Triaminoguanidine Nitrate Research Articles

Cocrystallisation of high-energy oxidant ammonium dinitramide with triaminoguanidine nitrate for reduced hygroscopicity

Cocrystallisation of high-energy oxidant ammonium dinitramide with triaminoguanidine nitrate for reduced hygroscopicity

Nitrogen-rich skeleton reassembled ECOFs as energetic materials with low sensitivities and good corrosion resistance

Corrosion between energetic materials and metal containers can accelerate material aging and failure, significantly affecting the safety, reliability, and lifespan of ammunition systems. To address this challenge, we propose the construction of energetic covalent organic frameworks (ECOFs) as a promising solution. We introduce a straightforward method for synthesizing nitrogen-rich ECOFs. The synthesized ECOFs were characterized through powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These frameworks exhibit remarkable thermal stability, with decomposition temperatures above 285 °C. Notably, they display low sensitivity to non-explosive stimuli, as evidenced by impact sensitivity over 60 J and friction sensitivity over 360 N. The anti-rust properties of the ECOFs were further evaluated using Tafel curve analysis, highlighting their exceptional resistance to metal corrosion. Particularly, ECOF-3, synthesized from triaminoguanidine nitrate and 5-nitro-1,3-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, stands out for its superior steel corrosion resistance. These ECOFs have potential applications as high-energy, anti-corrosion coatings materials.

Structural Control of Energetic Triaminoguanidine Nitrate Polymer Nanostructures for Reduced Thermal Reactivity

Structural Control of Energetic Triaminoguanidine Nitrate Polymer Nanostructures for Reduced Thermal Reactivity

Thermal behavior of graphene oxide and its stabilization effects on transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine.

The graphene oxide (GO) was found to be able to stabilize organic molecules including energetic compounds. However, the inherent mechanisms of such stabilization effects are still not well-known. Herein, various transition metal complexes of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) using GO as a dopant have been prepared and evaluated. It has been shown that the presence of GO could great improve the thermal stability of the resulted TAG-based complexes. The physical models governing their thermolysis for their initial rate-limiting decomposition steps are obtained using the state-of-the-art evaluation methods. These physical models are further supported by analyses of the overall gaseous products. In addition, the reaction pathways are proposed to explain the stabilization mechanisms of GO. For instance, by interaction of GO, the release of N2 from TAG-Ni was greatly postponed. There is a broad secondary peak at temperature of 378 °C due to decomposition of the nickel nitrides, as the primary thermolysis intermediates of TAG-Ni. The formation of cobalt nitrides plays a significant role on decomposition of TAG-Co and G-T-Co, which results in much less heat release and mass loss in comparison to TAG-Ni.

Thermal Behavior and Decomposition Mechanism of Ammonium Perchlorate and Ammonium Nitrate in the Presence of Nanometer Triaminoguanidine Nitrate.

Nanometer triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) with mean size of 218.7 nm was fabricated, and its structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, IR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. As an energetic accelerator for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium nitrate (AN), 10% nano TAGN blended with AP and AN, and samples “[90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]” and “[90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)]” were obtained, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were employed to investigate the decomposition kinetics and thermodynamics of the samples. The results indicated that [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)] presented a higher activation energy (152.34 kJ mol–1) than pure AP (117.21 kJ mol–1) and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] possessed a lower activation energy (147.51 kJ mol–1) than pure AN (161.40 kJ mol–1). All activation free energies (ΔG≠) were positive values. This means that activation of the molecules was not a spontaneous process. The decomposition peak temperature of AP decreased from 478.5 °C (for pure AP) to 287.2 °C (for [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)]). The decomposition peak of AN also advanced via doping with nano TAGN. Using DSC-IR analysis, the decomposition products of nano TAGN, pure AP, [90% AP + 10% (nano TAGN)], pure AN, and [90% AN + 10% (nano TAGN)] were investigated, and their decomposition mechanisms were proposed. The key factors, i.e., the formation of hydrazine in the decomposition of nano TAGN, were speculated, which substantially promoted the consumption of HNO3, HClO4, and their decomposition products in kinetics. Additionally, the energy performances of AP- and AN-based propellants doping with TAGN were evaluated. It is disclosed that the introduction of TAGN would not result in improvement in the energy performance of propellants, but due to its energetic property and high hydrogen content, proper introduction of TAGN will not reduce the energy performance of propellants in a large degree compared with the introduction of inert catalysts.

Combustion Mechanism of Triaminoguanidine Nitrate

AbstractThe combustion behavior of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) was investigated over a wide pressure range and a detailed combustion mechanism has been proposed. Temperature profiles in the TAGN combustion wave were measured with thin tungsten‐rhenium microthermocouples. It was shown that the surface temperature in combustion of TAGN as well as for other onium salts is controlled by the process of dissociation. The burning rate of TAGN is governed by processes in the condensed phase.

Laser-induced ignition of solid propellants for gas generators

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the ignitibility of a family of potential gas-generator solid propellants under different CO 2 laser heat fluxes and chamber operating conditions. Six types of solid propellant were tested: one baseline and five variations. The ingredients of the baseline propellant were ammonium nitrate, guanidine nitrate, potassium nitrate, and polyvinyl alcohol. The other five propellant variations were obtained by adding different amounts of carbon black, ammonium perchlorate, RDX, and triamino guanidine nitrate to the baseline formulation. The propellants were tested in a high-pressure windowed strand burner, which was pressurized with either air or argon purge gases. Propellant ignition was accomplished by a 50-W CO 2 laser. The ignition delay times of the propellants were measured at pressures of 1 and 69 atm using high-speed video cameras. In this paper, the test results and comparison of the ignition and combustion characteristics of these propellants were presented.

An Advanced GAP/AN/TAGN Propellant. Part II: Stability and Storage Life

AbstractA solid rocket propellant based on glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) binder plasticized with nitrate esters and oxidized with a mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) and triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) and including non‐lead ballistic modifiers, was formulated. The propellant was designed so as to produce non‐acidic and non‐toxic exhaust products while still providing reasonably good burning rate and impulse. This propellant was characterized with respect to thermal and chemical stability and storage life by a variety of test methods. The data indicate that the propellant exhibits good stability and is suitably safe for prolonged storage. Characterization data for this propellant with regard to processing parameters, tensile properties, and ballistic performance are presented in a companion paper.

An Advanced GAP/AN/TAGN Propellant. Part I: Ballistic Properties

AbstractA solid rocket propellant based on glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) binder plasticized with nitrate esters and oxidized with a mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) and triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) was formulated and characterized. Non‐lead ballistic modifiers were also included in order to obtain a propellant with non‐acidic and non‐toxic exhaust. This propellant was found to exhibit a burning rate approximately twice that of standard GAP/AN propellants. The exponent of the propellant is high compared to commonly used composite propellants but is still in the useable range at pressures below 13.8 MPa. This propellant may present a good compromise for applications requiring intermediate burn rate and impulse combined with low‐smoke and non‐toxic exhaust.

Electro-analysis of energetic materials

Cyclic voltammetric studies of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN), 3,3′-hydrazino bis(bis[6,6′-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-lyl])-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (HBPT), 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) and 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) were carried out at different pH conditions in 50% aqueous acetonitrile using glassy carbon electrode. Optimum pH was selected for individual compounds. Influence of scan rate and concentration on the voltammetric response were studied in optimum pH. The number of electron transferred was determined by controlled potential coulometry. All compounds undergo diffusion controlled electrochemical reaction. Based on cyclic voltammetric results, differential pulse and square wave voltammetric methods have been developed for the analytical determination. Instrumental parameters such as initial scan potential, amplitude, pulse increment, pulse period, pulse width and frequency were studied. Optimum experimental conditions for each compound were obtained. After fixing optimum conditions, the effect of concentration was studied and calibration plot was arrived. These plots can be used to determine the traces of the above said four energetic materials.

High Impetus Cool Burning Gun Propellants

This study explores the possibility of reducing the flame temperature (Tf) without decrease in impetus of RDX-NC matrix-based high energy gun propellants by partial replacement of RDX with triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN). Compositions containing TAGN as an energetic oxidiser with varying percentage of RDX have been formulated. Glycidyl azide polymer was incorporated as an energetic plasticiser to achieve the higher level of impetus. Performance in terms of ballistic parameters (theoretical/experimental) sensitivity, thermal characteristics, stability and mechanical properties was evaluated and compared with the basic composition containing RDX as a single oxidiser. Experimental data indicates that the partial replacement of RDX by TAGN in gun propellant compositions decreases Tf significantly with only marginal decrease in impetus.

THERMAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF SOME AMINOGUANIDINE NITRATES

Diaminoguanidine nitrate (DAGN) and triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN),potential energetic materials in emerging propulsion technology with high mass impetus at low isochoric flame temperature have been studied as regards kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition using thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA),infrared spectroscopy (IR) and hot stage microscopy. Kinetics of thermolysis has been followed by isothermal TG and IR. For the initial stage of thermolysis of DAGN the best linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9976 was obtained for the Avrami-Erofe'evequation, n=2, by isothermal TG. The activation energy was found to be 130 kJ mol–1 and logA=11.4. The initial stage of thermolysis of TAGN also obeyed the Avrami-Erofe'ev equation, n=2, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9975by isothermal TG and the kinetic parameters are E=160.0 kJ mol–1 and logA=16.0. High temperature IR spectra showed exquisite preferential loss in intensity of the NH2, NH, N–N stretching and CNN bending. Spectroscopic and other results favour deamination reaction involving the rupture of the N–N bond as the primary step in the thermal decomposition.

"CLEAN" PROPELLANTS FOR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS

Trends for solid propellant applications in the Netherlands during the last decade are described, especially focusing on new propellant formulations which are "clean". In 1985 TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory (TNO-PML) became involved in the development of pyrogenic devices for Ariane 5's Vulcain engine HM 60, which developed into a production programme of AN based turbine pump starters and igniters for the European Space Agency (ESA). During the development, it turned out that removing the hydrochloric acid has other advantages, e.g., less smoke in the rocket plume, while AN based formulations show better cook-off behaviour. Another application of "clean" propellant technology is the development of a new "environmentally friendly and human friendly" gas generator composition for an airbag. This composition is based on AN with triaminoguanidine -nitrate (TAGN) or nitroguanidine (NQ) and has the advantage over sodium azide (NaN3) based gas generators that less toxic and corrosive products and much less solid reaction products are formed. In a search for new "clean" high performance propellants, performed for the ESA, Hydrazinium Nitroformate (HNF) based propellants were identified as new interesting formulations, that offer a much higher specific impulse than obtained with conventional composite propellants. Under sponsorship of ESA and the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs a research programme was initiated, aiming at experimentally demonstrating the increased performance of HNF based propellants.

Electrochemical Study on TAGN. A differential pulse polarography determination

AbstractThis work shows an electrochemical study about triaminoguanidine nitrate, estimating the influence of the reaction compounds for the formation of TAGN and secundary compounds and hydrolysis products of this formation reaction. The conditions to determine polarographically the content of TAGN in a propellant without the interference of those compounds are verified. The method used is the differential pulse polarography in aqueous medium, due to the high solubility of TAGN in water. We have used three different media as electrolyte support, verifying the influence of different variables, as pH, drop time etc., to obtain the optimum work conditions.

Gas Generator Materials Consisting of TAGN and Polymeric Binders

AbstractThis study introduces a new type of gs generator on the basis of triaminoguanidine nitrate with polymeric binders in the form of polyurethane polymers, cellulose acetate and the azidopolymer GAP with nitroplasticizer. TAGN propellants demonstrate low burning temperatures, high yields of gaseous products adn adjustable medium to high burning velocities. Together with high chemical and thermal stabilities, good mechanical properties to high and low temperatures, no exhaust of corrosive gases and very low sensitivity, the gas‐generator propellants exhibit outstanding properties.

Burning rate characteristics of GAP propellants

The burning rate and flame structure of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)-based composite propellants were examined in order to obtain a wide spectrum of burning rates. Crystalline fine particles of ammonium perchlorate, cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine, or triaminoguanidine nitrate, were mixed within GAP to formulate GAP propellants. Since GAP is an energetic self-sustaining combustible polymer, the burning rate characteristics of GAP propellants appeared to be fundamentally different from those of conventional composite propellants. Measured results indicate that the burning rate, pressure exponent, temperature sensitivity, and flame structure depend largely on the concentration of the crystalline additives. The observed burning rate characteristics were correlated with the concentration of the crystalline particles.

Kinetics of triaminoguanidine nitrate synthesis

Le nitrate de la triamino-1,2,3 guanidine (TAGN) est synthetise a partir du nitrate de la guanidine, de l'hydrazine, et du nitrate d'ammonium en solution aqueuse

Combustion mechanism of tagn

Triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN: CH9N7O3) is a high-energy explosive which contains a large amount of hydrogen in the molecular structure. The oxidizer fragment (HNO3) is attached to the fuel fragment, by an ionic bond. In this study, the measurements of burning rate, combustion wave structure, and thermochemical properties were conducted. The burning rate of TAGN increases linearly with increasing pressure in a ln (pressure) vs In (burning rate) plot. The pressure exponent of burning rate is determined to be 0.78. The exothermic reaction at the first-stage decomposition process (488–498K) is considered to be caused by the breakage of N-NH2 bond. The heat produced in the surface reaction zone during TAGN burning is also determined to be 525 kJ/kg. The luminous flame stands some distance above the burning surface. The flame standoff distance decreases with increasing pressure. The heat flux fedback from the gas phase to the surface reaction zone increased with increasing pressure. The burning rate of TAGN depends mainly on the heat released in the surface reaction zone and the heat transferred back from the gas phase to the surface reaction zone.

Effect of energetic materials on the thermal stability of polymers

The effect that energetic additives, such as ammonium perchlorate, ammonium persulfate, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, triaminoguanidine nitrate, plastisol nitrocellulose, and a nitrate lacquer at the 5% level, had on the thermal stability of polyacetals, aliphatic and aromatic polyesters, and polyamides was investigated by isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen and air atmosphere. Activation energies were determined for some of the admixtures; the additives were found to lower the activation energy by 30–88%. The effect of a series of ammonium and potassium salts on the thermal degradation of polyacetals was determined. It was found that the more acid character the cation and anion moieties had, the more effective the substance was in decreasing the thermal stability of polyacetals. Thermal instability of an admixture of polymer and additive was observed as a shift of the thermogravimetry curve to a lower temperature or by an increase in the rate of volatilization. Dynamic thermogravimetry studies of polyacetal admixtures offered a novel method for distinguishing between the acid strengths of the additives.

Effect of energetic materials on the thermal stability of polymers

The effect of energetic additives such as ammonium perchlorate, ammonium persulfate, cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, triaminoguanidine nitrate, plastisol nitrocellulose, and a nitrate lacquer at the 5% level had on the thermal stability of polyacetals, aliphatic and aromatic polyesters, and polyamides was investigated by isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen and air atmosphere. Activation energies were determined for some of the admixtures; the additives were found to lower the activation energy by 30 to 88%. The effect of a series of ammonium and potassium salts on the thermal degradation of polyacetals was determined. It was found that the more acid character the cation and anion moieties had, the more effective the substance was in decreasing the thermal stability of polyacetals. Thermal instability of an admixture of polymer and additive was observed as a shift of the thermogravimetry curve to a lower temperature or by an increase in the rate of volatilization. Dynamic thermogravimetry studies of polyacetal admixtures offered a novel method for distinguishing between the acid strengths of the additives.