Triadic Interactions Research Articles

On the kinetics of internal gravity waves beyond the hydrostatic regime

We present a new derivation of the kinetic equation for weak, non-hydrostatic internal gravity wave turbulence. The equation is equivalent to the one obtained by Caillol & Zeitlin (Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, vol. 32, issue 2, 2000, pp. 81–112), but it takes a canonical form. We show that it conserves the energy without involving the resonance condition in frequency, and look for the isotropic part of the steady, scale-invariant solutions. We provide a parametrization of the resonant manifold of non-hydrostatic internal gravity wave triadic interactions. This allows us to simplify the collision integral, and to evaluate the transfer coefficients of all triadic interactions. In the hydrostatic limit, our equation is equivalent to the Hamiltonian description of Lvov & Tabak (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 87, issue 16, 2001, 168501).

The social skills of autistic boys in preschool: the contributions of their dyadic and triadic interactions with their parents.

The interactions of typically developing (TD) children within the family context are associated with their social skills in preschool, and the question guiding this study, which focused on boys, was whether the same would be true for autistic children. A specific focus was on the importance of the boys' engagement in triadic, mother-father-child interactions over and above their engagement in dyadic, parent-child interactions. The boys' social skills were assessed concurrently with their family interactions and one year later. Seventy-five autistic preschooler boys (Age in months: M = 49.45, SD = 11.03) and both of their parents were recruited through treatment centers and social media. The boys' dyadic engagement was assessed from observations of their interactions with their mothers and fathers (separately), and their triadic engagement from an observation of mother-father-child interactions. The boys' social skills in preschool were assessed using a Q-sort completed by observers and teachers and by the Social Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRS) completed by teachers. Controlling for the severity of the boys' symptoms and IQ, their dyadic engagement was associated with the concurrent observer Q-sort and teacher-reported SRS measures, and their triadic engagement did not explain additional variance in these measures. Predicting over one year, dyadic engagement was associated again with the observer Q-sort and teacher SRS measures, while the boys' triadic engagement accounted for additional variance in these measures as well as the teacher Q-sort. Finally, boys' dyadic engagement predicted gains in social skills on the observer Q-sort, and their triadic engagement was predictive of gains in the observer and teacher Q-sort. The engagement that autistic preschool-age boys displayed in the context of their dyadic and triadic interactions with their parents appears to be transferred to the preschool setting, and triadic interactions are of particular significance.

Coexistence of multistable synchronous states in a three-oscillator system with higher-order interaction.

We study a three-oscillator system with pairwise (1-simplex) and triadic (2-simplex) interactions, and focus on how the interplay between these two types of interactions influences synchronous dynamics. Using a minimal model, dynamical phenomena in systems that have been previously studied under the thermodynamic limit (N→∞) are further clarified. Various synchronous states, including in-phase and antiphase synchronous states, as well as partial synchronous states are demonstrated. Meanwhile, significant multistable behaviors are revealed. Our work extends previous research on pairwise and triadic interactions, which can deepen our understanding of the impact of correlation between higher-order interaction and multistability. These dynamic phenomena bear resemblance to the diverse synchronization patterns of the heart, and they also serve as pivotal factors in information storage and memory retention within the brain.

Reshaping the Teacher-Student Relationship in Higher Education Through ChatGPT

The rapid progress in artificial intelligence, especially with advancements in generative AI such as ChatGPT within Natural Language Processing (NLP), has introduced both new opportunities and challenges for traditional teaching models and the teacher-student relationship in higher education. ChatGPT's advanced deep learning and NLP capabilities have overcome limitations inherent in conventional teacher-student interactions, such as one-way communication and geographical constraints, and have promoted the growth of personalized teaching. This innovation has fostered a learning environment where "Everyone can be a teacher, every place can be a classroom, and teaching can happen at any time". However, this technology also brings challenges, including greater reliance on technology, diminished emotional connections between teachers and students, and issues related to algorithmic transparency. This paper examines ChatGPT's application in higher education, analyzing its effects on evolving teaching and learning models and the transformation of teacher-student relationships. By employing the “teacher-student-AI” triadic interaction model, the study highlights the significance of human-machine collaboration. It aims to optimize AI's self-learning processes, enhance human-centered education, and advance intelligent education in a more efficient and empathetic direction, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for transforming teacher-student relationships and improving undergraduate education standards.

Gender Differences and Similarities in Reading Motivation from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory

The pertinent literature lacks a comprehensive theoretical framework to explain gender differences and similarities in reading motivation. Research on the role of gender in reading motivation has yielded inconclusive results with no consensus. Additionally, theoretical research to interpret the mixed results in reading motivation are scarce, especially from the perspective of social cognitive theory (SCT). This study aimed to clarify these mixed results by providing a theoretical explanation covering the broad range of gender differences and similarities in reading motivation from the SCT perspective. This analysis of the manifestation of gender roles through observational model learning and the triadic reciprocal interaction between personal, behavioural, and environmental processes provided new insights into the nuanced complexities of gender roles in reading motivation.

Infant sensorimotor decoupling from 4 to 9 months of age: Individual differences and contingencies with maternal actions

Triadic interactions, wherein infants coordinate attention between caregivers and objects of shared focus, are believed to facilitate infant learning, and emerge around 9–12 months of age (Carpenter et al., 1998). Sensorimotor decoupling, wherein infants look at one percept while manipulating another, or use each hand for different actions, was hypothesized (de Barbaro et al., 2016) to contribute to triadic skills by allowing infants to smoothly shift attention between objects and social partners. We explored the development of Hand-Hand (H-H) and Gaze-Hand (G-H) decoupling in 38 infants at 4, 6, and 9 months. We also tested contingencies between maternal behaviors and infant decoupling: i.e., whether decoupling events followed maternal object-directed actions. Both overall and contingent infant decoupling increased from 4 to 9 months. Decoupling rates (both G-H and H-H) predicted variance in infants' fine and gross motor scores. Contingent G-H decoupling at 6 months predicted BSID-III communication scores at 18 months. Thus the development of infant sensorimotor skills, including decoupling, allows infants to smoothly shift attention and participate in triadic interactions.

The Impact of Strategic Orientations on the Born Globals’ Export Performance: An Ambidexterity Approach

According to international entrepreneurship scholars, the success of Born Globals (BGs) depends on their capacity to develop an organizational ambidexterity perspective, i.e. a dual function of simultaneous knowledge exploration and exploitation. In this respect, it has been pointed out that ambidexterity can be associated with the ability to balance the development of different strategic orientations (SOs), namely, entrepreneurial orientation (EO), market orientation (MO), and learning orientation (LO). While several authors have investigated the impact of MO, EO and LO on BGs’ performance, the results of such research are often inconsistent. Based on the resource orchestration view, we assume that the combined – rather than the single – contribution of resources and capabilities provided by EO, MO, and LO, ultimately result in a superior export performance. Such an indicator is typically adopted to evaluate international performance, especially for micro and small companies. More specifically, the study aims to verify the significance of dyadic (namely, MO*EO, EO*LO, and MO*LO) and triadic (MO*EO* LO) interactions of the SO typologies on BGs’ export performance. Moreover, the paper aspires to verify if some of these interactions are more relevant than others. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 100 Italian hi-tech BGs located inside a technological cluster near Rome through a longitudinal analysis. Our findings show that all the investigated interactions positively and significantly impact on the BGs’ export performances, independently of the adopted measurement variable. However, a certain type of hierarchy emerges among the different impacts of the investigated interactions among the three SO typologies.

Numerical investigation of triadic interactions during wave propagation over a submerged bar using a fully nonlinear numerical wave tank

This study models wave propagation over a submerged trapezoidal bar problem with a Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) based on a two-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical wave tank (NWT). A Mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian technique is implemented, and the NWT is validated using the experimental results available from the existing literature. A numerical investigation is conducted on the individual wave harmonics as it propagates across the numerical wave tank over the submerged bar. The amplitude spectrum is obtained from the time histories of wave elevation across the tank at various locations over the trapezoidal bar and compared with the experimental results. The redistribution of the energy spectrum across the domain is recorded as the regular long wave propagates and undergoes deformations because of shoaling followed by de-shoaling. This phenomenon is investigated using a higher-order statistical analysis method viz. Bispectrum. The mechanics of the redistribution of energy among the harmonics is quantified through bispectrum analysis. Further, regular and irregular wave propagation over the submerged bar in the presence of the following and opposing currents is simulated. The effect of current is studied using the amplitude spectrum and the harmonic interaction for each case is compared using bispectrum analysis.

Navigating Central Oxytocin Transport: Known Realms and Uncharted Territories.

Complex mechanisms govern the transport and action of oxytocin (Oxt), a neuropeptide and hormone that mediates diverse physiologic processes. While Oxt exerts site-specific and rapid effects in the brain via axonal and somatodendritic release, volume transmission via CSF and the neurovascular interface can act as an additional mechanism to distribute Oxt signals across distant brain regions on a slower timescale. This review focuses on modes of Oxt transport and action in the CNS, with particular emphasis on the roles of perivascular spaces, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and circumventricular organs in coordinating the triadic interaction among circulating blood, CSF, and parenchyma. Perivascular spaces, critical conduits for CSF flow, play a pivotal role in Oxt diffusion and distribution within the CNS and reciprocally undergo Oxt-mediated structural and functional reconstruction. While the BBB modulates the movement of Oxt between systemic and cerebral circulation in a majority of brain regions, circumventricular organs without a functional BBB can allow for diffusion, monitoring, and feedback regulation of bloodborne peripheral signals such as Oxt. Recognition of these additional transport mechanisms provides enhanced insight into the systemic propagation and regulation of Oxt activity.

Triadic percolation induces dynamical topological patterns in higher-order networks.

Triadic interactions are higher-order interactions which occur when a set of nodes affects the interaction between two other nodes. Examples of triadic interactions are present in the brain when glia modulate the synaptic signals among neuron pairs or when interneuron axo-axonic synapses enable presynaptic inhibition and facilitation, and in ecosystems when one or more species can affect the interaction among two other species. On random graphs, triadic percolation has been recently shown to turn percolation into a fully fledged dynamical process in which the size of the giant component undergoes a route to chaos. However, in many real cases, triadic interactions are local and occur on spatially embedded networks. Here, we show that triadic interactions in spatial networks induce a very complex spatio-temporal modulation of the giant component which gives rise to triadic percolation patterns with significantly different topology. We classify the observed patterns (stripes, octopus, and small clusters) with topological data analysis and we assess their information content (entropy and complexity). Moreover, we illustrate the multistability of the dynamics of the triadic percolation patterns, and we provide a comprehensive phase diagram of the model. These results open new perspectives in percolation as they demonstrate that in presence of spatial triadic interactions, the giant component can acquire a time-varying topology. Hence, this work provides a theoretical framework that can be applied to model realistic scenarios in which the giant component is time dependent as in neuroscience.

Transborder Ethnic Ties and Repression of Ethnic Minorities

Transborder ethnic ties constitute an alignment between an ethnic minority group and its external ethnic kin in another country. Similar to interstate alliances, in which a powerful state extends its deterrent capability to protect its protégé state against another state, a powerful external kin can extend its deterrent capability to protect a minority group against the target government. I employ deterrence theory and develop a game-theoretical model to analyze the triadic strategic interaction between a government, a minority group, and this minority group’s external kin. I argue that a minority group can only be effectively protected by its external kin when the external kin possesses a credible and capable threat of using force. I test the predictions of my model with a newly developed dataset covering 20 minority groups and 5 powerful ethnic kin. The results show that a highly credible and capable threat by an external kin significantly decreases the likelihood of government repression in the form of active and targeted political discrimination. Specifically, previous economic support to the minority group by their militarily powerful external kin constitutes a strong signal of a credible military threat, contributing to general deterrence and diminishing the probability of repression. This research contributes to the literature by moving beyond the mostly invariant factors, such as geographical proximity or the nature of ties between the groups, to understand the effect of an external ethnic kin on a minority’s security.

Predicting the Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease Using Graph Frequency Bands and Functional Connectivity-Based Features.

Accurate prediction of the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for disease management. Machine learning techniques have demonstrated success in classifying AD and MCI cases, particularly with the use of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data.This study utilized three years of rs-fMRI data from the ADNI, involving 142 patients with stable MCI (sMCI) and 136 with progressive MCI (pMCI). Graph signal processing was applied to filter rs-fMRI data into low, middle, and high frequency bands. Connectivity-based features were derived from both filtered and unfiltered data, resulting in a comprehensive set of 100 features, including global graph metrics, minimum spanning tree (MST) metrics, triadic interaction metrics, hub tendency metrics, and the number of links. Feature selection was enhanced using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA). A support vector machine (SVM) with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel and a 10-fold cross-validation setup were employed for classification. The proposed approach demonstrated superior performance, achieving optimal accuracy with minimal feature utilization. When PSO selected five features, SVM exhibited accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity rates of 77%, 70%, and 83%, respectively. The identified features were as follows: (Mean of clustering coefficient, Mean of strength)/Radius/(Mean Eccentricity, and Modularity) from low/middle/high frequency bands of graph. The study highlights the efficacy of the proposed framework in identifying individuals at risk of AD development using a parsimonious feature set. This approach holds promise for advancing the precision of MCI to AD progression prediction, aiding in early diagnosis and intervention strategies.

Adult Children as Companions in Geriatric Consultations: An Interpersonal Perspective from China

ABSTRACT Despite the prevalence of accompanied medical visits all over the world, most literature on triadic medical communication shares an Anglo-American background; little is known about non-dyadic medical interactions in Asian societies such as China. This article explores triadic interactions in Chinese geriatric outpatient consultations, focusing on the interpersonal dynamics between doctors, older patients, and the adult children who accompany them throughout the consultation. From an interpersonal pragmatic approach, we conduct a conversation analysis of the transcription of 36 audio-recorded encounters. Our findings demonstrate three patterns of companions’ communicative actions during geriatric visits: enhancing rapport, mitigating face threats, and adding tension. These patterns reveal the multi-faceted nature of adult children’s participation in geriatric care, highlighting their capacity to simultaneously facilitate a positive interpersonal atmosphere and pose challenges to their older parents’ face. Delving into the nuanced mechanisms through which these patterns of engagement are triggered, warranted, and negotiated by all participants in the local contingencies, we further illuminate the institutional and cultural context that informs companions’ intervention. Our analysis demonstrates that the influence of Chinese familial values and institutional constraints in Chinese tertiary hospitals, including restricted time and limited privacy within the clinic room, have shaped the interpersonal dynamic in triadic geriatric care. Our research calls for the development of nuanced and targeted interventions and training for healthcare professionals and companions of older patients alike.

Triadic interaction in the background of a pairwise spin-glass.

Developing an equilibrium solution for a pairwise spin-glass with a quenched random infinite range shows a continuous phase transition. Models with p-spin interactions have been studied and the exact solution was provided that shows a continuous phase transition for p=2 and a first-order one for p>2. Although the p-spin interactions were studied individually without considering lower-order interactions, is it always feasible to ignore the lower ones? Here, we are interested in finding an analytical solution for considering a triadic interaction as a perturbation in the background of a pairwise interaction in the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin-glass model. Our results indicate a sudden phase transition as a consequence of considering triadic interactions that signal a switch from a continuous to an explosive phase transition.

Fundamental units of triadic interactions in Hall magnetohydrodynamic turbulence: How far can we go?

A systematic study has been carried out to obtain the fundamental units of triad interaction in Hall magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Instead of finding the elementary building blocks of nonunique mode-to-mode (M2M) transfer rates, we have investigated the fundamental units for uniquely defined combined transfers and convincingly showed that the mode-to-mode transfers can act as a practical base element for the same. In addition to the conventional field-specific mode-to-mode transfers, here we have introduced the idea of mode-specific transfers, which is found to be important for the turbulent cascade and the turbulent relaxed states. Whereas the Hall transfer is found to associate mode-to-mode transfers for mode-specific interactions (with a three-member basis), it presents a mixture of typical mode-to-mode (also with a three-member basis) and non-mode-to-mode (with a five-member basis) transfers for the field-specific interactions. The non-mode-to-mode transfers are shown to satisfy the triad conservation differently from the mode-to-mode transfers. However, they also possess an inherent non-uniqueness and hence cannot be determined unambiguously unlike the combined transfer rates.

Triad interactions investigated by dual wave component injection

The study of the exchange of momentum and energy between wave components of the turbulent velocity field, the so-called triad interactions, offers a unique way of visualizing and describing turbulence. Most often, this study has been carried out by direct numerical simulations or by power spectral measurements. Due to the complexity of the problem and the great range of velocity scales in high Reynolds number developed turbulence, direct measurements of the interaction between the individual wave components have been rare. In the present work, we present measurements and related computations of triad interactions between controlled wave components injected into an approximately laminar and uniform flow from an open wind tunnel by vortex shedding from two rods suspended into the flow. This results in two-dimensional interactions of three-dimensional turbulence, which makes the analysis of the triadic interactions considerably less complex to analyze than in a fully developed three-dimensional flow. With the information obtained from the computations, we are able to isolate the individual triad interactions contributing to the generated frequency components as the flow develops downstream as well as understanding, mapping out and predicting the strengths of these interactions. The analysis also provides the time constants governing the development of higher order frequency components. We are thus able to see the pattern of frequency combinations, the strengths of the individual mode combinations and the time sequence in which they occur. Any of the higher order combinations is not just the result of a single term in the Navier–Stokes Equation, but a combination of various previous combinations occurring with different strengths and in a varied pattern of generation. The combination of these experiments and computations thus provide unique insight into the inner workings of turbulence and shows how the nonlinear term in the Navier–Stokes equation on average forces the energy towards higher frequencies, which is the reason for the so-called energy cascade.

Alignments of triad phases in extreme one-dimensional Burgers flows.

We analyze the fine structure of nonlinear modal interactions in inviscid and viscous Burgers flows in 1D, which serve as toy models for the Euler and Navier-Stokes dynamics. This analysis is focused on preferential alignments characterizing the phases of Fourier modes participating in triadic interactions, which are key to determining the nature of energy fluxes between different scales. We develop diagnostic tools designed to probe the level of coherence among triadic interactions and apply them to Burgers flows corresponding to different initial conditions, including unimodal, extreme (in the sense of maximizing the growth of enstrophy in finite time), and generic. We find that in all cases triads involving energy-containing Fourier modes align their phases so as to maximize the energy flux toward small scales, and most of this flux is realized by only a handful of triads revealing a universal statistical distribution. We then identify individual triads making the largest contributions to the flux at different wave numbers and show that they represent a mixture of local and nonlocal interactions, with the latter becoming dominant at later times. These results point to the possibility of constructing a strongly reduced modal representation of Burgers flows that would require a much smaller number of degrees of freedom. Another interesting observation is that removing the spatial coherence from the extreme initial data (by randomizing the phases while retaining the magnitudes of the Fourier coefficients) does not profoundly change the nature of triadic interactions and synchronization as well as the resulting fluxes in these flows.

Latent profiles of dyadic parent–child interaction and associations with triadic family interaction in early childhood

AbstractObjectiveThis longitudinal study examined latent profiles of parent–child interaction and their associations with triadic family interaction.BackgroundA child's development is significantly influenced by early family relationships. Family systems theory emphasizes the interrelations between family subsystems, such as parent–child and parent–parent relationships, as well as the family as a whole. However, few studies have examined the relationship between each parent–child dyad and triadic family interaction.MethodFathers and mothers were separately videotaped interacting with their child (n = 120) at 4 and 18 months and assessed using the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment. Triadic family interaction was evaluated at 18 months using the Family Alliance Assessment Scale within a Lausanne Trilogue Play setting.ResultsFour latent profiles of parent–child interaction were identified. Dyadic interaction that was characterized by reciprocity, positive affect, and low negativity was associated with higher family coordination. However, interaction characterized by a lack of reciprocity, negativity, and dyadic tension was related to less coordinated triadic family interaction.ConclusionsWell‐functioning parent–child interaction contributes to higher‐quality triadic family interaction. In contrast, challenges in early father–child interaction, including emotional distance, a lack of positive paternal involvement, and limited mutual engagement, are linked to lower‐quality triadic family interaction.ImplicationsThis study highlights the importance of supporting early parent–child relationships to promote well‐functioning and coordinated triadic family interaction, and the inclusion of fathers in interventions aiming to improve family dynamics.

Making robots matter in dementia care: Conceptualising the triadic interaction between caregiver, resident and robot animal.

While previous research studies have focused on either caregivers' or residents' perception and use of social robots, this article offers an empirical and theoretical examination of joint activities in triadic human-robot interaction. The symptomatology of dementia creates an asymmetrical relation wherein the impetus to employ a robot often originates from the caregiver. Drawing on field work and video recorded interactions in dementia care homes, the article investigates how caregivers draw on embodied resources to involve residents and robot animals in interaction. The analysis demonstrates how caregivers promote commitment and encounter resistance with residents. We draw on the theory of sociomaterial interactionism to study situated interaction between bodies in a meaning-generating process. By re-conceptualising the theoretical notions of manipulation and recruitment, the article offers an approach for studying orientations that distinguish between reciprocity of agential objects. We show that caregivers usually distinguish between interactions with people and machines by anticipating a specific response from the robots (manipulation), while they invite participation in a broader sense from residents (recruitment). Social friction arises, however, if caregivers act upon the residents as embodied objects in manipulative ways.

Background TV and infant-family interactions: Insights from home observations.

Background television has been found to negatively impact children's language development and self-regulatory skills, possibly due to decreased parent-child interactions. Most of the research on the relationship between background TV and caregiver-child interactions has been conducted in laboratory settings. In the current study, we conducted home observations and investigated whether infants engage in fewer interactions with family members in homes where background TV is more prevalent. We observed 32 infants at the ages of 8, 10, and 18months in their home environments, coding for dyadic interactions (e.g., parent talking to and/or engaging with the child), triadic interactions (e.g., parent and infant play with a toy together), and infants' individual activities. Our findings revealed that background TV was negatively associated with the time infants spent in triadic interactions, positively associated with time spent engaging in individual activities, and not significantly related to the time spent in dyadic interactions. Apart from the relationship between background TV and individual activity time at 8months, these associations remained significant even after accounting for families' socioeconomic status. These findings imply a correlation between background TV exposure and caregiver-infant-object interactions, warranting a longitudinal analysis with larger sample sizes.