Triad Model Research Articles

Depression, post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19 in the general population and health-care workers: prevalence, relationship, and explicative model in Peru

BackgroundThis study has two aims. First, determine the fit of the fear model to COVID-19, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in the general population and health-care workers. Second, determine which model best explains the relationship between depression and the triad of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in both groups.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted using self-reported questionnaires for anxiety, fear of COVID-19, depression, and post-traumatic stress. Information was collected from adults living in Lima, the capital and the most populous city in Peru. The explanatory models were evaluated using a structural equation model.ResultsA total of 830 participants were included, including general population (n = 640) and health-care workers (n = 190). A high overall prevalence of depressive symptoms (16%), anxiety (11.7%), and post-traumatic stress (14.9%) were identified. A higher prevalence of depressive, anxious, or stress symptoms was identified in the general population (28.6%) compared to health-care workers (17.9%). The triad model of fear of COVID-19, anxiety, and stress presented adequate goodness-of-fit indices for both groups. A model was identified that manages to explain depressive symptoms in more than 70% of the general population and health-care workers, based on the variables of the triad (CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.06; SRMR = 0.06). In the general population post-traumatic stress mediated the relationship between anxiety and depression (β = 0.12; 95%CI = 0.06 to 0.18) which was significant, but the indirect effect of post-traumatic stress was not significant in health care workers (β = 0.03; 95%CI = − 0.11 to 0.19).LimitationsThe prevalence estimates relied on self-reported information. Other variables of interest, such as intolerance to uncertainty or income level, could not be evaluated.ConclusionsOur study proposes and tests one model that explains more than 70% of depressive symptoms. This explanatory model can be used in health contexts and populations to determine how emotional factors can affect depressive symptoms.

Creating a New Model of Care by Integrating Case Management Nurses in a Children's Hospital.

Nurse case managers (NCMs) have been identified as effective members of a care team in the development of effective and successful discharge plans. A pediatric hospital had an opportunity to change the model of case management (CM) in response to multiple initiatives. This article describes the process, barriers, and results of the integration of a new role into the care team. The role development and integration were done at a quaternary-level pediatric hospital. Introduction of the NCM role was accomplished through a multidisciplinary approach that employed continuous improvement, involvement of team and hospital leaders, and collaboration across multiple professions. The role was developed from one pilot to the eventual positioning of nine NCMs. Introduction of the new program resulted in a shift from a reactive dyad model of social worker-utilization management nurse to a proactive triad model of NCM-social worker-utilization management nurse. Success was measured by a decrease in the number of denials and an increase in the overturn of the denials received. Other results included the innovation of several processes that streamlined discharge planning and contributed to patient/family satisfaction. Creation of a new nurse-led CM triad team can be accomplished through multidisciplinary support and a focus on continuous improvement. Further collaboration on discharge planning standards and CM is indicated. Additional research focused on the impact of nurse-led pediatric discharge planning as it relates to readmission reduction and appropriateness of level of care and length of stay is also needed.

The influence of intellectual capital and innovations on the economic development of the world and national economy

We consider in the study that the existing economic model will inevitably be replaced by a new effective model of creative and competitive economic development. Technological innovations have caused the rapid growth of the world economy. As the result, production costs have been reduced and the profits of corporations in many sectors of the world economy have increased. Innovation is a factor of rise in Kondratiev cycles. Innovations give an impetus to increase the value added of a country’s economy. The article asserts that intellectual capital is the basis and is becoming an increasingly important component of national and world development. The article has investigated in which way innovation activities affect real GDP and has suggested the answer to the question on what stage of the Kondratiev cycles the world economy is. Innovation as an object of intellectual capital is introduced in the form of patents and other intellectual property. We have analyzed the relevant trends for 2004-2020. The research has determined that by 2030, a significant increase in the number of patent applications is expected. The article has examined the dependence of the world real GDP on the number of filed patent applications in the world by constructing trend lines. It has been found that the largest approximation with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.92 is a polynomial trend line, in which the dynamic growth with a small number of patent applications is inhibited by a sharp increase in their number. The research has defined that the phases of the cyber revolution correlate with Kondratiev waves. The modern phase is characterized by the rapid generation and dissemination of innovations. The article has examined the filing of patent applications in the top 20 countries around the world, among which the leading positions are occupied by China, the USA, and Japan. By constructing trend lines, the research has analyzed the dependence of Ukraine’s real GDP on the number of innovations and has shown that there is no such clear dependence. This indicates the raw material orientation of the Ukrainian economy. The article states that it is extremely important for Ukraine to make the transition from the triad model (with state-monopoly capitalism) to the national economic model, which corresponds to the approaches of the people’s capitalism.

The Male Athlete Triad-A Consensus Statement From the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Part 1: Definition and Scientific Basis.

The Male Athlete Triad is a syndrome of 3 interrelated conditions most common in adolescent and young adult male endurance and weight-class athletes and includes the clinically relevant outcomes of (1) energy deficiency/low energy availability (EA) with or without disordered eating/eating disorders, (2) functional hypothalamic hypogonadism, and (3) osteoporosis or low bone mineral density with or without bone stress injury (BSI). The causal role of low EA in the modulation of reproductive function and skeletal health in the male athlete reinforces the notion that skeletal health and reproductive outcomes are the primary clinical concerns. At present, the specific intermediate subclinical outcomes are less clearly defined in male athletes than those in female athletes and are represented as subtle alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and increased risk for BSI. The degree of energy deficiency/low EA associated with such alterations remains unclear. However, available data suggest a more severe energy deficiency/low EA state is needed to affect reproductive and skeletal health in the Male Athlete Triad than in the Female Athlete Triad. Additional research is needed to further clarify and quantify this association. The Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statements include evidence statements developed after a roundtable of experts held in conjunction with the American College of Sports Medicine 64th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, in 2017 and are in 2 parts-Part I: Definition and Scientific Basis and Part 2: The Male Athlete Triad: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Return-to-Play. In this first article, we discuss the scientific evidence to support the Male Athlete Triad model.

French leadership: exploring organizational leadership in French contexts

ABSTRACT Our paper offers an overview of French organizational leadership by looking at its power sources (inputs), consequences (outcomes), and a triad model. We found that having connections with powerful entities such as top management and the Grandes écoles is the main source of French leadership as these connections confer strong legitimacy, which is an important notion in the French leadership process. Hierarchical, honour-based, and ends-over-means styles of leadership are proposed as a triad model for French leadership. While French leadership focuses heavily on results as outcomes, French management can be either participative or closed, depending on the role of the leader. Enlightenment ideology since the time of the French Revolution may explain the overall characteristics of French leadership from a historical and cultural context. The overview of French leadership in our paper is developed from 31 in-depth interviews with mid- to high-level (ex-) managers who shared their perspectives and experience both as leaders and as followers.

How Sustainability Is Defined: An Analysis of 100 Theoretical Approximations

Sustainability processes are imperfect, hence there is a need to analyze their construction, evolution and deployment. To this end, a sample of one hundred sustainability constructs was taken, together with their conceptual approaches, in order to gauge their impact and to ascertain the dimensions to which they belong. A frequency count and categorization were carried out using Google, which saturated in seven dimensions: economic, social, environmental, legal, political, ethical and cultural. A higher-order association of these hierarchies was then proposed, establishing a triad model that indicated only the most representative combinations of dimensions resulting from the extraction of the most significant definitions. From these definitions and in accordance with their frequency of use in Google, it is inferred that the current concept of sustainability is based on the economic-social-ethical category. This highlights the distance between what, a priori, seems to implicitly allow any definition of sustainability and the existing reality.

The Dark Triad of Personality: Is Psychopathy a Good Predictor of Workplace Stress?

Background:Psychopathy as an antisocial characteristic of an individual is characterized by a lack of empathy, guilt, inability to control impulsive behavior, irresponsibility, irritability and aggressive behavior. Because of the traits that underlie this factor, we hypothesized that psychopaths would experience more stress in the work environment. Stress, in this article, is operationalized within Karasek’s model of stress which consider that contextual variables (excessive demands on work, lack of social support, and lack of control at work) are responsible for experiencing stress at the workplace. This kind of work context, according to our assumption, can affect psychopaths to have a weaker response to stressful situations.Objective:To determine the predictive power of psychopathy as a factor in the dark triad in order to explain the workplace stress.Methods:We conducted the study in one company on a sample of 235 respondents. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Dark Triad Questionnaire (SD27) and the Copenhagen Questionnaire for measuring cognitive, behavioral and somatic stress.Results:The mean age of the respondents was 39.04±10.27 years. Using standard regression analysis, we found that the dark triad model is the only significant one in explaining cognitive stress, and a significant predictor is psychopathy.Conclusion:In majority of previous studies, psychopathy has not been associated with stress, and the findings are important for future research that should shed light on the complex relationship between psychopathy and stress.

Exploring the Impact of Field-Based Supervision Practices in Teaching for Social Justice

The purpose of this study is to understand how field-based supervisory practices support preservice teachers’ conceptualizations of reflective practice, curriculum inquiry, and social justice-oriented pedagogies. Moving away from the more traditional supervisory triad model (e.g., preservice student--cooperating teacher--university supervisor), our qualitative investigation examined five supervisory practices: formal observation, Lesson Study, video debriefs/observations, guided observations, and participation in Intellectual Learning Communities (ILCs). Through a case study of two preservice teachers, this study highlights how these supervisory practices helped support preservice teachers’ notions of reflective practice and curriculum inquiry but did not deepen their notions of social justice and inclusivity.

Agency, identity, power: An agentive triad model for teacher action

Teacher action and change is a complex and nuanced phenomenon that has been theorized across diverse literature in terms of identity, agency, and power. Drawing on this literature, this article offers specific articulations of teacher identity as interpretive framework, power as legitimate action, and agency as moral coherence. We posit a model of teacher agency understood in the interplay of individual beliefs, values, and ideals with institutional roles, authority, and institutional action, producing (or not producing) authentic action. This model draws a distinction between agency and power, and highlights dynamics of equilibrium and discord that may emerge between who teachers are and what they do. The agentive triad model serves as a theoretical tool for guiding or supporting teacher growth and agentive action, and for understanding the dynamics between institutionally legitimized roles and teacher identities.

The self-concepts of people with Dark Triad traits tend to be weaker, less clearly defined, and more state-related

Researchers have examined overt social-behavioral manifestations of Dark Triad traits, while mostly ignoring the similarities in the covert self-concept of these individuals. Across two independent samples, we investigated aspects of an unstable self-concept in relation to the Dark Triad traits. In Study 1 (N = 298), we found that higher levels of the Dark Triad traits were related to a weaker sense of self, decreased trait-term usage, and greater state-term usage in a spontaneous self-concept task. In Study 2 (N = 262), we sought to obtain a more fine-grained understanding of these associations. In regression models, secondary psychopathy followed by vulnerable narcissism emerged as the only predictors of both a weaker sense of self and lower self-concept clarity, whereas the Leadership/Authority aspect of grandiose narcissism emerged as a significant predictor of a stronger sense of self and increased self-concept. These findings are discussed within the context of existing theory (i.e., the life strategy approach and the Vulnerable Dark Triad model).

Utilizing the Enrichment Triad Model in History Learning: a Conceptual Framework

Abstract: History learning brings students the ability to construct past events. History as the means to shape youth characteristics in understanding the nation. However, there are several identical issues found within the history learning process that relates to many factors. The enrichment Triad Model is a theoretical learning model that was initially framed for gifted students. It has been applied and tested into any level of grade and many subjects and students with average ability. The Enrichment Triad Model has several prominences that are suitable for history learning. It enhances students’ interests, curiosity, participation, and also learning outcomes. Enrichment Triad Model has three main types with varied activities to be applied upon history learning: General Exploratory Activities, General Training Activities, and Individual and Small Investigation of Real Problems. Unfortunately, many Indonesian educators and scholars have not recognized this model, referring to the scarcity of publication. Besides, several prior research was mainly conducted on the gifted program, not the regular ones. This article is a descriptive study that discussing how Enrichment Triad Model being implemented in history learning for regular programs and to solve the common issues with providing interest-based learning. There is a growing interest in research on how the Enrichment Triad Model may support the needs of pedagogical practice. Abstrak: Sejarah sebagai salah satu cara untuk membentuk karakter generasi muda dalam memahami bangsanya. Akan tetapi, ada banyak persoalan yang muncul dalam pembelajaran sejarah yang diakibatkan oleh berbagai factor. Enrichment Triad Model merupakan suatu model belajar yang adaptif yang pada awalnya diperuntukkan untuk peserta didik yang dianggap cerdas. Model ini telah diterapkan pada berbagai tingkat pendidikan dan berbagai mata pelajaran, dan juga peseta didik dengan kemampuan rata-rata. Enrichment Triad Model memiliki banyak keunggulan yang cocok untuk pembelajaran sejarah yang mampu meningkatkan ketertarikan, rasa ingin tahu, partisipasi, dan hasil belajar peserta didik. Enrichment Triad Model memiliki tiga tipe umum dengan berbagai aktivitas belajar yang dapat diterapkan dalam pembelajaran sejarah, antara lain General Exploratory Acntivities, General Training Activities, dan Individual and Small Investigation of Real Problems. Masing-masing tahap bersifat akomodatif dan fleksibel. Namun demikian, model ini tidak banyak dikenal para pendidik dan akademisi di Indonesia berdasarkan jumlah publikasi yang ada. Selain itu, penelitian yang dilakukan sebelumnya lebih banyak diterapkan untuk program kelas khusus ‘anak berbakat,’ dibandingkan kelas regular. Artikel ini merupakan deskriptif yang membahas bagaimana penerapan Enrichment Triad Model dalam pembelajaran sejarah untuk kelas regular dan mengatasi persoalan-persoalan yang lazim ditemui dengan menyediakan pembelajaran berbasis minat peserta didik. Saat ini, kajian tentang Enrichment Triad Model terus berkembang untuk mengatasi dan memenuhi kebutuhan dalam pelaksanaan pedagogis pendidikan.Â

Evolutionary benefits of personality traits when facing workplace bullying

Facing workplace bullying negatively affects physical and mental health, and consequently quality of life and well-being. Personality traits that can help an individual survive and reproduce entail more benefits than costs. Building on two evolutionary theories, Life History Theory and Costly Signaling Theory, this study aims to provide novel insights into how and why personality traits are associated with facing workplace bullying and health-related quality of life. A heterogeneous group of 324 employees in Sweden provided data on workplace bullying, perceived health-related quality of life, and personality traits, controlling for sex and age. We found that openness (HEXACO model) and Machiavellianism (Dark Triad model) served as moderators. Employees with high values of these traits experienced significantly less affected health-related quality of life when facing workplace bullying. Our results indicate evolutionary origins of the personality traits openness and Machiavellianism. A new finding is that possessing, exhibiting, and maintaining traits reflecting a more creative and competitive interpersonal style increases an employee's ability to survive aversive environments.

A comparative study of COVID-19 responses in South Korea and Japan: political nexus triad and policy responses

Korea and Japan, neighboring democratic countries in Northeast Asia, announced their first COVID-19 cases in January 2020 and witnessed similar patterns of disease spread but adopted different policy approaches to address the pandemic (agile and proactive approach versus cautious and restraint-based approach). Applying the political nexus triad model, this study analyzes and compares institutional contexts and governance structures of Korea and Japan, then examines the differences in policy responses of the two Asian countries. This study first reviews the state of COVID-19 and examines changes in the conventional president-led political nexus triad in Korea and the bureaucracy-led political nexus triad in Japan. Then, this study examines how the differences in institutional contexts and governance structures shaped policy responses and policy outcomes of the two countries in managing the COVID-19 crisis.Points for practitioners• Institutional and governance structure in a society are likely to affect policymaking processes as well as selection of policies among various policy alternatives. • Government officials often need to refer to government capacity as well as citizens’ voluntary participation in resolving wicked policy problems like COVID-19. • Policy decisions made by government officials affect policy outcomes while political environment and political leadership are equally important to policy effectiveness.

Basic Geometric Dispersion Theory of Decision Making Under Risk: Asymmetric Risk Relativity, New Predictions of Empirical Behaviors, and Risk Triad

Many studies have spotlighted significant applications of expected utility theory (EUT), cumulative prospect theory (CPT), and mean-variance in assessing risks. We illustrate that these models and their extensions are unable to predict risk behaviors accurately in out-of-sample empirical studies. EUT uses a nonlinear value (utility) function of consequences but is linear in probabilities, which has been criticized as its primary weakness. Although mean-variance is nonlinear in probabilities, it is symmetric, contradicts first-order stochastic dominance, and uses the same standard deviation for both risk aversion and risk proneness. In this paper, we explore a special case of geometric dispersion theory (GDT) that is simultaneously nonlinear in both consequences and probabilities. It complies with first-order stochastic dominance and is asymmetric to represent the mixed risk-averse and risk-prone behaviors of the decision makers. GDT is a triad model that uses expected value, risk-averse dispersion, and risk-prone dispersion. GDT uses only two parameters, z and zX; these constants remain the same regardless of the scale of risk problem. We compare GDT to several other risk dispersion models that are based on EUT and/or mean-variance, and identify verified risk paradoxes that contradict EUT, CPT, and mean-variance but are easily explainable by GDT. We demonstrate that GDT predicts out-of-sample empirical risk behaviors far more accurately than EUT, CPT, mean-variance, and other risk dispersion models. We also discuss the underlying assumptions, meanings, and perspectives of GDT and how it reflects risk relativity and risk triad. This paper covers basic GDT, which is a special case of general GDT of Malakooti [Malakooti (2020) Geometric dispersion theory of decision making under risk: Generalizing EUT, RDEU, & CPT with out-of-sample empirical studies. Working paper, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.].

Establishing a clinical psychology team within the orthognathic service: A triad model of orthodontic, maxillofacial and psychological care.

The importance of psychological support for orthognathic patients has taken an increasing precedence over recent years and is embedded in orthognathic commissioning guidelines. Furthermore, attention towards mental health-related conditions and their management is of prime importance and continues to be a key area of focus within healthcare settings. With this in mind, this paper aims to outline our experience of establishing a need for and subsequently securing funding to establish a clinical psychology service within an existing orthognathic service in the NHS. The information outlined may be of benefit to orthognathic teams seeking to secure such psychological support within their respective units.

Triad model: simulation - functional tensometry - information database in the assessment of the reliability of technological machines

The concept of a multidisciplinary approach to assessing the resource of individual components of the machine by combining database information based on simulation techniques and functional tensomethration is proposed. Simulations determine the reperative points of the tendometric sensors. The creation of a diagnostic model using basic concepts of information theory has allowed the development of a synergistic model for the recognition of the area of displacement of areas of uncertainty, which will ensure the identification of the defect (risk-denial). The formation of an electronic database of parametric data on the nature of loads as a diagnostic indicator of the change in the accuracy of pairing in machine systems is justified. Experimental studies were conducted on the model of the quick-capler. Hierarchical structuring of the machine to the level of mating parts with digital control of the criticality of the magnitude of external and internal loads ensures reliability control throughout the entire service life of the machine. When disposing of machines, this data allows you to obtain information about the residual resources of the elements for their reuse or the feasibility of restoration. This, in turn, will ensure the environmental friendliness and economy of the process.

BECOMING OF A DEMOCRACY POPULATION SYSTEM WITH PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION THE «CORPORATE STATE» IN E CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to investigate the main directions of the transition from the “oligarchic” system of government to democracy in the form of a «corporate state», where the founders are citizens-owners of national wealth, in the context of sustainable development, multiculturalism of the population and a variety of features of economic development of regions. The research methodology is a critical system analysis and a method of planning sustainable development of Ukraine, regions and territorial communities in the context of decentralization and a variety of forms of ownership. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the evaluative definitions of the basic concepts of the «corporate state», the oligarchic system, corruption consensus, the development of the triad model «CO-KNOWLEDGE»–»CO–POWER»–«CODEVELOPMENT» as a necessary condition for the transition to democracy and the principles of corporate management in the system of democracy applies to Ukraine. Conclusions. 1. It is proposed to adjust the strategic course of Ukraine – from the strategy of the economy of slow growth, on the principles of liberal ideology and «external» management, to the strategy of sustainable development and planning of the economy of the future based on the theory of convergence of «socialism and capitalism». 2. Describes anatriadic model of the formation of civil society, sustainable co-development and corporate co-management. 3. The transition from an oligarchic system of state development, which is based on a «corruption consensus» and a shadow economy, to a system of democracy in the form of a «corporate state» and public-private partnership according to the triad model «business – territorial community – power» is justified, which will allow the requirements of Articles 5 and 13 of the Constitution of Ukraine in terms of the people’s ownership of national wealth and the source of power [1]. Key words: deoligarchization, corruption consensus, sustainable development, «co-knowledge», «co-power», «co-development», «corporate state», trust management, delegation of powers from the bottom up, interconnected territorial clusters, basic income.

The fidelity of exponential and IMEX integrators for wave turbulence: Introduction of a new near-minimax integrating factor scheme

Exponential and IMEX integrators are considered for wave turbulence problems, which are stiff systems that often require long-time simulations. Applying a multi-scale asymptotic analysis to the difference equations for a simple wave turbulence problem reveals that Exponential Runge-Kutta methods incorrectly model interactions between resonant waves unless they are specifically designed otherwise, and IMplicit-EXplicit (IMEX) integrators introduce dispersive and dissipative errors that severely degrade the accuracy of slow energy exchange between resonant waves. The same analysis shows Integrating Factor (IF) methods to be the most suitable. Numerical experiments performed on the resonant triad model and the Majda-McLaughlin-Tabak (MMT) model verify the discrete-asymptotic analysis. In the MMT problem, Exponential Time Differencing methods require a time step more than two orders of magnitude smaller than IF methods to achieve comparable accuracy, and IMEX methods require more than six orders of magnitude smaller time steps. A novel near-minimax rational approximation of the matrix exponential is proposed to be used for integrating factor methods, and is demonstrated to be as accurate as the IF method but without the need to compute a matrix exponential.

The Active Recovery Triad Model: A New Approach in Dutch Long-Term Mental Health Care.

Unlike developments in short-term clinical and community care, the recovery movement has not yet gained foothold in long-term mental health services. In the Netherlands, approximately 21,000 people are dependent on long-term mental health care and support. To date, these people have benefited little from recovery-oriented care, rather traditional problem-oriented care has remained the dominant approach. Based on the view that recovery is within reach, also for people with complex needs, a new care model for long-term mental health care was developed, the active recovery triad (ART) model. In a period of 2.5 years, several meetings with a large group of stakeholders in the field of Dutch long-term mental health care took place in order to develop the ART model. Stakeholders involved in the development process were mental health workers, policy advisors, managers, directors, researchers, peer workers, and family representatives. The ART model combines an active role for professionals, service users, and significant others, with focus on recovery and cooperation between service users, family, and professionals in the triad. The principles of ART are translated into seven crucial steps in care and a model fidelity scale in order to provide practical guidelines for teams implementing the ART model in practice. The ART model provides guidance for tailored recovery-oriented care and support to this “low-volume high-need” group of service users in long-term mental health care, aiming to alter their perspective and take steps in the recovery process. Further research should investigate the effects of the ART model on quality of care, recovery, and autonomy of service users and cooperation in the triad.

Novel Ergonomic Triad Model to Calculate a Sustainable Work Index for the Manufacturing Industry

The human factor is becoming increasingly relevant for its role in industrial development; therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the machine–man–environment system in an integrated and not isolated way, as is commonly done, for evaluating the sustainability performance of manufacturing practices. For this reason, in this paper, an ergonomic triad model is proposed for calculating a novel Sustainable Work Index, (SWI), made up of the factors: human work, workstation design, organizational environment and sustainable environmental conditions. The methodology consists of defining the productive time, interviewing the workers, taking anthropometric measurements, assessing the environmental conditions, obtaining the indicators for each factor, calculating the index and interpreting the results to define improvement actions. The model was applied to a manufacturing industry obtaining a regular status with an index of 63.6%. Improvement actions were implemented, and it was possible to increase the index to 73.9%, which represents a good commitment of the company towards occupational health. The development of the new triad model to calculate the SWI will allow industries to visualize indicators of the interaction of the ergonomic triad, identify its current condition and propose actions to physically, organizationally and environmentally improve human well-being and system performance.