friendly characteristics. Displacement loading in finite element simulation is 50 mm to the middle region of the model at YOZ direction. The energy-absorbing properties of five optimized honeycomb anti-collision piers at the same force position will be carefully compared. Moreover, the influence of internal hexagon direction-quantity configuration upon loading resistance under displacement loading is outlined. The results determined the best biomimetic structure to be three honeycomb shapes with a central triangle area, with maximum stress of 503.8 MPa and fracture displacement of 58.02 mm. Furthermore, the numerical simulation shows that the number of nest increases has a negative relationship with the effect upon force and deformation of the model. Moreover, the triangular central area is superior to the Y-shape central area in both mechanical strength and energy absorption performance.

Electric Field-Controlled Peptide Self-Assembly through Funnel-Shaped Two-Dimensional Nanopores.

Self-assembly of biomolecules is critical for the realization of biological functions. Thus, the precise control of self-assembly has great significance in the design of biochips and biomedical agents. In this report, we design a Y-shaped funnel on a two-dimensional (2D) heterostructure, called 2D funnel, based on monolayered polyaniline carbon nitride (C3N) and boron carbide (BC3), and study its application in the self-assembly state regulation of the peptide oligomer, using Aβ16-21 as the representative model. Structurally, the 2D funnel is composed of three regions: channel area, triangle area, and barrier area. The channel and triangle areas show higher binding affinity to the peptide than that of the barrier area, which leads to the confinement of the peptide in the 2D funnel. Our results show that when an external electric field is applied along the 2D funnel, the oligomer is driven to migrate across the funnel. Its trajectory is confined inside the narrow channel area, which effectively causes peptide dissociation into the individual peptide chains. Then, when the external electric field is turned off, the separated peptide chains spontaneously assemble in the triangle area and tend to reunite. Our present findings propose a novel heterostructure platform, which enables the manipulation of the self-assembly state of peptides by switching the electric field, which could guide the design and fabrication of nanodevices for sensing and sequencing applications.

Neurological Safety of Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Magnetic Resonance Neurography Study.

A magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) study was conducted to assess the neurological safety of endoscopic transforaminal lumbar intervertebral fusion (endo-TLIF). A total of 56 healthy volunteers (29 men, 27 women; average age, 44yr; age range, 21-60yr) were included in the study. Coronal MRN images were collected from L2/L3 to L5/S1. The working triangle, modified working zone, and safest working zone areas, as well as the vertical and horizontal safe operation diameters, were measured. Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the correlations between general characteristics (sex, age, height, body mass index) and the measured radiographic indicators. MRN can effectively evaluate the operation zone of endo-TLIF. The safest working zone, modified working zone, and working triangle areas were largest at L4/L5 (92.4±23.4, 136±35.6, and 197±41.7mm 2 , respectively) and smallest at L2/L3 (45.5±12.9, 68.1±19.5, and 92.6±24.4mm 2 , respectively). The vertical safe operation diameter was large at L4/L5 and L2/L3 (5.34±0.8 and 5.42±0.9mm, respectively) and smallest at L5/S1 (2.94±0.9mm). The horizontal safe operation diameter was large at L4/L5 (7.28±1.2mm) and smaller at L5/S1 and L2/L3 (4.28±1.0 and 4.77±0.8mm, respectively). L4/L5 has the lowest risk of nerve injury, and may be the safest level for beginners initiating endo-TLIF in their practice. We recommend that coronal MRN is routinely performed before endo-TLIF to minimize the risk of neurological injury.

Characteristics study of old Kampong Settlement in Batan Semarang City

<p>The development of urban areas occurs due to the demands for space for activities from the community. Increased activity in the city center has an impact on increasing the need for housing. Kampong Batan is one of the settlements located in the downtown triangle area of Pandanaran road, Pemuda road and Gajah Mada road (PANDAMA). Kampong Batan is also one of the old kampongs that experienced the growth of residential areas due to the development of activities. The implication of the development of activities in the city center to Kampong Batan is experiencing changes that are seen physically and non-physically. In this study, we will examine the characteristics of the Batan settlement in Semarang City in order to find out the changes that occur due to the development of activities in the city center. The research method used is field observation by looking at the development of Kampong Batan from the colonial era to the present based on the map of the previous year of Semarang City. Then it is identified the changes that occur based on the road network, changes in the use of residential space and the characteristics of the settlements. The result is that the settlement of Old Kampong Batan began to be filled with settlements from 1925 to 2000. The changes that are happening today can be seen from the expansion of residential activity space into a terrace, for parking and as a place to sell. In addition, many changes in the area that were previously only areas with residential functions have now turned into trade and service functions.</p>

Quark unitarity triangles

The angles and the lengths of the sides of all unitarity triangles of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix are determined with very high precision from the experimental data. Our analysis is independent of parameterization of the CKM matrix and it is based on the predictions of the unitarity for the angles and the areas of the unitarity triangles. We note that the lengths of the sides of the three unitarity triangles determined from the experimental data do not form a triangle. We resolve this incompatibility by performing a constrained fit, assuming the equality of the area of the unitarity triangles. We demonstrate that the measured data are compatible with the predictions of the unitarity of the CKM matrix. We show that the angles of the unitarity triangles obtained by the multiplication of the rows of the CKM matrix can be obtained from the angles obtained by the multiplication of the columns. The equality of those two types of angles is a simple, but a very powerful test of the general structure of the Standard Model.

Geometrical interpretation of the argument of weak values of general observables in N-level quantum systems

Observations in quantum weak measurements are determined by complex numbers called weak values. We present a geometrical interpretation of the argument of weak values of general Hermitian observables in N-dimensional quantum systems in terms of geometric phases. We formulate an arbitrary weak value in terms of three real vectors on the unit sphere in N 2 − 1 dimensions, . These vectors are linked to the initial and final states, and to the weakly measured observable, respectively. We express pure states in the complex projective space of N − 1 dimensions, , which has a non-trivial representation as a 2N − 2 dimensional submanifold of (a generalization of the Bloch sphere for qudits). The argument of the weak value of a projector on a pure state of an N-level quantum system describes a geometric phase associated to the symplectic area of the geodesic triangle spanned by the vectors representing the pre-selected state, the projector and the post-selected state in . We then proceed to show that the argument of the weak value of a general observable is equivalent to the argument of an effective Bargmann invariant. Hence, we extend the geometrical interpretation of projector weak values to weak values of general observables. In particular, we consider the generators of SU(N) given by the generalized Gell–Mann matrices. Finally, we study in detail the case of the argument of weak values of general observables in two-level systems and we illustrate weak measurements in larger dimensional systems by considering projectors on degenerate subspaces, as well as Hermitian quantum gates. To conclude, we discuss the interpretation and usefulness of geometric phases in weak values in connection to weak measurements.

Trace element signatures of sphalerite in the Sichuan Daliangzi Ge-rich Pb-Zn deposit and its implications for deep ore prospecting

The Daliangzi Pb-Zn deposit is one of the typical Ge-rich Pb-Zn deposits in the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn polymetallic metallogenic triangle area (SYGT), with its Pb, Zn, and Cd reserves reaching the scale of a large-sized deposit and its Ge reserve reaching that of a medium-sized deposit. Based on LA-ICP-MS in-situ analysis in combination with element mapping, this study reveals the occurrence state of trace elements and ore-forming temperature of sphalerite in ores. The study shows that the sphalerite in the deposit is characterized by rich Cd, Ge, and Ga, relatively rich Fe, very variable Cu and Pb contents, and poor Mn, In, and Sn. This data indicates that Cd, Mn, Fe, and Pb occur in sphalerite in the form of isomorphism or locally in the form of microinclusions in galena. Good correlation between Cu(Ag) and Ge and that between (Cu+Ag) and (Ga+As+Sb) suggest that the substitution relationship with Zn is nCu2++Ge2+↔(n+1)Zn2+ or n(Cu, Ag)2++Ge2+↔(n+1)Zn2+ and (Cu+Ag)1++(Ga+As+Sb)3+↔2Zn2+, and chalcopyrite and Ge, Gu, and Ga-rich microinclusions exist locally; the contents of Ge, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, and other elements in brown yellow sphalerite are higher than those in light yellow sphalerite while Ga and In are relatively more enriched in the latter. The estimation by GGIMFis geothermometer and the trace element signature of the sphalerite indicates that the temperature of the deposit is low-moderate: the formation temperature of the sphalerite in stage II is 86–213°C (134°C on average) ∼ 106–238°C (170°C on average) and that in stage III is 88–105°C (96°C on average) ∼ 134–147°C (140°C on average), demonstrating that the precipitation mechanism of ore-forming elements is the drop in fluid temperature. Based on this, an ore-forming model of the deposit has been established, and it is believed that the ore district has potential for deep prospecting of Cu, Pb, Zn, and other metal resources.

Geuine tripartite entanglement in three-flavor neutrino oscillations

The violation of Leggett–Garg inequalities tested the quantumness of neutrino oscillations (NOs) across macroscopic distances. The quantumness can be quantified by using the tools of the quantum resource theories. Recently, a new genuine tripartite entanglement measure (Xie et al. in Phys Rev Lett 127:040403, 2021), concurrence fill, is defined as the square root of the area of the concurrence triangle satisfying all genuine multipartite entanglement conditions. It has several advantages compared to other existing tripartite measures. Here, we focus on using concurrence fill to quantify the tripartite entanglement in three-flavor NOs. Concurrence fill can reach its maximum 0.89 for the experimentally-observed electron antineutrino oscillations, but it cannot for the muon antineutrino oscillations. In both cases, we compare its performance with other three tripartite entanglement measures, including the generalized geometric measure (GGM), the three-pi entanglement, and the genuinely multipartite concurrence (GMC), in the neutrino propagation, and accordingly show that concurrence fill contains the most quantum resource. Furthermore, concurrence fill and the three-pi entanglement are always smooth, while GGM and GMC measures have several sharp peaks. The genuine tripartite quantification of the quantumness of three-flavor NOs represents the first step towards the further potential application of neutrinos on quantum information processing.

ARPIST: Provably accurate and stable numerical integration over spherical triangles

Numerical integration on spherical triangles, including the computation of their areas, is a core computation in geomathematics. The commonly used techniques sometimes suffer from instabilities and significant loss of accuracy. We describe a new algorithm, called ARPIST, for accurate and stable integration of functions on spherical triangles. ARPIST is based on an easy-to-implement transformation to the spherical triangle from its corresponding linear triangle via radial projection to achieve high accuracy and efficiency. More importantly, ARPIST overcomes potential instabilities in computing the Jacobian of the transformation, even for poorly shaped triangles that may occur at poles in regular longitude-latitude meshes, by avoiding potential catastrophic rounding errors. We compare our proposed technique with L’Huilier’s Theorem for computing the area of spherical triangles, and also compare it with the recently developed LSQST method (Beckmann et al., 2014) and a radial-basis-function-based technique (Reeger and Fornberg, 2016) for integration of smooth functions on spherical triangulations. Our results show that ARPIST enables better or comparable accuracy over previous methods while being easier to implement, significantly faster, and more tolerant of poor element shapes.

Public Finance in the V4 During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Magic Triangle of Public Finances

Abstract The aim of the paper is to quantify changes in public finances in the countries of the Visegrad Group through the area of the magic triangle of public finances, with an emphasis on the years 2020 and 2021. Using mathematical and statistical methods, we found the absolute and relative primary values of the year-on-year changes in public revenues, public expenditures and public debt since 2016 and substituted in the formula for calculating the area of the magic triangle. We found that in the long term, the magic triangle in the Czech Republic and Poland shows the largest area. The disease of COVID-19 significantly affected the development of aggregate public finances, which was confirmed especially in 2020. In 2020, the area of the magic triangles decreased significantly from 44.8% (Hungary) to 60.2% (Poland). In 2021, all V4 countries will see an improvement in financial indicators and, at the same time, an increase in the area of the magic triangles of public finances, which signals the progress of the public finances situation.

A New Formula for Calculating the Areas of Triangles and Quadrangles

A New Formula for Calculating the Areas of Triangles and Quadrangles

Creative entrepreneurship, urban transformation and the (Baltic) triangle model

PurposeWhile the theoretical interaction of the creative and cultural industries and entrepreneurship in business is gaining attention in the literature, such entrepreneurial practices are extending their role and position in the economy and in urban areas undergoing transformation. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to that literature by generating a model that links creative entrepreneurship with urban transformation as places see and expect continuous change and development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopt a conceptual approach, embedded in a triple helix model, of creative entrepreneurship and urban transformation of the Baltic Triangle area of Liverpool, England. The authors inform this through a case study analysis, including qualitative interview data relating to the Baltic Creative.FindingsThe authors demonstrate the need for interdisciplinary research to assess value creation, value delivery and innovation as contributors to urban transformation based on creative entrepreneurship, while at the same time resulting in creative placemaking.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a conceptual paper that will be used to frame future empirical research on generating additional insight by interviewing key actors to heighten understanding of innovation, value creation and value delivery process of placemaking, creative change and urban transformation.Practical implicationsThis work can help inform creative policymaking, planning and development to achieve both social and economic impacts for a place and the wider region.Originality/valueThe authors both contextualize and show the transferability of the model, using the example of Liverpool’s Baltic Creative in Liverpool’s Baltic Triangle area of the city, highlighting the impact of creative change.

The Relationship Between Lateral Nasal Wall Collapse and Nasal Obstruction.

In clinical practice, lateral nasal wall collapse during forced inspiration is widely regarded as a sign of nasal obstruction or criterion indicating nasal valve surgery. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the degree of lateral nasal wall collapse and subjective nasal obstruction. In addition, factors related to lateral nasal wall collapse were also investigated. In this study, lateral nasal wall collapse is determined by the degree of lateral nasal wall triangle (LNWT) area reduction on frontal view during forced inspiration compared to quiet inspiration. LNWT area ratio of the patient and control groups was compared. The relationship between the lateral nasal wall collapse and clinical factors including symptom scores, nasal valve angles, skin thickness were evaluated. The average LNWT area ratio of the patient (n = 24) and control groups (n = 27) was 0.96 and 0.83 respectively (P = .001). Symptom score (NOSE and VAS) is not related to the degree of lateral nasal wall collapse. Moreover, nasal valve angle and skin thickness were also not related to the degree of lateral nasal wall collapse. In 14 of the 19 patients, the more obstructed side corresponded to the side of narrower nasal valve angle, and 5 were not. Lateral nasal wall collapse is not related to a patients' nasal obstruction.

"Between Wings of Hope and Fear": Muslim Parents' Experiences with the American Health Care System.

Background and Objectives: Historically marginalized religious and cultural groups are at risk for lower quality of care than majority groups. No study to date specifically queries Muslim experiences with the American health care system (AHCS). We performed a thematic analysis of Muslim parents' interactions with the AHCS and how their background informs their approach to care. Methods: This was a qualitative study of Muslim parents of children with life-limiting conditions in the Research Triangle Area from December 2019 to March 2019. We conducted semistructured interviews with parents to assess their experiences with the AHCS. We probed interview transcripts using descriptive content analysis with NVivo10. Results: We interviewed 10 parents in the Research Triangle Area. All patients were female, most were married, most spoke at least one other language in addition to English, and most were not born in the United States. Several themes emerged highlighting open communication with care teams, willingness to share religious affiliations, and the importance of leaning into faith and accepting God's will. Conclusions: A thematic analysis of Muslim parents' interactions with the AHCS describes value in honest communication, mixed concerns about how providers will react to their religious affiliation, and emphasizes the importance of leaning heavily into faith and accepting God's plan. Future studies evaluating needs of Muslim patients, especially those with different diagnoses, language barriers, and a larger sample size will further delineate needs to minimize inequalities in care.

Accommodative Gain in Presbyopic Eye Using a New Procedure of Laser Scleral Softening (LSS): Part-II. Formulas for Volume Efficacy

Purpose: To derive and provide, for the first time, comprehensive analytic formulas for scleral softening volume efficacy (SVE) for accommodative gain (AG) via the increased space between ciliary body and lens (SCL) and mobility of the posterior vitreous zonules (PVZ).
 Study Design: To increase the AG of presbyopic eye by a new procedure, laser scleral softening (LSS).
 Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between June 2022 and July 2022.
 Methodology: The SVE is calculated based on the time and spatial integral of the scleral temperature profiles, T(z,t), solutions of a heat diffusion equation. Analytic formulas for SVE is derived based on the covered area given by a triangle area. The SVE of a 3-D model is governed by the "volume" covered by the laser beam, or its spot size area, the effective penetration depth (z"), which is an increasing function of laser dose, but a decreasing function of the absorption coefficient (A), due to the Beer's law of laser intensity, I(z)=I0exp(-Az). The efficacy depth-range (dZ) and time-ranges (dT) are defined for efficient softening with T(z,t)>T*, where T* is the scleral softening threshold temperature.
 Results: The accommodative gain is proportional to the 3-D SVE given by: SEV(3D) = SEV(1D) x laser beam spot (2-D area) x total number of spots (N) acting on the sclera, which is proportional to the efficacy ranges dZ and dT, in which dZ is an increasing of laser irradiation time, whereas dT is a decreasing function of depth. Softening of the scleral tissue after a thermal laser leading to the increase of PVZ mobility and SCL. However, the actual relation of SVE and the PVZ and SCL changes require measured data.
 Conclusion: Safety and efficacy of scleral softening for presbyopia treatment depend upon the laser parameters (intensity, dose, spot size, wavelength) and the effective depths. The SVE is proportional to the efficacy depth-range (dZ) and time-range (dT), in which dZ is an increasing of laser irradiation time and dT is a decreasing function of depth. The AG is proportional to the SVE(in 3-D).

How Threats of Exclusion Mobilize Palestinian Political Participation

AbstractDo exclusionary policies mobilize minority political participation? We theorize that the threat of exclusionary policies creates and resurfaces grievances that facilitate mobilization. To test our theory, we leverage Donald Trump's announcement of a peace plan for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, which posed a threat to the citizenship status of Palestinian citizens of Israel residing in the Triangle area adjacent to the West Bank. First, using more than 170,000 posts from public Facebook groups and pages, we show that Trump's announcement was indeed a more salient political event for Triangle residents. Then, employing locality‐level election data as well as records detailing the origin of citizens’ joining a Jewish‐Arab social movement, we use a difference‐in‐difference design to demonstrate that the threat to citizenship imposed by Trump's plan increased mobilization in the Triangle area. Our evidence from three distinct data sources suggests that threats of exclusion can mobilize minority political behavior.

Sex estimation from two triangles on the skull

İskeletten cinsiyet tahmini, kimliği belirsiz bir iskelet kalıntısının biyolojik profilini oluşturmak için yapılan önemli bir analizdir. Kafatasından alınan doğrusal ölçümlerle üçgen alanı hesaplanmakta ve cinsiyet tahmini için modeller geliştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kafatasındaki iki üçgenden (yüz ve occipital) diskriminant fonksiyon denklemleri türetmektir. Araştırmanın materyali Geç Osmanlı Dönemi’ne tarihlendirilen ve İstanbul Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’ndan toplanan 112 bireye (56 erkek ve 56 kadın) ait kafatasından oluşmaktadır. Cinsiyetleri bilinen bu serinin kafataslarından 6 doğrusal ölçüm alınmış, yüz ve occipital üçgen alanları Heron formülüyle belirlenmiştir. Gözlem içi ve gözlemciler arası hatayı belirlemek için TEM, rTEM, R katsayısı ve ICC hesaplanmıştır. Her bir kriterin cinsiyet ayırt etme gücü ROC eğrisi analiziyle değerlendirilmiştir. Cinsiyetler arasındaki farklılıkları belirlemek için t-testi, formüller oluşturmak için diskriminant fonksiyon analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 6 ölçümün gözlem içi ve gözlemciler arası hata oranlarının düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir (TEM = 0,16-0,94 mm; rTEM = %0,74-2,08; R = 0,91-0,99; ICC = 0,951-0,992). Tüm değişkenler cinsiyetler arasında anlamlı farklılık göstermiştir (p<0,05). ROC analizine göre üçgen alanlarının cinsiyet ayırt etme güçleri benzer sonuçlar vermiştir (EAA; occipital üçgen alanı 0,727, yüz üçgen alanı 0,736). Araştırma sonucunda kurulan 4 denklemin %67 ile %73,2 arasında değişen oranlarda cinsiyeti doğru sınıflandırdığı belirlenmiştir.

ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFICULTIES OF CLASS X STUDENTS OF SMKN 4 PALANGKA RAYA IN SOLVING TRIGONOMETRY PROBLEMS

This research was motivated by the low scores obtained by students in the trigonometry material for the area of ​​triangles in class X GP of SMK Negeri 4 Palangka Raya. In the 2019/2020 school year, only 48% of the 34 students achieved the school's Minimum Completeness Criteria, which is 65. The purpose of this study is to describe the difficulties experienced by students in solving math problems on trigonometry material and the factors that students experience difficulties. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results showed that the difficulties experienced by students in solving trigonometry problems were: (a) Difficulties in counting were difficulties in performing number operations. The factor that causes students to be less careful. (b) Difficulty in transferring knowledge, namely determining the formula and sine value. The reason is that students do not understand the material being taught so they cannot distinguish the formula used in determining the area of ​​a triangle according to what is known in the problem. (c) Difficulty in understanding mathematical language, namely understanding mathematical symbols correctly. The reason is that students are less careful in writing down the numbers that match the existing mathematical symbols. (d) Difficulty in visual perception, namely making and understanding sketches or drawings based on existing problems. The reason is that students do not understand how to change what is asked in the question of the shape of a triangular image and vice versa.

THE GEOMETRIC THINKING PROCESS OF STUDENTS IN CONSTRUCTING THE CONCEPT OF AREA

Students often experience difficulties in learning geometry at the junior high. It is important in learning geometry to provide opportunities for students to build their own geometric concepts with guidance from educators. The purpose of this study was to describe the geometric thinking process of students in constructing the formula for the area of rectangles, squares and triangles and how the geometric thinking processes of students in solving contextual problems related to the area of flat shapes. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The research out on 22 students of class VIII SMP PGRI Buntudatu. Research instrument using worksheets, and data collection through observations on the learning process and student work. The results showed that the geometric thinking process of students in building knowledge about the concept of the area of rectangles, squares and triangles had not gone well and smoothly. Students still need to be given regular guidance and instructions to help construct their knowledge. Students have not been able to use geometric reasoning well in terms of applying the properties of rectangles, squares and triangles in solving contextual problems related to the area of flat shapes

Towards smart government for sustainable fisheries and marine development: An intelligent web-based support system approach in small islands

Indonesia is one of the few archipelagic countries with an abundance of marine resources in the world. However, these characteristics provide different kinds of challenges for remote small island regions in the country, in particular for sustainable development of marine and fisheries. Southeast Maluku Regency also falls into that category. Located in the eastern part of Indonesia, with high biodiversity as it is included in the coral triangle area and flanked by two of the world's largest fisheries, namely the Arafura Sea and the Banda Sea, the region’s marine and fishing sectors still underperform due to the lack of consistency in developing plans. This is due to the limited use of empirical information on the socio-economy, marine characteristics, and empirical potential of the region. This study aimed to build a web-based Intelligent Decision Support System (DSS) for sustainable fisheries and marine development of Southeast Maluku regency and use the system as the basis for evaluation of current and previous region’s marine and fisheries plans. The system provides all the basic to useful calculated information-based GIS (Geographical Information System) in an effort to help local governments better plan and develop the marine and fishing sectors.