Trial Of Everolimus Research Articles

Tumor board presentation of a woman with metastatic, hormone receptor‐positive, mismatch repair‐deficient endometrial cancer

Tumor board presentation of a woman with metastatic, hormone receptor‐positive, mismatch repair‐deficient endometrial cancer

A randomized phase II trial of everolimus and letrozole or hormonal therapy in women with advanced, persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma: A GOG Foundation study

BackgroundBlocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway decreases resistance to hormonal therapy in endometrial carcinoma (EC). ObjectiveIn this study, the aim was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of everolimus(E)/letrozole (L) or medroxyprogesterone acetate(M)/tamoxifen(T) in the treatment of metastatic EC. Study designThis single stage, open-label two arm randomized phase II trial accrued women with advanced/persistent/recurrent EC. Treatment with E (10 mg daily) and L (2.5 mg daily) or T (20 mg twice daily) and M (200 mg daily alternating weeks) was randomly assigned, and stratified by prior adjuvant therapy. Treatments were administered orally. Primary endpoint was response rate. ResultsBetween February 2015 and April 2016, everolimus/letrozole (n = 37) or MT (n = 37) was assigned to 74 patients. Median follow-up was 37 months. Eight (22%; 95% CI 11% to 37%) patients responded on EL (one CR) and nine (25%; 95% CI 14% to 41%) patients responded on MT (three CRs). Median PFS for EL and MT arms was 6 months and 4 months, respectively. On EL, chemo-nave patients demonstrated a 28 month median PFS; prior chemotherapy patients had a 4-month median PFS. On MT, patients without prior therapy had a 5-month median PFS; those with prior chemotherapy demonstrated a 3-month PFS. Common grade 3 adverse events were anemia (9 [24%] patients EL vs 2 [6%] MT) and mucositis (2 [5%] vs 0 [0%]). Grade 3/4 thromboembolic events were observed with MT but not with EL (0 [0%] vs 4 [11%]). ConclusionsEL and MT demonstrated clinically meaningful efficacy in recurrent EC patients. The higher PFS observed in chemo-naïve patients is worthy of confirmation in future studies.

A modified weighted log-rank test for confirmatory trials with a high proportion of treatment switching.

In confirmatory cancer clinical trials, overall survival (OS) is normally a primary endpoint in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis under regulatory standards. After the tumor progresses, it is common that patients allocated to the control group switch to the experimental treatment, or another drug in the same class. Such treatment switching may dilute the relative efficacy of the new drug compared to the control group, leading to lower statistical power. It would be possible to decrease the estimation bias by shortening the follow-up period but this may lead to a loss of information and power. Instead we propose a modified weighted log-rank test (mWLR) that aims at balancing these factors by down-weighting events occurring when many patients have switched treatment. As the weighting should be pre-specified and the impact of treatment switching is unknown, we predict the hazard ratio function and use it to compute the weights of the mWLR. The method may incorporate information from previous trials regarding the potential hazard ratio function over time. We are motivated by the RECORD-1 trial of everolimus against placebo in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma where almost 80% of the patients in the placebo group received everolimus after disease progression. Extensive simulations show that the new test gives considerably higher efficiency than the standard log-rank test in realistic scenarios.

Effectiveness of Adding Everolimus to the First-line Treatment of Advanced Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women Who Experienced Disease Progression While Receiving Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

The effectiveness of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus in premenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive/ERBB2-negative advanced breast cancer who experienced disease progression while receiving selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is unknown. To compare the effectiveness of everolimus plus letrozole vs letrozole alone in premenopausal women with HR-positive/ERBB2-negative advanced breast cancer who experienced disease progression while receiving SERMs. The Everolimus Trial for Advanced Premenopausal Breast Cancer (MIRACLE) was a multicenter, open-label phase 2 randomized clinical trial of everolimus plus letrozole vs letrozole alone as first-line treatment conducted from December 8, 2014, to September 26, 2018. Participants included premenopausal women with HR-positive, ERBB2-negative advanced breast cancer who experienced disease progression while receiving SERMs. Analysis was performed on an intent-to-treat basis from January 5, 2015, to December 30, 2019. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive everolimus (10 mg orally once daily) plus letrozole (2.5 mg orally once daily) (n = 101) or letrozole alone (2.5 mg orally once daily) (n = 98). Both groups received goserelin, 3.6 mg, subcutaneously on day 1 of each 28-day cycle. Patients in the letrozole group were permitted to cross over to receive everolimus with letrozole if disease progression occurred. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS), defined as the time from randomization to confirmed disease progression or death due to any cause. A total of 199 women (mean [SD] age, 44.3 [6.3] years) were randomized. Patients receiving everolimus plus letrozole achieved a significantly longer median PFS compared with those receiving letrozole alone (19.4 months [95% CI, 16.3-22.0 months] vs 12.9 months [95% CI, 7.6-15.7 months]; hazard ratio, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.46-0.89]; P = .008). A total of 56 of the 98 patients in the letrozole group (57.1%) were crossed over to also receive everolimus. The median PFS after crossover was 5.5 months (95% CI, 3.8-8.2 months). In this randomized clinical trial, PFS was significantly longer among premenopausal patients with HR-positive/ERBB2-negative advanced breast cancer who received everolimus plus letrozole than among those who received letrozole alone. The results revealed that everolimus was effective even among patients receiving treatment with the same endocrine agent after disease progression. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313051.

Phase 0 Clinical Trial of Everolimus in Patients with Vestibular Schwannoma or Meningioma.

Inhibition of mTORC1 signaling has been shown to diminish growth of meningiomas and schwannomas in preclinical studies, and clinical data suggest that everolimus, an orally administered mTORC1 inhibitor, may slow tumor progression in a subset of patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) with vestibular schwannoma. To assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential mechanisms of treatment resistance, we performed a presurgical (phase 0) clinical trial of everolimus in patients undergoing elective surgery for vestibular schwannoma or meningiomas. Eligible patients with meningioma or vestibular schwannoma requiring tumor resection enrolled on study received everolimus 10 mg daily for 10 days immediately prior to surgery. Everolimus blood levels were determined immediately before and after surgery. Tumor samples were collected intraoperatively. Ten patients completed protocol therapy. Median pre- and postoperative blood levels of everolimus were found to be in a high therapeutic range (17.4 ng/mL and 9.4 ng/mL, respectively). Median tumor tissue drug concentration determined by mass spectrometry was 24.3 pg/mg (range, 9.2-169.2). We observed only partial inhibition of phospho-S6 in the treated tumors, indicating incomplete target inhibition compared with control tissues from untreated patients (P = 0.025). Everolimus led to incomplete inhibition of mTORC1 and downstream signaling. These data may explain the limited antitumor effect of everolimus observed in clinical studies for patients with NF2 and will inform the design of future preclinical and clinical studies targeting mTORC1 in meningiomas and schwannomas.

In Memoriam: José Baselga's Journey in Cancer Medicine.

In Memoriam: José Baselga's Journey in Cancer Medicine.

Angiokines Associated with Targeted Therapy Outcomes in Patients with Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Biomarkers are needed in patients with non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (NC-RCC) to inform treatment selection but also to identify novel therapeutic targets. We thus sought to profile circulating angiokines in the context of a randomized treatment trial of everolimus versus sunitinib. ASPEN (NCT01108445) was an international, randomized, open-label phase II trial of patients with metastatic papillary, chromophobe, or unclassified NC-RCC with no prior systemic therapy. Patients were randomized to everolimus or sunitinib and treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was radiographic progression-free survival (PFS) defined by RECIST 1.1. Plasma angiokines were collected at baseline, cycle 3, and progression and associated with PFS and overall survival (OS). We enrolled 108 patients, 51 received sunitinib and 57 everolimus; of these, 99 patients had evaluable plasma for 23 angiokines. At the final data cutoff, 94 PFS and 64 mortality events had occurred. Angiokines that were independently adversely prognostic for OS were osteopontin (OPN), TIMP-1, thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and VCAM-1, and these were also associated with poor-risk disease. Stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was associated with improved survival. OPN was also significantly associated with worse PFS. No statistically significant angiokine-treatment outcome interactions were observed for sunitinib or everolimus. Angiopoeitin-2 (Ang-2), CD-73, HER-3, HGF, IL6, OPN, PIGF, PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, SDF-1, TGF-b1-b2, TGFb-R3, TIMP-1, TSP-2, VCAM-1, VEGF, and VEGF-R1 levels increased with progression on everolimus, while CD-73, ICAM-1, IL6, OPN, PlGF, SDF-1, TGF-b2, TGFb-R3, TIMP-1, TSP-2, VEGF, VEGF-D, and VCAM-1 increased with progression on sunitinib. In patients with metastatic NC-RCC, we identified several poor prognosis angiokines and immunomodulatory chemokines during treatment with sunitinib or everolimus, particularly OPN.

A randomized double-blind controlled trial of everolimus in individuals with PTEN mutations: Study design and statistical considerations

This randomized, double-blind controlled trial of everolimus in individuals with germline phosphatase and tensin homolog mutations (PTEN) was designed to evaluate the safety of everolimus compared with placebo and to evaluate the efficacy of everolimus on neurocognition and behavior compared to placebo as measured by standardized neurocognitive and motor measures as well as behavioral questionnaires. The safety profile of everolimus is characterized by manageable adverse events that are generally reversible and non-cumulative. The primary safety endpoint of this study was drop-out rate due to side effects, comparing everolimus versus placebo. We also sought to determine the frequency of adverse events by type and severity. The main efficacy endpoint was a neurocognitive composite computed in two ways: 1) an average for working memory, processing speed, and fine motor subtests; and 2) the same average as above except weighted 2/3, and an additional average based on all other available neurocognitive testing measures assessing the additional domains of nonverbal ability, visuomotor skills, verbal learning, and receptive and expressive language, weighted 1/3. Secondary efficacy endpoints examined the effect of everolimus on overall global clinical improvement, autism symptoms, behavioral problems, and adaptive abilities as measured by validated, standardized instruments. We predicted that the rate of adverse events would be no more than 10% higher in the everolimus group compared to placebo, and overall severity of side effects would be minimal. We also expected that individuals receiving everolimus would show more improvement, relative to those taking placebo, on the composite neurocognitive index.

Abstract CT148: Clinical results of the multiparameter phase 1 trial EVESOR meant to optimize the doses and dosing schedules of the combination EVErolimus and SORafenib in solid tumors

Abstract Objectives: Defining the optimal doses & dosing schedules of combined targeted drugs is a challenge. Blocking both the PI3K-AKT-mTor and RAS-RAF-ERK pathways is a rationale therapeutic strategy in solid tumors. However, the phase 1 trials of everolimus (EVE) and sorafenib (SOR) failed to define the recommended phase II trial doses (RP2D) of both drugs, due to the toxicity when given continuously; and the combination was abandoned. The academic multi-parameter EVESOR trial (NCT01932177) was designed to assess alternative doses & dosing schedules of EVE & SOR, and to provide data that would be used to define the optimal doses & dosing schedules of both drugs associated with the best efficacy/toxicity ratio by modeling/simulation. Methods: EVESOR is an open dose-escalation phase 1 trial assessing the combination of EVE and SOR in patients with multi-treated advanced solid tumors. Enrolled patients were allocated to 1 of the 4 arms: A) EVE 5 mg QD for 2 weeks followed by continuous EVE + SOR 200 mg BID; B) SOR 200 mg BID for 2 weeks followed by continuous EVE 5 mg QD + SOR; C) alternating EVE 5-10 mg QD with SOR 200-400 mg BID every week; D) continuous EVE 5-10 mg QD + SOR 200-400 mg BID for 3 days on-4 days off. Multiple tumor & blood pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters were sampled at baseline and during treatment (Nanostring panels). The 1st endpoint was the RP2D of both drugs in each arm A+B; C; and D. Results: 43 patients were included from 2013 to 2019: arm A n= 7; arm B n= 7; arm C n= 16; arm D n = 13. Most of them had gynecological (25.6%), cholangiocarcinomas (23.2%), colorectal (14%), and breast cancers (11.6%). Dose escalations to EVE 10 mg QD and SOR 400 mg BID were possible in both arms C and D. Five dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed (1; 3; and 1 in arms B, C and D respectively). Dose reductions were needed in 40% patients, stabilizing at EVE 5 mg and SOR 200 mg BID for the majority of them (58%). The overall response rate was 7%, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 73%. No relationships between dose levels and efficacy were found. However, the intermittent dosing schedules (arms C and D) were associated with better DCR. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.6 months (2.7; 6.3; 2.7; and 3.6 months in arms A, B, C and D). Longer PFS were observed with cholangiocarcinomas (9.8 months) and gynecological cancers (3.7 months). Baseline activation of RAS-RAF-ERK was associated with higher non-progression rates at 4 months (50% vs 10%, P=0.12) and longer PFS (4.2 vs 2.1 months, P = 0.016). Decreases in S6K and AKT phosphorylations were observed in 89% and 70% of patients, respectively, with no significant impact on efficacy. Conclusions: EVE 5 mg QD and SOR 200 mg BID combination is the RP2D in solid tumor patients, in both intermittent arms C & D. Intermittent dosing was associated with higher efficacy. Long responses were found in cholangiocarcinomas. Adequately designed multi-schedules phase 1 trials can help for drug development, and avoid abandon of effective targeted drug combinations. Modeling/simulation will be used to optimize dose & dosing schedules of EVE and SOR based on collected data, and then tested. Citation Format: Benoit You, Michel Tod, Lea Payen, Jonathan Lopez, Jerome Guitton, Pascal Rousset, Juliette Fontaine, Julien Peron, Denis Maillet, Sophie Tartas, Nathalie Bonnin, Veronique Trillet-Lenoir, Olivier Colomban, Diane Augu-Denechere, Gilles Freyer, Alicja Puszkiel. Clinical results of the multiparameter phase 1 trial EVESOR meant to optimize the doses and dosing schedules of the combination EVErolimus and SORafenib in solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr CT148.

Multi-Institutional Randomized Double-Blind Phase II Trial of Everolimus vs. Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck (SCCHN)

Multi-Institutional Randomized Double-Blind Phase II Trial of Everolimus vs. Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Squamous Cell Cancer of the Head and Neck (SCCHN)

Abstract PD7-08: Everolimus in first-line treatment of advanced premenopausal breast cancer: Results from MIRACLE (everoliMus trIal foR AdvanCed premenopausaL brEast cancer) study

Abstract Background:Everolimus is the first approved mTOR inhibitor in breast cancer to overcome endocrine resistance in post-menopausal patients after BOLERO-2 study. However, different from western countries, majority (55-60%) of patients are premenopausal women in Asia including China. Benefit of everolimus plus endocrine therapy in premenopausal women has not yet been well delineated. In addition, the feasibility of patients who progressed on the endocrine therapy continuing to receive the same endocrine agent plus everolimus is unclear. Thus, Miracle study was designed as a national multicenter randomized phase ll trial comparing letrozole versus letrozole plus everolimus for hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative premenopausal women with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer on goserelin treatment after progession on selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERMs). Patients: Advanced HR positive, HER2 negative premenopausal breast cancer patients who were resistant to SERMs (Tamoxifen or Toremifen) were randomly assigned to receive either letrozole plus everolimus or letrozole single agent together with goserelin. Endocrine resistance was defined as either progression on SERMs if it was for advanced disease or recurrence during adjuvant treatment of SERMs or within 2 years of completion of SERMs. Patients in the control group will be cross-overed to test group by adding everolimus to letrozole after progression. This is to verify whether everolimus can truly reverse endocrine resistance. The primary endpoint is the Progression-Free Survival (PFS) of letrozole plus everolimus versus letrozole monotherapy. Secondary endpoints included PFS of letrozole plus everolimus after progression on letrozole, Overall Response Rate (ORR), Clinical Benefit Rate (CBR), Duration of Response (DOR), Overall Survival (OS), safety. Exploratory biomarker analyses were also planned to identify proper prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Results: Totally 199 patients (101 in everolimus group and 98 in control group) were included in the intention-to-treat population. Patients were well balanced in terms of baseline demographics such as previous endocrine therapy, history of previous chemotherapy, percentage of visceral metastases etc. Addition of everolimus to letrozole resulted in significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) than letrozole alone. As of Jun 30th 2019, PFS was 19.2 months (95%CI: 13.8-20.2 months) in the everolimus group and 11.0 months (95%CI: 7.3-15.7 months) in the control group [HR: 0.60, 95%CI:(0.42-0.86), P=0.0053]. ORR was 34.4% (1CR and 32PR among 96 evaluable patients) in everolimus group versus 28.2% in control group (1CR and 23 PR among 85 patients) (P=0.375). CBR (CR+PR+SD) was higher in everolimus group than control group (67.7% vs 49.4%, P=0.0125). 50 patients from control group were cross-overed to receive addition of everolimus, 7(14%) had Partial response and 23(46%) had stable disease. Median PFS after cross-over was 5.5 months (95% CI: 3.8-8.2months). OS data was quite immature, 4 years survival rate was 97.0% in everolimus group and 91.8% in control group (HR=0.36, P=0.127). Toxicity was similar to what has been observed in other everolimus study. Conclusions: This is the first randomized trial demonstrating a much longer PFS with mTOR inhibitor plus endocrine therapy than endocrine therapy alone among premenopausal patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. The results support the use of everolimus plus letrozole in this population. Furthermore, everolimus can indeed overcome endocrine resistance, addition of everolimus to the same endocrine agent can still be effective even after previous progression. Citation Format: Ying Fan, Tao Sun, Zhimin Shao, Qingyuan Zhang, Quchang Ouyang, Zhongsheng Tong, Shusen Wang, Yang Luo, Yuee Teng, Xiaojia Wang, Shu Wang, Qiang Liu, Jifeng Feng, Kunwei Shen, Yanqiu Song, Jiayu Wang, Fei Ma, Qing Li, Pin Zhang, Binghe Xu. Everolimus in first-line treatment of advanced premenopausal breast cancer: Results from MIRACLE (everoliMus trIal foR AdvanCed premenopausaL brEast cancer) study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD7-08.

A Phase 4 Study of Everolimus to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma after Failure of First-Line Sunitinib or Pazopanib (SUNPAZ)

Introduction: Sunitinib and pazopanib are both standard first-line therapies for clear-cell metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC). Everolimus is a well-established second-line treatment. Objective: To estimate the efficacy and safety of second-line everolimus following pazopanib or sunitinib. Methods: SUNPAZ was an open-label, phase 4 clinical trial of everolimus in patients with clear-cell mRCC progressing after first-line sunitinib or pazopanib. The primary end point was the number of patients without progression 6 months after starting everolimus. Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and overall response rate. Enrollment was terminated early due to slow recruitment; all analyses are descriptive. Results: Patients who received prior sunitinib (n = 16) or pazopanib (n = 13) were enrolled. One of 12 patients in the sunitinib group and 6/13 patients in the pazopanib group were progression-free by month 6 in the full analysis set. Median PFS in the sunitinib and pazopanib groups was 2.8 and 8.0 months, and median OS was 14.8 months and 20.4 months, respectively. Fifteen patients in the sunitinib group and 13 in the pazopanib group experienced adverse events. Conclusions: Safety and efficacy results confirm the second-line everolimus profile. However, baseline differences in patient populations should be taken into consideration.

ACTR-09. A PHASE 0 PHARMACODYNAMIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF EVEROLIMUS IN VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA (VS) AND MENINGIOMA PATIENTS

Abstract BACKGROUND Inhibition of mTORC1 signaling has been shown to diminish growth of NF2 deficient tumors in preclinical studies, and clinical data suggest that everolimus, an orally administered mTORC1 inhibitor, may slow tumor progression in a subset of adult and pediatric NF2 patients with VS. To assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and potential mechanisms of treatment resistance, we performed a pre-surgical (“phase 0”) clinical trial of everolimus in patients undergoing surgery for VS or meningiomas. METHODS Eligible patients with meningioma or VS requiring tumor resection received everolimus 10 mg daily for 10 days immediately prior to surgery. Everolimus blood levels were determined immediately prior to and after surgery. Tumor samples were collected intraoperatively. RESULTS Ten patients completed protocol therapy, including 5 patients with NF2-related meningioma, 3 patients with sporadic meningioma, and 2 patients with NF2-related VS. Median pre- and post-operative plasma levels of everolimus were found to be in a high therapeutic range (17.4 ng/ml and 9.4 ng/ml, respectively). Median tumor tissue drug concentration determined by mass spectrometry was 24.3 ng/g (range 9.2–169.2), and median tumor tissue to post-operative plasma drug concentration ratio was 0.39. We observed only partial inhibition of phospho-S6 in the treated tumors, indicating incomplete target inhibition compared to matched control tissues from untreated patients (p = 0.005). Consistent with prior observations that inhibition of mTORC1 may lead to MAPK pathway activation through a PI3K-dependent feedback loop, we observed a statistically significant increase of phospho-ERK (p < 0.03) versus untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS In patients with meningioma or VS, treatment with everolimus leads to incomplete inhibition of mTORC1 signaling and upregulation phospho-ERK. These data may explain the limited anti-tumor effect of everolimus observed in clinical studies for NF2 patients and identify upregulation of phospho-ERK as a likely resistance mechanism that could be addressed with combination therapies.

Everolimus and Long-term Clinical Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Registry-based 10-year Follow-up of 5 Randomized Trials.

Data regarding the long-term efficacy of everolimus-based immunosuppression for kidney transplantation are lacking. Existing randomized controlled trials are limited by short follow-up duration which limits capacity to assess impact on graft and patient survival. We linked individual trial participants to the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Using a 1-step meta-analysis approach, we investigated the 10-year risk of graft loss, mortality and graft function in 349 participants from 5 randomized trials of everolimus-based immunosuppression. Two hundred forty-two patients randomized to everolimus and 107 control patients were followed for a median of 9 years (interquartile range, 7.1, 9.8 y). There were no significant differences in the risk of all-cause graft loss (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-1.94), mortality (adjusted HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 0.78-2.93) and death-censored graft loss in everolimus versus control (adjusted HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.50-2.01). For patients in the early initiation (de novo or <6-month conversion) everolimus trials (n = 279), decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate did not significantly differ with control (mean difference in the slope of estimated glomerular filtrate rate, 0.01 mL/min per 1.73 m [-0.06 to +0.09]). This registry-based analysis with long-term follow-up found no differences in graft and recipient survival or graft function for everolimus over current standard of care.

PTEN Expression, Not Mutation Status in TSC1, TSC2, or mTOR, Correlates with the Outcome on Everolimus in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated on the Randomized RECORD-3 Trial.

Genomic alterations in key components of PI3K/mTOR pathway have been proposed as candidate predictive markers for rapalog therapy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We tested this hypothesis in patients from a randomized phase II trial of everolimus versus sunitinib. Archival specimens collected at baseline were analyzed with targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Focus of interest were alterations in key PI3K pathway components. PTEN expression was assessed by IHC. Association between molecular findings and treatment outcomes was investigated; same associations were tested for 2 everolimus-treated trial cohorts in gastric and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among 184 everolimus-treated patients with RCC with NGS data, mutation rates in genes of interest were 6% (TSC1), 4.4% (TSC2), and 8.2% (mTOR); 44% harbored alterations in ≥1 PI3K pathway component. For subjects with presence versus absence of mutations in TSC1, TSC2, or mTOR progression-free survival (PFS) neither differed on univariate analysis (HR, 1.0; P = 0.895) nor on multivariate testing stratified by MSKCC risk group and other established prognostic factors (HR, 1.1; P = 0.806). Everolimus-treated patients with retained (n = 50) versus lost (n = 50) PTEN IHC expression had median PFS of 5.3 months versus 10.5 months (HR, 2.5; P < 0.001). Such differences were not seen with sunitinib (10.9 months vs. 10.3 months; HR, 0.8; P = 0.475). Molecular findings did not correlate with outcomes in gastric and HCC cohorts. Association between mutation status for TSC1/TSC2/mTOR and therapeutic outcome on everolimus was not confirmed. Clinically meaningful differences in PFS were seen based on PTEN expression by IHC, lost in >50% of patients.

Early conversion of pediatric kidney transplant patients to everolimus with reduced tacrolimus and steroid elimination: Results of a randomized trial.

In a 12-month, multicenter, open-label study, 106 children were randomized at 4 to 6 weeks after kidney transplantation to switch to everolimus with reduced TAC (EVR/rTAC) and steroid elimination from month 5 posttransplant or to continue standard tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (sTAC/MMF) and steroids. The cumulative incidence of a co-primary efficacy end point (biopsy-proven acute rejection [BPAR], graft loss, or death from randomization to month 12) was 10.3% with EVR/rTAC and 5.8% with sTAC/MMF (difference 4.4%; P = .417). BPAR occurred in 9.6% and 5.6% of patients, respectively. Patient and renal allograft survival were 100%. The co-primary end point of mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at month 12 was 76.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 with EVR/rTAC and 72.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 for sTAC/MMF (difference 3.8 mL/min/1.73m2 ; P = .49). One EVR/rTAC patient developed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Longitudinal growth and sexual maturation were equivalent between groups. The randomized drug regimen was discontinued in 34.6% and 13% of patients in the EVR/rTAC and sTAC/MMF groups, respectively (P = .024), and discontinued due to adverse events/infections in 25.0% and 11.1% of patients (P = .062). In conclusion, early conversion of pediatric kidney transplant patients from TAC, MMF, and steroids to EVR/rTAC and steroid withdrawal maintains immunosuppressive efficacy and preserves renal function.

Cellular antiseizure mechanisms of everolimus in pediatric tuberous sclerosis complex, cortical dysplasia, and non-mTOR-mediated etiologies.

SummaryThe present study was designed to examine the potential cellular antiseizure mechanisms of everolimus, a mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway blocker, in pediatric epilepsy cases. Cortical tissue samples obtained from pediatric patients (n = 11, ages 0.67–6.75 years) undergoing surgical resections for the treatment of their pharmacoresistant epilepsy were examined electrophysiologically in ex vivo slices. The cohort included mTOR‐mediated pathologies (tuberous sclerosis complex [TSC] and severe cortical dysplasia [CD]) as well as non–mTOR‐mediated pathologies (tumor and perinatal infarct). Bath application of everolimus (2 μm) had practically no effect on spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic activity. In contrast, long‐term application of everolimus reduced spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic activity, burst discharges induced by blockade of γ‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors, and epileptiform activity generated by 4‐aminopyridine, a K+ channel blocker. The antiseizure effects were more pronounced in TSC and CD cases, whereas in non–mTOR‐mediated pathologies, the effects were subtle at best. These results support further clinical trials of everolimus in mTOR pathway–mediated pathologies and emphasize that the effects require sustained exposure over time.

A Novel Combination of the mTORC1 Inhibitor Everolimus and the Immunomodulatory Drug Lenalidomide Produces Durable Responses in Patients With Heavily Pretreated Relapsed Lymphoma

BackgroundTreatment outcomes have improved in lymphoid malignancies but relapse remains inevitable for most patients. Everolimus and lenalidomide have shown clinical activity as single agents in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Patients and MethodsThe present phase I/II trial for patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancy opened at Mayo Clinic from January 2011 to May 2013. The trial used a standard cohort 3 + 3 design to determine the maximum tolerated dose for the combination. Stem cell transplantation had failed in 27 of the patients (49%), 63% had stage IV disease, and ≥ 3 previous therapies had failed in 78%. ResultsOf the 58 patients, enrolled, 55 were evaluable for analysis. The maximum tolerated dose was 5 mg/d for everolimus plus 10 mg/d for 21 days for lenalidomide. The most common grade ≥ 3 toxicities were hematologic and included neutropenia (56%), leukopenia (38%), and thrombocytopenia (33%). Seven patients discontinued the study because of adverse events. One patient died of disease progression. The overall response rate was 27% (15 of 55), with 38% (21 of 55) having stable disease. ConclusionThe present phase I/II trial of everolimus and lenalidomide for R/R lymphoma has shown the combination to be tolerable, with neutropenia as the main dose-limiting toxicity. Encouraging responses were seen in this heavily pretreated group, and the patients with a response had meaningful duration of response.

GOG 3007, a randomized phase II (RP2) trial of everolimus and letrozole (EL) or hormonal therapy (medroxyprogesterone acetate/tamoxifen, PT) in women with advanced, persistent or recurrent endometrial carcinoma (EC): A GOG Foundation study

Objective: Preclinical and clinical evidence has documented that blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may suppress and/or overcome resistance to endocrine therapy in several solid tumors, including endometrial carcinoma (EC). The efficacy of everolimus and letrozole (EL) in women with recurrent EC has been reported. This trial was designed to determine the response, adverse events (AEs), and progression free survival (PFS) of EL or medroxyprogesterone acetate/tamoxifen (PT) in the treatment of metastatic EC.

Randomized, open-label, phase Ⅱ trial of everolimus versus thalidomide in patients achieving remission after first-line therapy for high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

7560Background: Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with a high International Prognostic Index (IPI) are at higher risk for relapse after a complete response (CR) to first-line ritu...