Trial Error Method Research Articles

How efficient deep-learning object detectors are?

Deep-learning object-detection architectures are gaining attraction, as they are used for critical tasks in relevant environments such as health, self-driving, industry, security, and robots. Notwithstanding, the available architectures provide variable performance results depending on the scenario under consideration. Challenges are usually used to evaluate such performance only in terms of accuracy. In this work, instead of proposing a new architecture, we overcome the limitations of those challenges by proposing a computationally undemanding comparative model based on several Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) strategies, not only for the comparison of deep-learning architectures, but also to detect which parameters are the most relevant features for achieving efficiency. In addition, the proposed model provides with a set of recommendations to improve object-detection frameworks. Those measures may be applied in future high-performance meta-architectures, since this model requires lower computational and temporal requirements compared to the traditional strategy based on training neural networks – based on the trial-error method – for each configurable parameter. To this aim, the presented model evaluates 16 parameters of 139 configurations of well-known detectors present in the Google data set [1].

Sistem Kontrol Governor Menggunakan Pid Yang Dioptimasi Dengan Metode Cuckoo Search Algorithm (Csa)

Indonesia has enormous potential for the Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA). Considering that PLTA is an environmentallyfriendly power plant, the components of this plant are worthy of further development. One of them is the development of the hydropower governoor control system. The PID controller is a control system that is often used in the control of theGovernoor System in a hydropower plant because of its simple controller. At present hydro power plants still use theconventional method of PID control trial-error on average. For this method it is difficult to adjust parameters and it takes a long time and the accuracy of controls is not good. Therefore a smart method is needed to overcome this problem.In the past few years, researchers have used many intelligent methods (Artificial Intelligent) to determine the DC PIDparameters. One of them is Cucckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) which is inspired by the behavior of cuckoo birds in placingtheir eggs. By using the CSA method, it is expected to provide a better system response than using the old system PIDcontrol (trial-error). The final goal of the PID control system used in the hydro generator is to regulate the movement ofthe turbine guide vane, which will affect the electrical power produced by the generator. Here the Guide Vane blade settingscan be likened to adjusting the angle of a DC motor. In this study a miniature prototype system governor will be createdthat is controlled by using a PID controller optimized using the Cuckoo Search Algorithm method. In experiments withthe trial error method, the Kp = 3, Ki = 1 and Kd = 10 values with the magnitude of the control parameters obtainedthe average settling time for set point 4 to set point 8 of 24.2 second. Furthermore, the CSA method is used for tuning the PID. After being tuned to the CSA method the values of Kp, Ki and Kd are different for each set point. For set point 4,Kp = 0.99, Ki = 1.00 and Kd = 0.99, while the average settling time is also better than PID trial error, which is 18.8 second.

Discussion of “Accurate and Efficient Explicit Approximations of the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation Based on the Wright ω-Function” by DejanBrkić; and Pavel Praks, Mathematics 2019, 7, 34; doi:10.3390/math7010034

The Colebrook-White equation is often used for calculation of the friction factor in turbulent regimes; it has succeeded in attracting a great deal of attention from researchers. The Colebrook–White equation is a complex equation where the computation of the friction factor is not direct, and there is a need for trial-error methods or graphical solutions; on the other hand, several researchers have attempted to alter the Colebrook-White equation by explicit formulas with the hope of achieving zero-percent (0%) maximum deviation, among them Dejan Brkić and Pavel Praks. The goal of this paper is to discuss the results proposed by the authors in their paper:” Accurate and Efficient Explicit Approximations of the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation Based on the Wright ω-Function” and to propose more accurate formulas.

Modeling Seawater Intrusion to Coastal Aquifers in South Coast of Laizhou Bay, China

In this study, a two-dimensional SEAWAT 2000 model is developed to simulate the seawater intrusion to coastal aquifers and brine water/fresh water interaction in the south of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China and forecast the seawater intrusion and brine water/freshwater interface development in the coming years. The model profile is perpendicular to the coastal line, about 40 km long and 110 m in depth, and consists of two interfaces, freshwater-saline water interface and brine water-saline water-seawater interface. The parameters of aquifers in the SEAWAT-2000 model are calibrated by trial-error method repeatedly to fit the head and salinity measurements. Based on the historical groundwater and brine water exploration and natural precipitation condition, the prediction results indicate that equivalent freshwater head in shallow freshwater-saline water area will decrease year by year and decline 2.0 m in the forecasting period, caused by groundwater over-pumping for irrigating farmlands. The groundwater head in the brine-saline water area will also decrease about 1.8 m in forecasting period. A larger depression cone appears in the brine area, with smaller funnels in other areas. The salinity in the brine area finally drops below 105g/l. In the meanwhile, the salinity increases in other areas, damage fresh groundwater resources.

Studies on Static Frictional Contact Problems of Double Cantilever Beam Based on SBFEM

Introduction: The frictional contact problem is one of the most important and challenging topics in solids mechanics, and often encountered in the practical engineering. Method: The nonlinearity and non-smooth properties result in that the convergent solutions can't be obtained by the widely used trial-error iteration method. Mathematical Programming which has good convergence properties and rigorous mathematical foundation is an effective alternative solution method, in which, the frictional contact conditions can be expressed as Non-smooth Equations, B-differential equations, Nonlinear Complementary Problem, etc. Result: In this paper, static frictional contact problems of double cantilever beam are analyzed by Mathematical Programming in the framework of Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM), in which the contact conditions can be expressed as the B-differential Equations. Conclusion The contact forces and the deformation with different friction factors are solved and compared with those obtained by ANSYS, by which the accuracy of solving contact problems by SBFEM and B-differential Equations is validated.

Ayurveda and Communicable Diseases

Indian medical heritage flows in two distinctive but mutually complimenting streams. The oral tradition being followed by millions of housewives and thousands of local health practitioners is the practical aspect of codified streams such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani. These oral traditions are head based and take care of the basic health needs of the people using immediately available local resources. Majority of these are plant based remedies, supplemented by animal and mineral products. Many of the practices followed by these local streams can be understood and evaluated by the codified stream such as Ayurveda. These streams are not static, historical scrutiny of their evolution shows the enriching phenomena at all times. Thus we have more than 7000 species of higher and lower plants and hundreds of minerals and animal product used in local health tradition to manage hundreds of disease conditions. A pertinent question that arises here is that in which basis these systems got enriched. Is it just trial error method over a point of time which gave rise to this rich tradition, is it an intuitive knowledge born out of close association with nature. One of the reasons for this attitude can be, that one is always made to believe that the science means that which can be explained by western models of logic and epistemology. The world view being developed and adopted by the dominant western scientific paradigm never fits in to the world view being followed and practiced by the indigenous traditions. This is well accepted by us due to the last 200 yrs of political and cultural domination by western and other alien forces.

Modifikasi Desain PID Controller Pada Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Dengan Flower Pollination Algorithm

The use of PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers on a synchronous motor is very widely used, because of its simple, robust structure that is robust and easy to use. The use of PID controllers requires proper parameter setting for optimal performance on the motor. The most commonly used solution is the trial-error method, to determine the proper parameters for PID, but the results do not make the PID controller optimal. Lately there has been a lot of research to optimize PID controller, wrong with smart method. For this purpose, we will use Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) optimization method to optimize and determine the exact parameters of PID. FPA is one method that is being adapted from the process of plant pollination, so this concept is adapted and applied to be. From the results that have the FPA method can be well tuned parameters PID, so that the resulting overshoot faster and settling time is very fast. Optimization results Kp 0.9441, Ki 0.9311, Kd 0.0840. In this study will discuss uncontrolled motors, with PID trial-error controller, PID-PSO and PID-FPA. Keywords: Sync motor, PID, Trial-Error, PSO, FPA, Overshoot, Settling time

Optimal selection of LQR parameter using AIS for LFC in a multi-area power system

This paper proposes a method to optimize the parameter of the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) using artificial immune system (AIS) via clonal selection. The parameters of LQR utilized in this paper are the weighting matrices Q and R. The optimal LQR control for load frequency control (LFC) is installed on each area as a decentralized control scheme. The aim of this control design is to improve the dynamic performance of LFC automatically when unexpected load change occurred on power system network. The change of load demands 0.01 p.u used as a disturbance is applied to LFC in Area 1. The proposed method guarantees the stability of the overall closed-loop system. The simulation result shows that the proposed method can reduce the overshoot of the system and compress the time response to steady-state which is better compared to trial error method (TEM) and without optimal LQR control.

A Novel Fuzzy Rule Matrix Design for Fuzzy Logic-based Power System Stabilizer

In this paper, fuzzy logic-based power system stabilizer (FPSS) is designed to have effective damping. As to achieve impressive performance of a controlled plant, the rule base/fuzzy rule matrix (FRM) of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is designed by trial–error method, which is a time-consuming process. In this paper, a systematic procedure is given to design FRM for effective damping of single-machine infinite-bus (SMIB) and two-area four-machine ten-bus power system. To design the novel FRM, the existing rule tables, proposed by different researchers, are tested with SMIB system, and empirical relationships have been drawn. The response validity and rule justification is carried out using linguistic phase-plane trajectory method. Finally, the contribution to design FRM is made to get effective damping for SMIB as well as a multi-machine system. The effectiveness of the FPSS based on the proposed FRM over a wide range of operating conditions on SMIB system and the comparison of system response without PSS, with Conventional PSS, and with FPSS is carried out. Similarly, the multimachine power system is considered without PSS and with FPSS, and performance comparison is carried out. The response of FPSS with proposed FRM enables to show the effective damping of system oscillations.

FOUNDATION MODELLING FOR COOLING WATER PUMP MACHINE IN PT PUPUK SRIWIJAYA (PURSI) II-B PROJECTS

PT Pupuk Sriwijaya (PUSRI) in Palembang, South Sumatera, Indonesia uses a lot of machines to run the fabric. One of the project is PUSRI II-B, which use cooling water pump machine. The machine will not operate properly if it does not use the appropriate foundation to support static and dynamic loads. The Terzaghi and Meyerhof methods were used in static analysis to measure the settlement in the pile group and soil bearing capacity. The frequency, damping, and vibration amplitude of the vibration that occur in a vertical and horizontal vibration, and the vibration rocking were calculated by using the trial error method for dynamic analysis. Modelling frame foundation machine is the main focus in this research. The result shows that the most effective foundation dimension for cooling water pump machine is frame foundation type with the pile cap dimensions of 9.8 m x 4 m x 1.5 m; column of 0.5 m x 0.5 m x 1 m and slab of 9.8 m x 4 m x 0.3 m, and using the piles with a diameter of 0.35 m, length of 21 m and the spacing between the piles is about 2.45 m. The gravel was compacted to the same level where the pile cap was planned in order to increase the soil shear modulus.

(Invited) Mechanism Study of Reversible Resistivity Change in Oxide Thin Film

The field of applied physics is driven by the need to understand materials structure and electronic properties with the ultimate goal of harnessing them in functional devices such as nonvolatile memories. One needs to understand the mechanism, which dictates the behavior of the charged defects and electrons under external stimuli such as electrostatic potential, thermal gradient and photons, to obtain a more microscopic understanding of the system. Then, one arrives at a predictive description of designing functional devices. In the first part of the talk, we report the x-ray-induced reversible resistance change in 40-nm-thick TiO2 films sandwiched by Pt top and bottom electrodes, and propose the physical mechanism behind the emergent phenomenon. Our findings indicate that there exists a photovoltaic-like effect, which modulates the resistance reversibly by a few orders of magnitude, depending on the intensity of impinging x-rays. We found that this effect, combined with the x-ray irradiation induced phase transition confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, triggers a non-volatile reversible resistance change. Understanding x-ray-controlled reversible resistance changes can provide possibilities to control initial resistance states of functional materials, which could be useful for future nonvolatile memories. In the second part, we cover the investigation of Ta2O5 powder and oxygen deficient thin films using synchrotron x-ray studies at the Advanced Photon Source, combining x-ray diffraction, extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and resonant x-ray scattering spectroscopy (RIXS) and Ab initio band structure calculations. Ta-based resistive switching devices have been extensively investigated due to their fast switching and reliable endurance among other materials. Despite extensive recent interests, however, there is still lack of fundamental understanding of electronic structure and local structure of the Ta-based device. Oxygen vacancies play essential roles in the electric functionality of resistive switching devices, which is based on the formation and rupture of conducting paths within the insulating matrix. We found that there are strong correlations among oxygen vacancy number and positions and energy gaps. Ab initio band structure calculations successfully explain the evolution of the electronic excitation spectrum as a function of oxygen vacancy number and positions and importantly provide a predictive description of the oxygen deficient Ta oxide that may improve the desired performance based on atomic level design rather than the traditional trial-error methods.

PID Controllers Design Applied to Positioning of Ball on the Stewart Platform

Abstract The paper presents the design and practical implementation of PID controllers for a Stewart platform. The platform uses a resistance touch panel as a sensor and servo motors as actuators. The complete control system stabilizing the ball on the platform is realized with the Arduino microcontroller and the Matlab/Simulink software. Two processes required to acquire measurement signals from the touch panel in two perpendicular directions X and Y, are discussed. The first process includes the calibration of the touch panel, and the second process - the filtering of measurement signals with the low pass Butterworth filter. The obtained signals are used to design the algorithm of the ball stabilization by decoupling the global system into two local subsystems. The algorithm is implemented in a soft real time system. The parameters of both PID controllers (PIDx and PIDy) are tuned by the trial-error method and implemented in the microcontroller. Finally, the complete control system is tested at the laboratory stand.

단면감소에 따른 사장케이블의 2-자유도 근사모델의 고유진동수 분포

사장교 케이블의 손상은 사장교 전체의 안전에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 요인이 되므로 케이블의 손상에 대한 유지관리를 필수적으로 해야한다. 이러한 유지관리의 대표적인 방법으로 케이블의 고유진동수변화을 추적하는 방법이 있다. 지금까지 케이블의 고유진동수는 진동법에 의해 횡방향 진동으로 추정하여 왔으며 시스템인식기법은 반복법에 의한 민감도방정식으로 축방향강성을 추정하나 새그의 영향으로 종방향운동에 대한 고유진동수의 분포에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 종방향운동에 의한 고유진동수를 이용하여 손상을 추정함으로써, 종방향운동의 신뢰성을 향상시키는 새로운 방법을 제안하였다. 이 방법의 적용결과를 근사해인 유한요소해석결과와 비교하여 유사한 결과를 얻음으로써 제안된 방법의 신뢰성을 검증하였다. 따라서, 케이블손상과 고유진동수와의 관계를 분석한 결과는 손상률이 증가할수록 고유진동수는 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 케이블의 실측 고유진동수를 알 때 케이블손상과 고유진동수와의 관계식을 통해 케이블의 손상정도를 추정할 수 있으므로 케이블의 효율적인 유지관리가 가능하게 된다. The cable damages of the bridge structures induce very important impact on the structural safety, which implies the close monitoring of the cable damage is required to secure sustained safety of the bridges. Most usual available maintenance techniques are based on the monitoring the change of the natural frequency of the structures by damages. However, existing method are based on vibration method to calculate lateral vibration and system identification can calculate the axial stiffness using sensitivity equation by trial error method. But the frequency study by the longitudinal movement need because of the sag effect in system identification. This study proposes a new method to investigate the damage magnitudes and status. The method improves the accuracies in the magnitudes and status of damages by adopting the natural frequency of longitudinal movement. The study results have been validated by comparing them with the approximate solution of FEM. Thus, the relationship of cable damage and frequency appear with relation that the severe damage has the little frequency. If we know the real frequency we can estimate the cable damage severity using this relationship. This method can be possible the efficient management of the cable damage.

A comparative approach of inverse modelling applied to an irradiative batch dryer employing several artificial neural networks

The present work has focused on a comparison between commonly employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) in engineering applications to identify the most efficient ANN for the inverse modelling of an irradiating furnace/dryer in terms of accuracy and computing time. To this end, several ANNs were designed, trained and employed to estimate the heat emitted during the irradiative batch drying process with the aid of NeuroSolution®.As part of the study, different ANNs were designed and trained to play the role of the inverse heat transfer model. The reasons for exploiting these ANNs were derived from various studies in the literature, in which ANNs were employed for engineering modelling purposes. The results showed that the multiple layer perceptron (MLP) with the Levenberg–Marquadt (LM) in the back propagation (BP) was the best ANN among the methods evaluated to solve the inverse heat estimation problems used in irradiative batch drying processes. An important advantage of the ANN method in comparison with the classical inverse heat transfer modelling approaches is that a detailed knowledge of geometrical and thermal properties of the system (such as wall conductivity, emissivity, etc.) is not required. Such properties are difficult to measure and may undergo significant changes during the temperature transient mode.In this study, genetic algorithms (GAs) have been employed to determine the key parameters of the employed ANNs. These parameters are normally found heuristically or by a trial and error brute force process. The results demonstrate that the aforementioned parameters may be estimated much more accurately and faster by the GA method. The performance of the networks has been improved as well and the number of required hidden layers has been discovered using a non trial–error method, which eliminates time-consuming repeating procedures and produces more accurate results.

Gas sorption in H2-selective mixed matrix membranes: Experimental and neural network modeling

Robust artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to forecast sorption of gases in membranes comprised of porous nanoparticles dispersed homogenously within polymer matrix. The main purpose of this study was to predict sorption of light gases (H2, CH4, CO2) within mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) as function of critical temperature, nanoparticles loading and upstream pressure. Collected data were distributed into three portions of training (70%), validation (19%), and testing (11%). The optimum network structure was determined by trial-error method (4:6:2:1) and was applied for modeling the gas sorption. The prediction results were remarkably agreed with the experimental data with MSE of 0.00005 and correlation coefficient of 0.9994.

基于改进型双二级管模型的户外模组电量预测技术研究

Based on MATLAB software and iterative method,a kind of trial-error method for different natural environments(NET)is proposed.Solar module temperature,solar radiation and their effects on series resistance are taken into account in this model.Nine I-V curves are measured under natural environmental conditions to predict the model parameters under STC(i.e.open voltage Vocrefi,short current Iscrefi,maximum voltage Vmrefi,maximum current Imrefi,maximum power Pmrefi,i=1~7).Increasing the number of the measured I-Vcurves may help for obtaining more accurate real value of Vocref,Iscref,Vmref,Imref,Pmref under STC.In order to test the validation of this model,the proposed model is used to evaluate the solar energy output of the module under a condition except for the nine I V curves with nine different natural conditions.The deviation of the output of the calculated PmC from the measured output PmE under the investigated condition(G=647 W/m2,T=67.7℃)turns out to be 2.73%,which means that this kind of trial-error model can be used to design PV modules and predict the yield of the module under arbitrary natural environment.

Gas permeation through H2-selective mixed matrix membranes: Experimental and neural network modeling

Gas permeability through synthesized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/zeolite 4A mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were investigated with the aid of artificial neural network (ANN) approach. Kinetic diameter and critical temperature of permeating components (e.g. H2, CH4, CO2 and C3H8), zeolite content and upstream pressure as input variables and gas permeability as output were inspected. Collected data of the experimental operation was used to ANN training and optimum numbers of hidden layers and neurons were obtained by trial-error method. The selected ANN architecture (4:10:1) was used to predict gas permeability for different inputs in the domain of training data. Based on the results, the predicted values demonstrate an excellent agreement with the experimental data, with high correlation (R2 = 0.9944) and less error (RMSE = 1.33E−4). Furthermore, using sensitivity analysis, kinetic diameter and critical temperature were found as the most significant effective variables on gas permeability. As a result, ANN can be recommended for the modeling of gas transport through MMMs.

OP29.04: Intensive training program for ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal masses: protocol and preliminary results

To assess the feasibility of a specific training program for ultrasound diagnosis of adnexal masses. A two-month intensive training program was developed. Program protocol consisted of one-day intense theoretical course focused on clinical and ultrasonographic issues related to adnexal masses and ovarian cancer followed by a four-week real-time ultrasound training in a reference center (about 15–20 adnexal masses evaluated per week) and a final four-week period for off-line assessment of 3D volumes from adnexal masses. In this later period the trainee evaluated five sets of 100 3D-volumes each. 3D-volumes contained gray-scale and power Doppler information and the trainee was provided with clinical data of each case (patient's age, menopausal status and complaints). 3D-volumes were from masses surgically removed and histologic diagnosis was available. After each set assessment, trainee's diagnostic performance was calculated (sensitivity/specificity for diagnosing malignancy) and then the trainee evaluated with the trainer each mass incorrectly classified (trial-error method). The objective was to achieve a sensitivity > 95% and specificity > 90%. One trainer (JLA) and two trainees with very low experience on gynecological ultrasound (one gynecologist − LD− and one radiologist − LF−) participated in this study. Diagnostic performance for each trainee after the real-time training period and after each set of 3D-volume analyses is shown in table. OP29.04: Table 1. Trainees' diagnostic performance The proposed training program seems feasible. High diagnostic performance can be achieved after 300 cases analyzed and it is maintained after.

DESAIN KEMASAN KARUNG YANG OPTIMAL UNTUK PENGEMAS BAHAN CURAH

Many bulk material like cement, salt, and other primer consumer goods product using of plastic bag package made from polipropilen. Because size of the packaging hardly depend on tidy material types, hence it’s required an optimization design of size plastic bag that matching with material type ( bulk density) and tidy product weight. Applied simple mathematics algorithm, where volume value karung will be converted to bulk material weight, hence optimization oflengthe and wide karung matching with bulk density material filled in in packaging will be able to be determined. Using trial error method, value l ( wide) and p ( length) plastic bag,hence expected plastic bag will be able to load material as heavy m kilogram. For example, if we want to design plastic bag for packaging dry rice 20 kgs with bulk density 0,8 kg/litre, hence we obtained optimal size of karung with wide 43 cm and long 75 cm.

Planning ability in children with mild intellectual disability

Planning is considered one of the most complex cognitive abilities, which involves creating a mental representation of problems, evaluating several possible ways of solving them and their consequences. The aim of this paper is to determine the developmental level of planning ability in children with mild intellectual disability (MID). The sample consists of 93 children of both sexes, aged between 10 and 14. The average IQ level in the sample is about 60 (AS=60.45, SD=7.26), while minimum and maximum values are within the defined levels for the category of mild intellectual disability (50-70). Data on age and the level of the students' intellectual functioning were taken from the school records. Tower of London test was used in the assessment of planning abilities. By analyzing the results, it was determined that most children with MID use insufficiently efficient strategies in problem solving. Most of the participants (57%) are uncertain in solving problems (intermediary level). A quarter of the participants successfully use higher strategies, while 16.1% use perceptive strategy, i.e. trial-error method. Significant negative correlation was determined between the IQ and the number of ball movements, and the time needed to perform the task. The correlation between the IQ and the total number of solved problems is positive. The variability of success in solving problems is not significantly related to the age and gender of the participants.