Components Of Triad Research Articles

The unidimensionality of evil: A rating scale analysis of the short dark triad

Although only moderately correlated, Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and subclinical narcissism can overlap to a higher degree in the case of brief measures. To reconcile shortness and unidimensionality, such inventories might emphasize less specific and more general components in their trait scale compositions. In the current study, we combined confirmatory factor analysis and the unidimensional Rating Scale model to investigate the salience of a general factor in the Short Dark Triad (SD3; Jones & Paulhus, 2014). Participants were 1965 community adults, with ages ranging from 18 to 72 years (M = 25.50, SD = 9.04). The results revealed that the true score variance contained in the SD3 scales is mostly due to a common dark triad component, whereas the coverage of content that is unique to each factor is relatively small. Although a substantive interpretation is presented regarding this single latent continuum underlying the SD3 items, future studies should attempt to test how sound this general factor is once the variation due to social desirability is controlled for. The issues of personality “nuances” and multidimensionality are also discussed.

Parameters Of The Athlete Triad In Male Ncaa Division I Athletes

Male athletes are at risk of developing a condition similar to the female athlete triad that is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), low energy availability (EA), and reduced reproductive hormones. However, the triad has not been well studied in males. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess BMD and EA in male NCAA division I athletes participating in leanness emphasized sports (cross country and wrestling) and non-leanness sports (soccer and basketball). We hypothesized that EA and BMD would be lower in XC and wrestling compared to soccer and basketball and EA would be positively correlated with BMD. METHODS: Participants included 27 NCAA division I male athletes (20.3 ± 0.3 yr) participating in soccer (n = 5) or cross country (XC, n = 7), wrestling (n = 10), or basketball (n = 5). Following a 12 hr fast and abstinence from physical activity, a resting metabolic rate test, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan, and 24-hour food intake recall was performed during an early morning testing session. Two unannounced follow-up food intake recalls were performed over the phone and used to determine mean daily energy intake. Activity energy expenditure was assessed using an Actigraph accelerometer for 7d. Low EA was defined: [(energy intake – activity energy expenditure) /fat free mass (kg)] ≤ 20 kcal/kg. RESULTS: XC had lower BMI, fat free mass, total, lumbar spine, and dual femur BMD (g/cm2) compared to soccer, wrestling, and basketball. XC athletes also had lower total BMD, lumbar spine, and dual femur Z-scores compared to wrestling and basketball, but not soccer. XC had significantly greater EA than basketball. CONCLUSIONS: In support of our hypothesis, BMD was lower in athletes participating in XC, a leanness sport, compared to all other sports. Surprisingly, EA was highest in XC and negatively correlated with BMD. These data suggest the interrelationship between components of the athlete triad is complex and low EA may not be the primary cause of low BMD in male athletes.

The Dark Triad and Sexual Assertiveness Predict Sexual Coercion Differently in Men and Women.

Sexual coercion is a global problem that has been studied widely with regard to various characteristics of the perpetrators. The Dark Triad of personality (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and primary and secondary psychopathy) has been indicated as an important predictor of coercive cognitions and behaviors. In this study, we report findings of an online study (N = 208), exploring the relationship between sexual coercion, the Dark Triad, and sexual assertiveness (i.e., strategies for achieving sexual autonomy). We found that the Dark Triad was a stronger predictor of sexual coercion in men than in women. In men, all the Dark Triad components were significantly, positively correlated with sexual coercion, and narcissism and Machiavellianism had significant, negative correlations with sexual assertiveness. In women, only narcissism had a significant, positive correlation with sexual coercion, and the Dark Triad traits were not correlated with sexual assertiveness. In regression analyses, controlling for shared variance between the predictor variables, high secondary psychopathy, and low sexual assertiveness emerged as significant predictors of coercion in men. Only narcissism was a significant positive predictor in women. We discuss the results with a reference to evolutionary Life History theory.

Exploring Health Demographics of Female Collegiate Rowers.

Limited information exists about health patterns among female rowers at the collegiate level. Furthermore, the element of weight class (lightweights classified as <130 lb [59 kg]) as a factor in the physical and mental health of female collegiate athletes has not been investigated, despite weight requirements in sport being a risk factor for the female athlete triad. To test the hypotheses that (1) components of the female athlete triad were more prevalent in lightweight than in openweight rowers; (2) perceived stress levels were greater in lightweight than in openweight rowers; and (3) rowers who were unable to row due to injury had greater perceived stress levels than uninjured athletes. Cross-sectional study. Twelve collegiate women's rowing programs consisting of 6 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I openweight and 6 Intercollegiate Rowing Association-level lightweight teams. A total of 158 female collegiate rowers (78 lightweight, 80 openweight). An electronic survey addressing injury history, diet and eating habits and body image (according to the triad screening questionnaire), stress levels (Perceived Stress Scale), and athlete identity (Athlete Identity Measurement Scale) was administered. Lightweight rowers reported limiting or carefully controlling foods more frequently than openweight rowers (41.9% to 29.9%, P = .013). A history of an eating disorder was more prevalent among lightweight than openweight rowers (25.7% to 13.0%, P = .048). Prevalences of stress fractures and menstrual irregularities did not differ between weight classes. Lightweight and openweight rowers' scores on the Perceived Stress Scale (16.0 ± 9.9 and 17.3 ± 6.4, respectively) were not different. Injured rowers scored higher on the Perceived Stress Scale (19.4 ± 7.2) than did uninjured rowers (16.6 ± 5.72). Weight class did not contribute to differences in the prevalence of female athlete triad components or perceived stress, although lightweight rowers were more likely to have a history of eating disorder. Injury may be a risk factor for increased stress in this population.

SAT-333 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 in a Patient with Bipolar Disorder

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1) is clinically defined as the presence of at least two components of the classic triad of hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and mucocutaneous candidiasis. It is commonly seen amongst Finns, Sardinians and Iranian Jews and is a very rare condition, with a challenging set of management.50-year old female with a known past medical history of Bipolar disorder, Primary Adrenal Insufficiency, Hypothyroidism, Alopecia was transferred from an acute psychiatric facility for medical clearance. Patient was noted to have findings initially suggestive of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on a CT scan of the Head which was later deemed to be likely dystrophic calcification. During her stay on the medical floors, patient was found to be unresponsive and hypotensive, after a bout of agitation. She had to be urgently intubated and started on stress doses of steroids (Hydrocortisone 100 mg every 8 hours) and was upgraded to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Patient was eventually successfully weaned off the ventilator and steroid doses were slowly tapered. During her hospital course she was noted to have gradually decreasing Calcium levels, down to a corrected Calcium level of 7.6. Further workup for the hypocalcemia revealed a Vitamin D Level of 12, and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) level of 0. Patient was subsequently started on adequate Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation for the same. After a few days when the family was located and contacted through social work support, and a more thorough history was obtained, it was found that one out of the patient’s three sisters had a similar constellation of deficiencies. Patient had previously been diagnosed with a polyendocrine syndrome, however she was irregular with her medication compliance and follow-up outpatient with her endocrinologist due to her persistent psychiatric issues and poor social support.APS-1 is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in AIRE, the autoimmune regulator gene which is hypothesized to be playing an important role in the generation of regulatory T cells. Although the complete pathogenesis is unclear, mutation in generation of these regulatory cells leads to autoantibody formation. Hypoparathyroidism or Chronic persistent Mucocutaneous Candidiasis is usually the first manifestation seen during adolescence and adrenal insufficiency usually manifests later. A variation of other autoimmune syndromes can be observed, with Hypothyroidism, Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus and Primary Hypogonadism being a few of them. Treatment primarily involves replenishment of the hormones of the underperforming gland. Management of a complex syndrome like APS-1 in a patient with psychiatric disabilities can be challenging and needs a multi-disciplinary approach involving the endocrinologist, the primary care physician and the psychiatrist.

Non-coding RNAs in neuropathic pain.

Neuro-immune alterations in the peripheral and central nervous system play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic pain in general, and members of the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) family, specifically the short, 22 nucleotide microRNAs (miRNAs) and the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as master switches orchestrating both immune as well as neuronal processes. Several chronic disorders reveal unique ncRNA expression signatures, which recently generated big hopes for new perspectives for the development of diagnostic applications. lncRNAs may offer perspectives as candidates indicative of neuropathic pain in liquid biopsies. Numerous studies have provided novel mechanistic insight into the role of miRNAs in the molecular sequelae involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain along the entire pain pathway. Specific processes within neurons, immune cells, and glia as the cellular components of the neuropathic pain triad and the communication paths between them are controlled by specific miRNAs. Therefore, nucleotide sequences mimicking or antagonizing miRNA actions can provide novel therapeutic strategies for pain treatment, provided their human homologues serve the same or similar functions. Increasing evidence also sheds light on the function of lncRNAs, which converge so far mainly on purinergic signalling pathways both in neurons and glia, and possibly even other ncRNA species that have not been explored so far.

Consideraciones sobre la tríada letal para predecir mortalidad en pacientes con trauma mayor

Introducción: el trauma se considera un problema de salud pública, siendo la mortalidad el principal indicador de su magnitud. La detección de los componentes de la triada letal tienen relevancia clínica en la mortalidad de quienes padecen un trauma grave (ISS&gt; 16 puntos). Objetivo: determinar las características operativas de la tríada letal en pacientes que ingresaron de enero 2012 a diciembre 2017 al servicio de urgencias de los Hospitales de San José e Infantil Universitario de San José de Bogotá con diagnóstico de trauma grave, para predecir mortalidad. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles para pruebas diagnósticas en este período con el fin de evaluar la mortalidad en los pacientes con trauma grave definido por una escala validada internacionalmente INJURY SEVERITY SCORE en este caso mayor de 16 puntos. Resultados: se incluyeron 500 casos; las características predominantes fueron trauma craneoencefálico en 74% de pacientes fallecidos y 43.8% de los egresados vivos, hipotermia (&lt;36°C) evidenciada en 98,2% de los casos que egresaron vivos (controles) y en 96% de fallecidos (casos) y acidosis con 2,7% de los que sobrevivieron y 68% de los fallecidos. Esta triada letal presentó una sensibilidad de 0.02 y especificidad de 1, cuyos valores predictivos negativos fueron de 1 y 0.90. Conclusión: la sensibilidad de la triada letal en el estudio fue menor a la reportada en la literatura y la especificidad mayor con valores predictivos altos, considerándose así no determinante en la mortalidad de los pacientes con trauma severo.

Disordered Eating and Eating Disorders in Adolescent Athletes

CONTEXTTo summarize available literature to date and discuss the importance of Disordered Eating (DE) in adolescent athletes, with special attention to the female athlete triad. In this paper, the authors will review the literature regarding adolescent athletes who intentionally engage in abnormal eating behaviors and focus on adolescent athletes of all training levels who may be affected by both DE and eating disorders (ED).METHODSIn 2019, the authors completed a systematic literature search on PubMed using the search term variations of “Feeding and Eating Disorders” and “athletes” with “high school.”RESULTSA total of 20 pertinent articles were identified concerning DE in adolescent athletes. ED have been shown to impose higher rates of comorbidity than other psychological disorders and only a small number of individuals with ED seek treatment. ED tend to be more prevalent in adolescent elite athletes than non-athletes of both genders in all sports and levels of competition.CONCLUSIONSMore rigorous tools for family practice physicians, nurses, and coaches to use when working with at-risk adolescent athletes are needed to identify DE behaviors. Healthcare and school professionals need to be educated and trained to detect DE and the components of the female athlete triad. Additional research with adolescent males or those associating with alternative gender roles is also required to help them prevent physical and mental health consequences associated with DE.

Granulomatosis with polyangitis - a case report with unique liver function de-arrangement and treatment review

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a potentially lethal systemic disorder that is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis of small arteries and veins. The respiratory system is most commonly affected in limited forms of the disease, however upper and lower respiratory system, systemic vasculitis, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis are the characteristic components of the disease triad. We present a case in a young male adult patient presenting with symptoms of sinusitis, joint pains, fever with detection of lung lesions in initial chest x ray and CT scan and liver involvement on further investigations and pathological confirmation by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity and nasal ulcers. After treatment with corticosteroid and IV Rituximab, the lung findings were entirely resolved with improvement in liver functions.

Emergent Sign-Action

We explore Peirce’s pragmatic conception of sign action, as a distributed and emergent view of cognition and exemplify with the emergence of classical ballet. In our approach, semiosis is a temporally distributed process in which a regular tendency towards certain future outcomes emerges out of a history of sign actions. Semiosis self-organizes in time, in a process that continuously entails the production of more signs. Emergence is a ubiquitous condition in this process: the translation of signs into signs cannot be inferred from the properties of the components of a semiotic triad alone, but has to take into account a complex interaction between a micro-semiotic and macro-semiotic level of description. This interaction can be understood as an interplay of potentialities and tendencies, or upward constitutive determinative relations and downward selective determinative relations. According to this view, emergence is a central defining condition of processes of meaning. Ballet is a sign in action. The emergence of classical ballet is a self-regulatory process, in which a system of different kinds of cognitive artifacts (musical, bodily/motor, spatial/architectonic) and agents obtained a stable semiotic relation throughout many phases of development between the 16th and the 19th Century. One case is the development of the verticality of dance in classical ballet as a semiotic relation connecting proscenium arch stages, dancing bodies, and audiences. This development is micro-semiotically determined by the spatial constraints of the proscenium arch stage, and macro-semiotically determined by a historical construction of the dancing body as a sign within a network of semiotic chains, such as the intersemiotic regulation of body of the dancer by principles coming from painting. This is not only the emergence of actual meaning, but also the emergence of an open-ended field of potential and general meanings, an autonomous tendency of development. To say that ballet, as sign action, emerges, is to say that cognitive artifacts such as dancer’s bodies, stages and audience’s point of view, musical compositions, costumes, all sorts of supporting institutions, etc, constitute a niche for sign action, interacting according to tendencies of development that didn’t exist before.

Revenge among Parents Who Have Broken up Their Relationship through Family Law Courts: Its Dimensions and Measurement Proposal

This work analyzes inter-parental revenge after a breakup process, as it relates to the dark triad of personality, moral disengagement, and sex role ideology. Our objective was to test a predictive model for revenge based on these variables. Additionally, a scale to measure revenge among parents was developed. A sample of 384 participants who had minor children, had broken up their relationship, and had undergone or were undergoing problematic judicial procedures regarding their children completed a survey. They answered to measures of the dark triad of personality (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy); moral disengagement strategies; sex role ideology, and revenge. An instrument (the R scale), with adequate reliability and validity was developed to test revenge. Results show that revenge behaviors are perpetrated by 1 to 5% of participants. Revenge has three components: revenge through the child, revenge through economic manipulation, and revenge by cutting off communication. Results also show that for males, but not for females, sex role ideology mediates the relationship between the components of the dark triad, moral disengagement, and revenge. This paper aims at providing some insight for the protection of minors from manipulation by means of the Family Courts.

Energy deficiency, menstrual disorders and low bone mineral density in female athletes: a systematic review

Low energy availability (LEA) may lead to menstrual disorders and low bone mineral density, predisposing to the female athlete triad. The primary aim of the present review was to systematically investigate the impact of chronic strenuous exercise on the energy status of professional female athletes compared to sedentary, recreationally active controls as concerns their menstrual status and bone mineral density (BMD). A secondary aim was evaluation of the combined prevalence of the components of the female athlete triad in athletes as compared to non-athletes. A systematic review was conducted from 2007 to February 2018. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the studies were established in advance of the literature search according to the clinical inquiry and the study design. Four studies were included in this systematic review. The female athlete triad was more prevalent in professional athletes compared to non-athletes. The same results were obtained for both LEA and menstrual disorders. However, BMD and Z-scores showed high heterogeneity among the studies. Both female athletes and non-athletes are prone to LEA and subsequent menstrual disorders and low BMD or osteoporosis. Future studies are needed to examine energy availability in elite female athletes as well as in non-athletes.

Composition of Engineering Drawing through Communication Skills and Social/Material Interactions from the Semiotic Aspect

The report analyses how to better proceed from general discussion on graphic literacy in engineering education, through communication between the triad components: concept (problem, engineering idea, existing object), teacher and student, from the semiotic point of view, using Peirce’s triadic model whose the basic claim is that signs consist of three inter-related parts: object, interpretant and represent. A pedagogical model is presented in the form of a triad, where problem solving is focused on form: object-problem identification or existing product; interpretant-teacher and interpretant-student who form teacher concept (TC) and teacher representation (TR), and student concept (SC) and student representation, i.e. engineering drawing (SD). At all stages of the learning process the teacher must rely on interpreting students’ representations as the evidence of their understanding. Successful application of representational images (engineering drawings) is not a simple task; it is something that must be trained and used in professional practice, as manufacturing of real products is based on engineering drawings.

Bovine respiratory disease modeling

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex involves the classic components of the disease triad: host factors, pathogen factors, and environmental factors. The multiple components included in each of these categories have the potential to overwhelm the immune system of cattle and become recognized as “the cause” of the disease. However, it is the net effect of multiple factors that comprise a final result that we recognize as “disease” (BRD). This presentation discusses how these interrelated factors can be managed in the development of disease models to assess the efficacy of product. Mitigating or managing the sources of animal to animal variation creates more robust and dependable models, but also creates populations that may be different than the population for which we are evaluating an intervention.

Multiple Nail Candidosis in a Child with APECED Syndrome

The APECED syndrome (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy, candidosis, ectodermal dystrophy) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that develops in early childhood and results in tissue-specific multiorgan autoimmunity, leading to the hypofunction of multiple glands. Is clinically defined as the presence of at least two components of the classic triad of hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and mucocutaneous candidiasis. We report a case in a child, illustrating the importance of dermatological disorders.

Drive for Thinness Predicts Musculoskeletal Injuries in Division II NCAA Female Athletes.

The female athlete triad is the interrelation of low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. Previously, the components of the female athlete triad have been linked to bone stress injuries. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between drive for thinness, a proxy indicator of low energy availability, and musculoskeletal injuries. Fifty-seven female athletes, from an NCAA Division II college, were followed throughout their respective sport season for musculoskeletal injuries. Women were grouped based on a median split of the drive for thinness score (high drive for thinness (DT) vs. low DT). At the end of each sport season, injury data were compiled using an electronic medical record database. Forty-seven of the 57 women (82%) incurred 90 musculoskeletal injuries. The most prevalent injuries included: Low back pain/spasm/strain (n = 12), followed by shin splints/medial tibial stress syndrome (n = 9), general knee pain (n = 7), quadriceps strain (n = 6), and knee sprain (anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament sprains; n = 5). The number of in-season injuries in the High DT group (2.0 ± 0.3) was significantly higher than the Low DT group (1.2 ± 0.2, p = 0.026). A high drive for thinness is associated with an increased number of injuries during the competitive season.

Sam Mannan's safety triad, a framework for risk assessment

Late Dr. Sam Mannan promoted in his last year the concept of the Safety Triad as a basis for effective process safety. As he mentioned himself, nobody will be surprised that this triad consists of Prevention, Mitigation, and Response. If everything were perfect an accident would not occur, but in hindsight after an accident experience teaches that at least one of these pillars of the triad is missing or defective. Also, given the recent hurricane Harvey experience in the Houston region, socio-technical associated hazard threats emerge not only from inside a plant but can be external: NaTech or technological accidental occurrences evoked by natural forceful events.Hence to be acceptably safe, the robustness and reliability of the triad components must be well designed, and their performance over time must be periodically verified. This objective supposes a risk-based approach both for design and for reliable operation. However, risk assessment itself is fallible. Over the years it has been shown that there are many limitations, but fortunately during the last few years we have seen an advent of new approaches, methods, and techniques to perform a more realistic scenario definition of what can go wrong, enabling to cope with uncertainties in models and parameter values, to analyze the risk dynamics of situations, such as reliability and availability degradation, but also process risk evolving in continuous processes. In all this, not only the technical aspects but also the associated human and organizational factors must be included. The latter dominate the scene in many situations. Last but not least is the concept of resilience in case risks are overlooked due to lack of knowledge or even to the notorious "black swan" incidents. Preparing for unexpected events should provide not only error tolerant design but early warning agility, capability to improvise, and means to recover operations. It is business continuity that will be at stake!The paper will elaborate both the triad and Sam Mannan’s view on risk assessment.

Increased Female Athlete Triad Knowledge Following a Brief Video Educational Intervention

To assess female high school athletes’ changes in Female Athlete Triad (Triad) knowledge following a brief educational intervention.Triad knowledge questionnaires were completed by female high school athletes before and after either an educational video intervention or control group activities.Four high schools in the Pacific Northwest.Ninety-three female high school athletes (15.9±1.2 years) participating in basketball, cheerleading, track & field, softball, soccer, golf, tennis, and volleyball.The 10-minute Social Cognitive Theory-based educational video highlighted Triad etiology, progression, impact on sports performance, and fueling strategies to decrease Triad risk.Triad knowledge score out of 7; proportion of participants who correctly answered each question.Mann-Whitney U tests assessed differences in pre and post intervention Triad knowledge scores between the control and intervention group. The McNemar test compared the proportion of participants (intervention group) who correctly answered individual Triad knowledge questions pre vs. post-intervention.Participants in the intervention group achieved greater increases in Triad knowledge following the intervention, than did control participants (P<0.001). For each Triad question, improvements in the proportion of participants (intervention group) who answered correctly was observed (P<0.05).The Triad educational video was an effective and timeefficient method for increasing Triad knowledge among female high school athletes.

Tek Maddeli Narsisizm Ölçeği’nin Kısıtları ve Eleştirileri

Narcissism has recently been widely studied in the various subfields of psychology and in organizational behavior research. Narcissism is a structure that is studied under different classifications and related to this with various dimensions. In this context, it is examined at level of personality disorder or pathological narcissism in clinical research and at the subclinical level in social psychology and organizational psychology research. In addition, there are classifications of vulnerable, grandiose, normal, hypersensitive, collective narcissism. Within each classification, different aspects of narcissism are examined. Therefore, it is difficult to measure narcissism with a single item. In this study, it is aimed to obtain further findings on the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T) which was developed by Konrath, Meier, & Bushman (2014), and adapted into Turkish culture by Ozsoy et al. (2017). In this direction, psychometric properties of SINS-T were investigated in two separate studies (study 1 n = 349, study 2, n = 236, Total N = 585). In study 1, with Dark Triad components (i.e., narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) on sample group of academicians; In the study 2, with five factor personality traits and NPI-16, on a heterogeneous employee group, the psychometric properties of SINS-T has been examined. With those variables the convergent and discriminant validity of SINS-T (with nomological networks and multi-method multi-method approach) were examined. In both studies, the score of SINS-T of men was higher than women. In both studies, the psychometric properties of SINS-T met the expectations of validity at a certain level. However, based on the limitations of single item scales, narcissism-specific constraints and the limitations of current research, it thought that SINS-T should not be considered as a competitor to current narcissi scales but it can be used as an alternative scale. In the discussion section, the findings of the study were interpreted and the limitations and criticisms of the study and SINS-T were emphasized. Key words: Narcissism, Single Item Narcissism Scale, Psychometric Properties, Limitations, Criticisms

Vertical Alveolar Augmentation Using BMP-2/ACS/Allograft with Printed Titanium Shells to Establish an Early Vascular Scaffold.

Traditional reconstruction of major alveolar ridge deficiency has required autogenous cortical cancellous particulate bone grafts, often augmented with particulate allogeneic components. Now there is a new concept to consider, that of orthoalveolar form. This paradigm shift involves components of the tissue engineering triad of inductive growth factors combined with a matrix and stem cells, together with osteotomies or devices designed for space maintenance. Reported here is early experience with computer technology used to redesign deficient alveolar ridges deriving ideal alveolar-shaped bone-forms made from powdered titanium, sintered by laser at high temperature using rapid prototype technology.