Trial Plots Research Articles

RESPON EMPAT KELAPA HIBRIDA HARAPAN TERHADAP PENYAKIT BUSUK PUCUK DAN GUGUR BUAH

<p><strong>Response of four new coconut hybrids to bud rot and premature nutfull diseases</strong></p><p>The objective of Ihe experiment was to find out Ihe resistance of four new coconut hybrids GRA x DMT. GKB x DMT, GKN x DTE. GKB x DTE against bud rol and premature nutfall diseases due lo Phytophthora palmivora. The field observation on bud rot was conducted in coconut trial plots at Kima Atas experimental garden. Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province for 4 years (1995-1998). The field trial was arranged in a randomized block design with 6 treatments (4 coconut hybrids. 2 control) and 60 replicates The experiment under laboratory condilion was conducted to know the artificial infection development of P palmivora on coconut nut The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments (4 coconut hybrids, 2 control) and 10 replicates. The result of the field observation showed that percentage of coconut infection by bud rot per cultivar were PB-121 (23.33%) as the highest and then followed by GKN x DTE (8.33%), KHINA-1 (5.0%) and GKB x DMT (3.33%) while cultivars of GKB x DTE and GRA x DMT unlil 4 years observation were not infected by bud rot In laboratory trial, Ihe growth rate of pathogen was very high on KHINA-1 (12.62 mm2/day). The growth rate of pathogen in GKB x DIE and GRA x DMT were slowest (8 9 mm'/day) while those in PB- 121, GKN x Dll and GKB x DMT were moderate (9-10.2 mm2/day).</p>

ВЛИЯНИЕ АВТОТРАНСПОРТНОГО ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ НА РОСТ ЛЕСНЫХ КУЛЬТУР ЛИСТВЕННИЦЫ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ

The results of an 18-year monitoring of the growth of European larch (Larixdecidua Mill.) in the zone of influence of the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), one of the largest highways in the European part of Russia with a load of about 9 thousand cars per hour, are presented. The studies have been carried out on three trial plots located at 15, 35 and 100 m (control) from the highway. The morphometric parameters of European larch were determined 4, 8 and 18 years after planting four-year-old seedlings. Significant inhibition of European larch growth near the MKAD was revealed by height, trunk diameter, and crown parameters. The largest negative impact of the MKAD on its growth was manifested in the first 4 years after the creation of forest crops. The area of influence of the motorway on larch stands is about 40 m. Dendrochronological analysis of larch wood has showed that the total annual growth in the control section is significantly higher than in the area near the highway. Moreover, the growth of early wood in the area near the Moscow Ring Road is on average 23% higher than in the control one, the growth of late wood in the control area exceeds the growth in the area near the Moscow Ring Road by 34%. An analysis of the radial increment of European larch wood has showed that the growth of early wood is most closely related to the total amount of rainfall in May, June and July (correlation coefficient r = 0.33), of late wood to the amount of heat in August and September (r = - 0.44)

РЕСУРСЫ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ В БЕРЕЗНЯКЕ ЧЕРНИЧНОМ

The purpose of the work is the assessment of actual resources in myrtillus-type birch forest. The relevance of the research topic follows from the demand for natural resources deposited in the forest fund. Here, almost all the diversity of available resources is self-renewing without human intervention, most of which can be harvested annually. The results of material and monetary assessment of the main types of resources of a particular forest plot are presented using the example of myrtillus-type birch forest. Composition of the stand is: 65B21E8Al3Ols2Elm1Mp; relative density is 0.6; bonitet class — II; total stock of the stand – 344 m3/ha. The reserves of resources available on the forest plot were taken into account on the trial plot 100×50 m. Prices for all types of resources have been used as of 2019. It is shown that the cost of wood in the forest area is about 16% (200840 rubles/ha) of the total cost of all recorded types of resources. In the total volume, wood predominates - more than 36%. The share of industrial wood is slightly less - 34%. The total income from the sale of accounted species of wood resources in myrtillus-type birch forest with clear-cutting may amount to 1.1 million rubles/ha. Revenues from the sale of all types of resources without cutting stands make up more than 391 thousand rubles/ha. If you take into account other types of resources available in this birch forest (medicinal and honey plants, mushrooms and berries), then this amount will increase markedly.

507 Alternative data presentation methods: Exploring waterfall and bubble plots in psoriasis biologic clinical trials

Background: Modern patient care is built upon evidence-based medicine and relies on clinical trials to provide the empiric data to be interpreted and transformed into guidelines utilized by clinicians. Current psoriasis biologic clinical trials utilize a frequentist model (i.e. reporting statistical differences in the proportion of responders) and the PASI (psoriasis activity and severity index) score as the primary outcome measure. Although convenient and simple, these traditional methods lack reporting on individual patient data and cohort response distributions, and are therefore limiting in the conclusions they present to readers.

Winter oilseed rape semi‐dwarf hybrids are not discriminated by front‐border effects in yield trials

AbstractFor oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), hybrid varieties of two growth types, semi‐dwarf and normal, are on the market. So far, the acceptance of semi‐dwarf hybrids is very limited, though they have several advantages such as higher N efficiency and drought tolerance. It is undecided whether both growth types are influenced in the same way by front‐border effects in plot yield trials. This study analyzed if semi‐dwarf hybrids were discriminated against in yield trials, due to differences in the exploitation of the front‐border area, since they could not lean and grow as far into the adjacent path due to a reduced height compared to normal type hybrids. From 2016–2018, eight pairs of near‐isogenic hybrids, bzh semi‐dwarf and normal type hybrids, were grown in three environments, with three replications and two treatments: Plants were harvested with and without the plot front‐border, and seed and straw yields were determined. Root electrical capacitance was also measured. Semi‐dwarf hybrids outperformed normal type hybrids in seed yield in the dry season of 2018, whereas the reverse happened in the more humid season of 2017. Across environments, semi‐dwarf hybrids had a higher positive front‐border effect (11.2%) than normal type hybrids (9.6%), leading to a relative overestimation of semi‐dwarf hybrid yields. There was no significant difference in root electrical capacitance between growth types across environments. It could be concluded that semi‐dwarf hybrids were not disadvantaged with regard to front‐border effects in plot trials, when compared to normal type hybrids. However, elimination of the plot front‐border area might improve comparisons between semi‐dwarf and normal type cultivars.

Registration of Spear‐shaped Leaf peanut genetic stock

AbstractIn 2012, a single Spear‐shaped Leaf mutant peanut (Reg. no. GS‐11, PI 693219) (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant was identified in a breeding trial plot of ‘Georgia‐06G’ at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station's Gibbs Research Farm in Tifton, GA. It was believed to be a spontaneous mutation; an inheritance study examining segregation in an F2 population concluded single gene inheritance with incomplete dominance, and the gene was designated SpL. The unique phenotype and inheritance of this mutation makes the Spear‐shaped Leaf an interesting mutant to be preserved as a genetic stock and released to the public for researchers interested in the genetic, biochemical, and physiological aspects of leaf shape and leaf development. The Spear‐shaped Leaf mutant could also serve as a tool to measure outcrossing in the field or as a border or plot marker.

Short communication: Virulence of Puccinia triticina in the North Caucasus region of Russia

Aim of study: To analyze the structure of P. triticina populations by a virulence survey in the North Caucasus region of Russia from 2011 to 2015.Area of study: The North Caucasus region is a leading grain production region in Russia where wheat leaf rust causes losses in yield.Material and methods: Uredinial samples of leaf rust were collected in all agro-climatic zones of the North Caucasus on the production sites of winter wheat and on the plots of official state trials. Single uredinial isolates (a total of 564) were tested for virulence with 41 ˈThatcherˈ near isogenic lines with Lr resistance genes.Main results: Clones virulent to Lr9, Lr42, Lr47 and Lr50 were not found. Isolates virulent to the Lr19, Lr24, Lr29, Lr41, Lr43 + 24, Lr45, Lr52 genes were characterized by low frequencies. The 564 fungal isolates studied were represented by 564 virulence phenotypes, the majority of them with a virulence complexity from 9 to 19. A high level of intrapopulation fungus diversity in virulence was noticed during the whole period of research (Shannon diversity index from 2.994 to 3.314). The differences in the frequencies of virulences in the years of research were small (Rogers distance from 0.001 to 0.160).Research highlights: Due to the fact that the North Caucasus region is a zone of epiphytotic danger and high variability of the P. triticina population, the analysis of the genetics of the fungus population is important for the strategy of varietal distribution in the region and development of rust-resistant varieties.

The effect of biofertilizer and double row 2:1 planting system on hybrid corn growth and yield on dry land acid soils in Lampung

One of the functions of biofertilizers containing live microbes is that they can stimulate plant growth. The study aims to determine the growth and production of hybrid corn plants with the application of biofertilizers and “jajar legowo” planting systems. The study was conducted at Natar Experimental Station, South Lampung Regency in February 2017 until June 2017. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) of 5 Bio-Triba biofertilizers with treatments; B0 (manure/control), BT-1 (25 ml/l), BT-2 (10 ml/l), BT-3 (15 ml/l), and BT-5 (20 ml/l). The spacing between corn rows used by “Jajar Legowo” 2:1 is 20 cm x 50 cm - 100 cm with 1 seed per hole, 5 replications (25 trial plots), and the population was 66,000 plants/ha. The dose of chemical fertilizer used was Urea 350 kg/ha, SP-36 200 kg/ha and KCl 100 kg/ha and 1 ton of rock phosphate. The results showed that the application of biofertilizer had a significant effect on the components of yield (weight of dry seeds and weight of 100 corn grains) but did not significantly affect growth components (plant height, number of leaves) compared to non-biological fertilizer, using cow manure.

Evaluation of wheat varieties in response to low and moderate input farming systems

In frigid environmental system, producers usually have the choice between growing spring and summer cereal crops or fall crop options. Russia climatic condition is complicating that choice. Hence, spring wheat has the potential to be a desirable choice in the Russia wheat cultivation areas. To evaluate the efficacy of the different farming inputs (Low-and moderate inputs) and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, two field trials were carried out at the state farm of Agricultural Institute of Moscow, Russia in the growing seasons 2015 and 2016. Field experiments were performed once a year by using randomized complete block arranged in a split plot trial design with four replicates, with the low-and high input experimental treatments as the main plots, and cultivars of spring wheat (Amir, Rima, Mis and Estir) as the second factor. Results indicated that the greatest wheat yield, harvest index, gluten content and gluten index were attained for cultivar Rima with the average use of intensive input treatment. Protein content was also higher when intensive cultivation system and wheat variety Rima were used. Data related to 1000 grains’ weight recorded that variety Rima in basic input system had the highest value. Overall, intermediate amount of agricultural inputs as an intensive input practice can cause greater grain yield and yield component in the area.

Early vine harvesting of dual-purpose sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) increases feeding quality and total biomass without comprising tuber production

Sweet potato is an important food crop throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa with the important attribute as a dual-purpose crop. While tuberous crops are grown for human consumption, the sweet potato can also provide substantial vine biomass suitable for feeding animals without competing for human feed resources. Sweet potato is generally low in nutrient other than carbohydrate. The newly developed orange-fleshed varieties of sweet potato, high in beta-carotene yield large quantities of vines with very little exploration of their agronomic attributes to date. Intermediate vine harvesting (ratooning) has been promoted as a strategy to further increase the value of sweet potato as a dual-purpose human/animal feed crop. The results of this practice on yields of other types of sweet potato have been equivocal or highly variable. Production effects on three new orange-fleshed dual-purpose sweet potato (Kenspot 1, SPK 013, SPK 117) developed by the International Potato Centre (CIP), of intermediate plus final (INT) versus final only (FIN) vine harvesting were assessed in a randomized block with a split plot trial. Cultivar SPK013 produced the greatest vine, tuber and total biomass yield of the three varieties tested, but also the greatest decline in tuber yields after intermediate vine harvesting. While intermediate harvesting increased vine yield in all varieties (p<0.05), in cultivar SPK013, it caused a 58% decline in tuber yield (p<0.05). The variation in performance between cultivars assessed in this study, reflects what is seen in the general literature. What is clear from the present study is that, there is a substantial interaction between environment/cultural practice and genotype. As such, it seems impossible to generalize that Intermediate vine harvesting is beneficial for vine production in the cultivars studied. It should be borne in mind that this practice may also be associated with a substantial decline in tuber yield in some cultivars. Thus, results should not be extrapolated to other varieties without investigation.

Occurrence and pathogenicity of Puccinia coronata var avenae f. sp. avenae on oat in South Africa

Crown rust, caused by Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae f. sp. avenae (Urban & Marková) (Pca), can negatively impact oat (Avena sativa L.) production in South Africa and little is known about pathogenic variability and cultivar response. Pca infected leaves were obtained from oat trial plots, commercial fields and wild oat (Avena spp.) during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons for race analysis. Uncharacterised collections from 1998 to 2005 were also included. Single pustule isolates were derived from field collections and used for race typing on 16 international differential lines. Six races were identified from 88 isolates pathotyped with race JBLL originating from wild oat samples, SGLL, SQPL and SSTL from commercial oat samples and SBLL+ from both wild and commercial oat samples. Isolates collected in 1998 typed as races SBLL and SBLL+ and the 2005 isolates as race SQPL. Race SBLL was not detected in the 2016 and 2017 samples with SBLL+ being dominant during 2016–17. This is the first report of South African races with virulence for the resistance genes Pc38, Pc58 and Pc59. Seedling infection types of 70 additional oat lines and cultivars to the described races showed incompatible phenotypes for 27 entries. Field data revealed moderate to high levels of adult plant resistance for a few cultivars to races SBLL+ and SSTL. Genetic analysis of 31 isolates, including two USA control isolates, revealed three genetic lineages. No apparent correlation was observed among year of collection, geographic origin, phenotype and genotype of isolates except for race JBLL that originated from wild oat collections in the Western Cape.

Діелектричні показники сосни звичайної в умовах напіввільного утримання ратичних (cervidae, bovidae) на території Західного і Центрального Полісся

Використання електрофізіологічних показників (імпедансу (R) і поляризаційної ємності (C)) є перспективним методом індикації стадій впливу мисливської фауни на лісові насадження, особливо у вольєрах. Досліджено сезонні зміни діелектричних показників сосни звичайної (Pinus sylvestris L.) на території найбільших вольєрів Західного і Центрального Полісся, користувачами яких є: ТОВ "ВУЛФ-К" (Cervus elaphus), МСК "Сокіл" (Cervus elaphus, Dama dama, Ovis ammon musimon) та СФГ "Земля Полісся" (Cervus nippon). Площа вольєрів становить 243,4 га, 382,3 га та 228,0 га відповідно. Встановлено, що ступінь впливу на лісові насадження у вольєрах різний: МСК "Сокіл" – середній вплив, ТОВ СФГ "Земля Полісся" – слабкий, "ВУЛФ-К" – відсутній. Закладено 18 пробних площ (дев'ять з яких – контрольні) у чистих соснових деревостанах віком 22-101 рік, які зростають за ІА-ІІ класом бонітету. Пробні площі розташовані у чотирьох типах лісу (В2-дС, В3-дС, С2-гдС, С3-гдС). Вимірювання діелектричних показників виконано у березні, липні та жовтні 2019 р. аналоговим приладом Ф4320 на частоті 1 кГц за методикою Г. Т. Криницького. З'ясовано, що діелектричні показники мають чітко виражену динаміку та характеризують сезонні зміни інтенсивності процесів життєдіяльності. Поляризаційна ємність на пробних площах змінювалася у березні в межах 5,15±0,18-6,87±0,14 nF (достовірність різниці з контрольними показниками tф=0,08-0,73; t05=2,02), у липні – вона зросла до 13,90±0,71-16,78±0,89nF (tф=0,07-0,51; t05=2,02), а у жовтні – знизилася до 4,54±0,34-8,97±0,27 nF (tф=0,31-1,42; t05=2,02). Коефіцієнт варіації на дослідних ПП у березні становив 9,1-23,5 %, у липні 16,5-28,7 %, у жовтні 13,3-33,8 %. Показники імпедансу впродовж сезону спочатку знизилися від 28,55±1,86-45,75±3,47 кОм (tф=0,12-1,08; t05=2,02) до 11,80±0,44-15,52±0,95 кОм (tф=0,21-0,56; t05=2,02), а потім зросли до 20,82±0,84-44,80±3,40 кОм (tф=0,09-1,19; t05=2,02). Коефіцієнт варіації імпедансу на дослідних ПП у березні становив 16,5-37,4 %, у липні – 16,6-32,0 %, у жовтні – 13,3-44,1 %. Відсутність достовірної різниці (t-критерій Ст'юдента) між діелектричними показниками дослідних і контрольних насаджень сосни звичайної свідчить, що не встановлено помітного впливу напіввільного утримання мисливських тварин на життєдіяльність дерев. Показники поляризаційної ємності та імпедансу мають високу індивідуальну мінливість для окремих модельних дерев, хоча загалом варіювання діелектричних показників є середніми.

The effects of solarization and grafting on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in greenhouse

Effects of solarization and grafting on pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ‘Kusak’ F1) production were investigated in a greenhouse of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute located in Antalya. Trial was set up according to split plot design with 3 replicates. Main plots were assigned to solarization with or without chemicals: solarization (S), solarization+metham sodium (S+Ms), solarization + condor (S+Cr), solarization + basamid (S+Bs) and control (C) without solarization and chemicals. Sub plots were assigned to grafting treatments including non-grafted ‘Kusak’ F1 or grafted ‘Kusak’ F1/ ‘Atlanta’ F1, ‘Kusak’ F1/AG 9306, ‘Kusak’ F1/BATEM-PR, ‘Kusak’ F1/‘Snoker’ F1 and ‘Kusak’ F1/‘Troser’ F1. Observations were taken for the properties such as plant length, fruit weight, early yield and total yield in trial plots. In conclusion; grafting was not a good option to grow pepper on different rootstocks; however, solarization plus condor always provided better quality and higher yields in pepper production regardless of the rootstock used.

Physico-chemical and agronomic results of soil remediation by In Situ Chemical Reduction applied to a chlordecone-contaminated nitisol at plot scale in a French Caribbean banana plantation.

The In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) process was tested in a nitisol in a French Caribbean banana plantation using five different soil amendments. The addition of 2.8% or 4.0% of Zero Valent Iron (ZVI; dw/dw, 2 different trial plots) in the 0-40-cm soil layer lowered the initial chlordecone (CLD) concentration by up to 74% or 69% in 37days or 94days, with 75% of the decrease achieved after only 21 or 24days of treatment depending on the trial plot. The addition of commercially available Daramend® was also tested by applying the 6% dose (dw/dw) recommended by the manufacturer and using either the regular alfalfa-based product or a bagasse-based product specifically formulated for the study. Both significantly lowered CLD concentrations, but to a lesser extent than with the ZVI-only amendment. A bagasse-ZVI mixture prepared on site produced results slightly better than the two Daramend®. The percentage decreases in CLD concentrations were correlated with the negative redox potentials achieved. In all the trial plots, dechlorinated transformation products appeared in the soil and soil water as the CLD concentrations decreased, with H atoms replacing up to 4 and 7 of the 10 Cl atoms, respectively. None of these degradation products appeared to accumulate in the soil or soil water during the treatment. Instead, the reverse occurred, with an overall downward trend in their concentrations over time. The effects of ISCR treatment on agronomic and human health-related parameters were measured in three different crops. The radishes produced with some treatments were visually of lower quality or smaller in size than those grown in the control plots. Lower yields were observed for the cucumbers and sweet potatoes grown after applying the bagasse-based amendments. Mortality among cucumber seedlings was observed after treatment with ZVI only. Simple operational solutions should suffice to remedy these negative agronomic effects. As regards human health-related effects, the CLD concentrations in radishes grown with three of the amendments were significantly lower than in the two control plots and well below the maximum residue level (MRL), which was substantially exceeded in the radishes grown on untreated soil. For cucumbers, the treatments with regular Daramend® and with a local bagasse-ZVI mixture produced fruits with CLD below the MRL and also below the concentrations in one of the two control plots. As for the sweet potatoes, adding a bagasse-ZVI mixture had a significant positive effect by decreasing contamination below the levels in the two control plots and below the MRL.

First report of virulence to the septoria tritici blotch resistance gene Stb16q in the Irish Zymoseptoria tritici population

In June 2019 high levels of septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici were observed in Recommended List evaluation plots of winter wheat cv. Cellule (Fig. 1) in the Republic of Ireland. Levels of STB were unexpected as Cellule has the STB resistance gene Stb16q and previous evaluations confirmed its high level of resistance (Table 1). Septoria tritici blotch is the most destructive disease of winter wheat in Western Europe and control is heavily reliant on fungicides (O'Driscoll et al., 3). Due to increased regulations on the use of fungicides in Europe varietal resistance is regarded as key to managing STB, with 21 resistance genes identified and mapped (Brown et al., 1). Amongst these, Stb16q is unique, providing high levels of resistance equally at both the seedling and adult plant stages (Ghaffary et al., 2). As such it is important to determine if the levels of disease observed in 2019 were due to the emergence of virulence to Stb16q. A collection of Z. tritici isolates were established from infected leaf samples of the Stb16q-resistant cv. Cellule (n=10) and the moderately susceptible cv. Costello (n=10). All isolates were from fungicide-untreated commercial crops or trial plots. To determine if those isolates retrieved from Cellule exhibited virulence on Cellule when compared to those isolated from Costello, glasshouse seedling assays were performed. Two-week old seedlings of both Cellule and the susceptible cv. KWS Lumos were inoculated with spore suspensions (106 spores/ml) of each isolate until runoff; placed in a clear polyethylene bag for 48 hr and subsequently moved into a glasshouse. Levels of disease were assessed 21 days post inoculation. The experiment was conducted twice. A beta generalised mixed-effects model (block and source cultivar as fixed and test cultivar as a random component) was fitted to the data and the estimated marginal means were separated using Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (α=0.05). All isolates infected the susceptible variety, with no differences observed between isolate collections (Fig. 2). Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed between the collections in their ability to cause infection on Cellule, with almost no disease detected following inoculation with Costello isolates (Figure 2). High levels of disease were observed on Cellule following inoculation with the Cellule isolates, confirming the presence of virulence to Stb16q in the Irish Z. tritici population. Whilst the prevalence of virulence in the wider Z. tritici population is unknown, its presence in the population must be taken into account when considering cultivating varieties reliant on Stb16q as the source of STB resistance. The authors thank Eleanor O'Gorman, Seamus Kearney and Lucie-Ann Lamard for assistance and Teagasc (0154) for funding.

First report of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans causing common bacterial blight of bean in Belgium

In late August 2019, symptoms consistent with those of common bacterial blight were observed on mature beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) of several varieties in a trial plot in Hesbaye in the centre of Belgium. On leaves, irregular brown spots…

Photosynthetic performance of silver fir (Abies alba) of different origins under suboptimal growing conditions.

Understanding of the intraspecific variability in the physiological stress response of trees may enable to mitigate the impact of climate change on forest ecosystems in the future. We studied the photosynthetic performance of five silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) provenances originating from climatically distinct localities. The study was performed in the trial plot of the silver fir provenance experiment IUFRO 2005 on two dates: in the early summer and in the late summer. Heat waves and a decrease in water availability occurred between the two measurement dates, allowing us to study the response of the provenances to suboptimal growing conditions. The provenances were evaluated at the level of PSII photochemistry and CO2 assimilation by measuring photosynthesis-related pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and gas exchange parameters. Significant climatic clines were confirmed: the photosynthetic performance before and after the stress period increased with the increasing altitude and precipitation at the site of origin. In contrast, photosynthetic performance declined with the increasing temperature and Ellenberg's quotient of the origin site. We concluded that provenances originating from high altitudes, corresponding well with more humid and colder conditions in Central Europe, showed the greatest photosynthetic performance and were less responsive to moderate heat and drought. This documents inter-population variation in physiological traits, which needs to be considered in setting rules and recommendations for the transfer of forest reproductive materials.

ФИТОЦЕНОТИЧЕСКАЯ И СОЗОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА БУКОВЫХ ЛЕСОВ ДАГЕСТАНА

The paper presents the results of assessing the phytocenotic and sozological significance of the beech forests of Dagestan, which have been preserved in the study area since the tertiary period in a depleted and transformed form. Occupying a fairly large area, they perform functions that maintain balance in the ecoregion of the Eastern Caucasus. In addition, the beech forests of Dagestan are rich in hyrkanian and colchian relict and endemic elements, rare protected species. Based on the geobotanical description of seventy-three trial plots in various physical and geographical areas of Dagestan using the ecological and phytocenotic method, nineteen associations were identified, to identify the environmental value of which a system of criteria for determining the environmental significance of associations was applied. It was revealed that the greatest conservation value (P4) is represented by associations growing in the lowland and foothill parts: Fagetum taxosoilexosum (area less than 1 ha), Fagetum qercoso-euphorbosum, represented by insignificant in derivatives of hyrkan forests and Fagetum taxoso-varioherbosum, extremely rare throughout the interrupted strip of beech forests of foothill Dagestan. Such associations of foothill beech forests as Fagetum nudum, Fagetum compositum loniceroso-varioherbosum, Fagetum sambucoso-efemeroso-filicosum, and Fagetum efemer-oso-varioherbosum, which also occupy relatively small areas, have a high conservation value (P3). The associations Fagetum compositum fruticoso-varioherbosum, Fagetum compositum carpinoso-varioherbosum, Fagetum filicosum, Fagetum festucosum, and Fagetum rubosum are classified as communities with an average conservation value of P2. All associations of beech forests of the foot-hills of Dagestan are subject to reduction of areas under the influence of high anthropogenic load: logging, cattle grazing, economic development of the territory. In subalpine beech forests, the asso-ciations Fagetum filicoso-varioherbosum and Fagetum myrtilloso-varioherbosum — P3 are of high conservation value. Communities with average values of conservation value (P2) include the following associations: Fagetum fruticoso-filicoso-varioherbosum, Fagetum compositum varioherbosum, Fagetum compositum filicoso-varioherbosum. Associations Fagetum festucosa-varioherbosum, Fagetum compositum festucoso-vatioherbosum are classified as communities with low conservation value-P1. In this area, there is no reduction in areas due to the inaccessibility of forest areas for timber harvesting.

Creation of Methods for Automated Determination of Forest Parameters Based on Data from UAVS

The article presents a scientific study on the use of aerial photographs obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), for the automated collection of data on forest resources in the taiga forests of the European North of Russia. On the example of the trial plot, a technique is described for automated allocation of crown contours, calculation of the trunk diameter and timber stock in the forest area. The methodology used morphological methods for processing digital images, geographic information tools for representing and processing spatial information, as well as the results of statistical observations of leading scientists in the field of forestry. The results have been verified in the field in several plots. The technique is applicable to automate the process of thematic interpretation of orthorectified aerial photographs with a spatial resolution of five to ten centimeters per pixel. The experiments presented in the article were carried out on images of forests in the north of the European part of Russia. The research results are used for regular automated updating of information on forest resources.

Sanitary state of water-protection pine plantations in the interfluve of Dnieper and Desna

The purpose of the study was to establish the sanitary state of pine plantations, identify the causes of the development and spread of diseases and pathogens, develop recommendations for improving the condition and increase the biological stability of pine plantations between the Dnieper and Desna rivers. The studies were carried out in middle-aged, mature and over-mature pine plantations of the Ukrainian interfluve of Dnieper and Desna. The sanitary state of the stands was determined on 52 circular trial plots laid in the forest growing conditions of fresh poor site and fresh rich site. On each trial plot, the index of the sanitary state was calculated according to the generally methodology accepted in forestry. Calculations of the sanitary state index showed that middle-aged plantations are more resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, the dominant number of trees is classified as weakened. In general, the sanitary state index of middle-aged pine forests of fresh poor site and fresh rich site is 2.04 and 1.79, respectively. The mature plantings of fresh poor site with sanitary state index 2.86 are highly weakened, and fresh rich site are weakened, due to the more fertile rich site soil conditions enriched by the biodiversity of the living ground cover. Pine plantations of ІХ and XI age classes, in which the sanitary state index varies between 2.30–2.33, and the percentage of drying and dead trees reaches 10 %, are weakened. It has been established that the most influential factors of a significant deterioration in the sanitary state of mature and over-mature water-protection pine plantations are changes in the hydrological regime of floodplain territories, which leads to tree damage by the mistletoe Austrian and root sponge. In order to prevent the development of these pathogens, it is recommended to create mixed plantations of Scots pine with the introduction of 20–40 % deciduous species, which will simultaneously serve as a fire barrier to the spread of ground fires. Key words: biological stability, state categories, indicator of sanitary state, Austrian mistletoe, roots sponge, dry wood.