Trithiocyanuric Acid Research Articles

Green and Mild Fabrication of Magnetic Poly(trithiocyanuric acid) Polymers for Rapid and Selective Separation of Mercury(II) Ions in Aqueous Samples

The removal and detection of highly toxic mercury(II) ions (Hg2+) in water used daily is essential for human health and monitoring environmental pollution. Efficient porous organic polymers (POPs) can provide a strong adsorption capacity toward heavy metal ions, although the complex synthetic process and inconvenient phase separation steps limit their application. Hence, a combination of POPs and magnetic nanomaterials was proposed and a new magnetic porous organic polymer adsorbent was fabricated by a green and mild redox reaction in the aqueous phase with trithiocyanuric acid (TA) and its sodium salts acting as reductive monomers and iodine acting as an oxidant. In the preparation steps, no additional harmful organic solvent is required and the byproducts of sodium iodine are generally considered to be non-toxic. The resulting magnetic poly(trithiocyanuric acid) polymers (MPTAPs) are highly porous, have large surface areas, are rich in sulfhydryl groups and show easy magnetic separation ability. The experimental results show that MPTAPs exhibit good adsorption affinity toward Hg2+ with high selectivity, rapid adsorption kinetics (10 min), a large adsorption capacity (211 mg g−1) and wide adsorption applicability under various pH environments (pH 2~8). Additionally, MPTAPs can be reused for up to 10 cycles, and the magnetic separation step of MPTAPs is fast and convenient, reducing energy consumption compared to centrifugation and filtration steps required for non-magnetic adsorbents. These results demonstrate the promising capability of MPTAPs as superior adsorbents for effective adsorption and separation of Hg2+. Based on this, the prepared MPTAPs were adopted as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) materials for isolation of trace Hg2+ from aqueous samples. Under optimized conditions, the extraction and quantification of trace Hg2+ in water samples were accomplished using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) detection after MSPE procedures. The proposed MPTAPs-based MSPE-ICP-MS method is efficient, rapid, sensitive and selective for the determination of trace Hg2+, and was successfully employed for the accurate analysis of trace Hg2+ in tap water, wastewater, lake water and river water samples.

Selective removal of organic contaminants and ascorbic acid enhancement effect based on the magnetic Fe0/FeS2-doped carbon nanolayer.

Developing highly effective iron-based catalyst to selectively remove organic contaminants has garnered considerable attention. Herein, a magnetic Fe0/FeS2-doped carbon nanolayer (S-Fe@NC) was synthesized through a straightforward one-step pyrolysis method, pyrolyzing a mixture composed of 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, trithiocyanuric acid, and FeCl3·6H2O. With the presence of PMS, S-Fe@NC demonstrated the ability to remove almost 100% bisphenol-A (50μM) within 3min, attributed to its excellent graphitization degree and high FeS2/Fe0 content. Furthermore, the S-Fe@NC catalyst demonstrated an impressive kobs value of 1.476min-1, which surpassed the traditional Fenton system by 77 times and even exceeded the commercial Fe0 catalyst by 127 times. More importantly, the S-Fe@NC/PMS system succeeded in selectively removing organic contaminants based on the hydrophobic interaction between catalyst and contaminants. Besides, the result of electron paramagnetic resonance and the radical quenching experiments indicated that ·OH, SO4·-, 1O2, and O2·- were involved in the organic contaminants removal. Interestingly, after adding ascorbic acid (AA) to the S-Fe@NC/PMS system, more ROS could be generated to result in the kobs augmenting by 4.16 times (6.133min-1), completely different from the common sense that AA was usually used as a radical quencher. Additionally, the magnetically separable catalyst also exhibited excellent reusability and broad pH adaptability (2.0-12.0). This study provided a valuable insight for developing highly selective and effective Fe-based catalyst for practical wastewater treatment.

Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using dual templates of sulfur-doped carbon nitride

The band structure of semiconducting photocatalysts plays a crucial role in determining their charge carrier transport characteristics and photocatalytic activity. In this work, a simple method to modulate the band structures of carbon nitride by infusing dopants and porous materials is experimentally demonstrated. A combination of trithiocyanuric acid and ammonium chloride to calcinate in an air environment, sulfur dopants and a significant amount of porosity are infused into carbon nitride concurrently. The sulfur-doped and porous carbon nitride material shows remarkable performance in photocatalytic hydrogen production, achieving a maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 4516.84 μmol g−1 h−1. Furthermore, infusion of sulfur dopants and abundant porous into carbon nitride allows for substantial and continuous tuning of the conduction and valence band positions. The band structures modulation enhanced the optical absorption in visible light region, making it suitable for efficient solar energy conversion. The findings of this work are feasible to pave a foundation for future clean energy technology.

Correlating structure, self-assembly chemistry and conductivity of trithiocyanuric acid on Au(111)

The majority of candidates for simple model molecular-electronic components consist of a conductive π-conjugated hydrocarbon linker attached to at least two anchoring groups, such as thiols or isocyanides. It has been found that select molecules self-assemble on gold surfaces, creating one-dimensional conductive structures that act as “molecular wires”. Furthermore, these oligomers can form molecular bridges between gold nanoparticles, leading to the creation of simple molecular-electronic devices. This raises the question whether other π-conjugated molecular linkers could exhibit similar behavior that might offer a broader range of candidates for fabricating electronic devices. Trithiocyanuric acid (1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trithiol, TTCA) provides a possible candidate. TTCA (C3N3(SH)3) can exist as a trithiol or as a trithione in which hydrogens transfer to the sulfurs so that they are present with three C=N groups within the ring. TTCA exists naturally in the trithione form but converts into a trithiol when adsorbed onto an Ag(111) where it is vertically oriented. The structure of TTCA adsorbed on Au(111) is studied here using reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) where it is found to remain as the trithione isomer, but changes orientation as the coverage increases. Scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals that TTCA oligomerizes on Au(111) to form chains and triangular structures. The influence on molecular conductivity due to the differences in the adsorbate's isomeric structure was investigated using devices comprising either silver or gold nanoparticles deposited in the gap between gold nanoelectrodes. Both devices were found to conduct when dosed with TTCA, but the devices fabricated using silver were about 13 time more conductive than those made from gold nanoparticles, consistent with the π-conjugated structure formed on silver but not on gold. This implies that oligomers form both on silver and on gold and potentially increases the range of molecule-metal combinations that might be used to fabricate molecular-electronic devices.

Interfacial Stabilization by Prelithiated Trithiocyanuric Acid as an Organic Additive in Sulfide‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractSulfide‐based all‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) with a lithium metal anode (LMA) is a promising candidate to surpass conventional Li‐ion batteries owing to their inherent safety against fire hazards and potential to achieve a higher energy density. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window and chemical reactivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte towards the LMA results in interfacial degradation and poor electrochemical performance. In this direction, we introduce an organic additive approach, that is the mixing of prelithiated trithiocyanuric acid, Li3TCA, with Li6PS5Cl, to establish a stable interface while preserving high ionic conductivity. Including 2.5 wt % Li3TCA alleviates the decomposition of the electrolyte on the lithium metal interface, decreasing the Li2S content in the solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI) thus forming a more stable interface. In Li|Li symmetric cells, this strategy enables a rise in the critical current density from 1.0 to 1.9 mA cm−2 and stable cycling for over 750 hours at a high current density of 1.0 mA cm−2. This approach also enables Li|NbO‐NCM811 full cell to operate more than 500 cycles at 0.3 C.

Interfacial Stabilization by Prelithiated Trithiocyanuric Acid as an Organic Additive in Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Sulfide-based all-solid-state battery (ASSB) with a lithium metal anode (LMA) is a promising candidate to surpass conventional Li-ion batteries owing to their inherent safety against fire hazards and potential to achieve a higher energy density. However, the narrow electrochemical stability window and chemical reactivity of the sulfide solid electrolyte towards the LMA results in interfacial degradation and poor electrochemical performance. In this direction, we introduce an organic additive approach, that is the mixing of prelithiated trithiocyanuric acid, Li3TCA, with Li6PS5Cl, to establish a stable interface while preserving high ionic conductivity. Including 2.5 wt % Li3TCA alleviates the decomposition of the electrolyte on the lithium metal interface, decreasing the Li2S content in the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) thus forming a more stable interface. In Li|Li symmetric cells, this strategy enables a rise in the critical current density from 1.0 to 1.9 mA cm-2 and stable cycling for over 750 hours at a high current density of 1.0 mA cm-2. This approach also enables Li|NbO-NCM811 full cell to operate more than 500 cycles at 0.3 C.

Aluminum and Mild Steel Inhibition Investigation Using Trithiocyanuric Acid: Insights from Density Functional Theory (DFT)

<p>The study investigates the corrosion inhibition properties of Trithiocyanuric Acid (TTCA) on Aluminum and mild steel using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The electronic properties of TTCA, including the highest occupied molecular orbital (E<sub>HOMO</sub>) of -7.617 eV and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (E<sub>LUMO</sub>) of -4.301 eV, yield an energy gap of 3.316 eV. The calculated absolute electronegativity was 5.959 eV, global hardness obtained was 1.658 eV, global softness was 0.603136 eV, global electrophilicity index was 1.449891 eV, and nucleophilicity was 0.689707 eV. The energy of back donation was also 0.689707 eV. The charge transfer parameters, ΔNFe and ΔNAl, are also 0.862989 eV and -0.21653 eV, respectively, indicating effective interaction with both metal surfaces. Functional groups in TTCA contribute significantly to its corrosion inhibition performance by facilitating alignment on the metal surfaces. The interaction mechanism is characterized as physisorption, with binding energy values falling within the range typical for this adsorption type. The results suggest that TTCA is a suitable corrosion inhibitor for Aluminum and mild steel, making it a promising molecule for industrial applications where metal protection is essential.</p>

Supramolecular architectures in multicomponent crystals of imidazole-based drugs and trithiocyanuric acid.

The structures of three multicomponent crystals formed with imidazole-based drugs, namely metronidazole, ketoconazole and miconazole, in conjunction with trithiocyanuric acid are characterized. Each of the obtained adducts represents a different category of crystalline molecular forms: a cocrystal, a salt and a cocrystal of salt. The structural analysis revealed that in all cases, the N-H...N hydrogen bond is responsible for the formation of acid-base pairs, regardless of whether proton transfer occurs or not, and these molecular pairs are combined to form unique supramolecular motifs by centrosymmetric N-H...S interactions between acid molecules. The complex intermolecular forces acting in characteristic patterns are discussed from the geometric and energetic perspectives, involving Hirshfeld surface analysis, pairwise energy estimation, and natural bond orbital calculations.

Flexible Aqueous Supercapacitors for Long Cycle-Life Using Electrode with Multiple Active C═S Sites.

Even though a few organic materials have attracted considerable attention for energy storage applications, their dissolution in the electrolyte during the charging-discharging processes presents a formidable challenge to their long-term performance. In this work, according to the principle of like dissolves like, non-polar trithiocyanuric acid (TCA) can effectively inhibit dissolution in an aqueous electrolyte, hence prolonging the cycle life. Moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that TCA lowers lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, thereby promoting reaction kinetics. The CV curves of TCA maintain a rectangular structure even at a high scan rate of 1000 mV s‒1 and exhibit a remarkable capacitance retention rate of 93.1% after 50,000 cycles. Asymmetric flexible supercapacitors utilizing the TCA exhibit an impressive energy density. Moreover, they maintain 94.2% of their capacitance after undergoing 80,000 cycles. Their integration with perovskite solar cells to facilitate the rapid storage of photogenerated charges enables efficient solar energy utilization, providing a practical solution for capturing and storing renewable energy.

Flotation activation mechanism of trithiocyanuric acid to malachite

Malachite is a typical refractory copper oxide mineral. In this paper, trithiocyanuric acid (TMT) was used as a novel activator for the activated flotation of malachite for the first time. The effect of TMT on the flotation behavior of malachite was studied and the activation mechanism was discussed. The flotation test results showed that TMT exhibited superior activation performance over sodium sulfide, achieving a high flotation recovery rate of 97.50 % at TMT 90 mg/L and pH 7. The contact angle confirmed malachite improved from 53.3° to 90.1° after TMT treatment, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity of the mineral surface. FTIR and EDS analyses provided clear evidence of chemical adsorption of TMT tautomers onto the malachite surface. SEM images further illustrated the presence of dense particles formed after TMT treatment. XPS revealed that TMT exhibited a strong adsorption effect on malachite, leading to an increase in copper sites and the formation of highly reactive Cu+. The activation mechanism was elucidated as the reaction between Cu sites on malachite and S and N atoms in TMT, forming Cu-S and Cu–N fractions crucial for activation. The high efficiency and low dosage of TMT make it a promising activator for malachite, offering a novel avenue for the effective recovery of malachite-type copper oxide ore resources.

Novel in-situ Ag-decorated trithiocyanuric acid polymer with superior visible light photocatalytic activity

A novel Ag-decorated trithiocyanuric acid polymer (Ag-TTCA) was fabricated via a photocatalytic reduction method based on the strong affinity between Ag ion and trithiocyanic acid (TTCA). The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized, and the paralleled experiments were conducted on the photocatalytic oxidation of bisphenol A (BPA) to evaluate the photocatalytic activity. Compared with TTCA, Ag-TTCA has a much higher photocatalytic activity. The 0.08Ag-TTCA catalyst can remove BPA (20 mg L−1) in 240 min with a degradation efficiency as high as 96.4 %. The improved photocatalytic performance of Ag-TTCA can be attributed to the dispersed nanoparticle morphology and unique electronic structure. The dispersed nanoparticle morphology of Ag-TTCA can provide more active sites for the adsorption and degradation of pollutants. After silver modification, the light absorption threshold of TTCA is redshifted from 466 nm to 522 nm, and the corresponding band gap is reduced from 2.74 eV to 2.54 eV, which broadens the light absorption range of the photocatalyst and significantly enhances the light absorption capacity. Moreover, metal silver can trap photogenerated electrons and generate surface plasmon resonance (SPR) when illuminated by sunlight, which can effectively promote the separation of electron-hole pairs. Trapping experiment indicates that photogenerated holes, singlet oxygen and superoxide free radicals are the main active species in photocatalytic system.

Dual‐Shelled Hollow Leafy Carbon Support with Atomically Dispersed (N,S)‐Bridged Hydroxy‐Coordinated Asymmetric Fe Sites for Oxygen Reduction

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) are widely studied in various chemical transformations due to their high catalytic activity and atom utilization. However, modulating the catalytic performance of catalysts by adjusting the microenvironment remains a great challenge. In this paper, a novel master‐double guest vulcanization‐assisted strategy is reported for synthesizing Fe single‐atom catalysts on N,S codoped porous hollow leaf carbon (FeSA/N,S‐PHLC) with highly exposed FeN3SOH sites. Fe(mIm) (guest I) is loaded on the surface of ZIF‐L (host) and then trithiocyanuric acid (TCA, guest II) is bonded with Fe(mIm), and the resulting ZIF‐L@Fe(mIm)@TCA precursors can be converted to FeSA/N,S‐PHLC with controllable structures. In addition, XPS analysis yield an increase in pyridine N content in FeSA/N,S‐PHLC compared to FeSA/N‐PHLC. It can be demonstrated by theoretical calculations that the N,S‐coordinated axially hydroxy‐coordinated asymmetric Fe centers synergistically with the abundance of pyridinic nitrogen facilitate the adsorption and desorption of oxygen intermediates, and the 3d orbitals of the Fe active centers can be optimized. The prepared FeSA/N,S‐PHLC catalyst has a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.91 V under alkaline conditions, and E1/2 = 0.75 V under acidic conditions. It shows excellent cycle stability (882 h) and power density (217 mW cm−2) in the assembly of zinc–air battery (ZABs) devices.

Dual-modified LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode materials with lithium conducting hybrid oligomer and single-walled carbon nanotube for improving electrochemical performance and thermal stability of lithium-ion batteries: A novel approach for high-power and high-safety applications

In this study, we investigated the synergetic effect of a novel lithium-ion conducting hybrid oligomer [N, N′-bismaleimide-4, 4′-diphenylmethane (BMI), lithiated trithiocyanuric acid (Li-TCA) and Jeffamine®-M1000 (JA®); Li-BTJ] coating layer on a nickel-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode material wrapped with highly electron-conductive single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to enhance electrochemical performance and thermal stability for high-power and high-safety lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the NCM811 active material surface was uniformly coated with a hybrid oligomer to form NCM811@Li-BTJ, which was subsequently wrapped with SWCNTs (NCM@Li-BTJ/SWCNT composite cathode). CR2032 coin-type cells with optimized NCM811@1 wt% Li-BTJ/0.2 wt% SWCNT composite electrodes delivered a significantly enhanced capacity retention (CR) of 90.1 % relative to that of bare NCM811 electrodes (CR: 82.1 %) at 1C for 200 cycles from 2.8 to 4.3 V (vs. Li/Li+). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry revealed that this superior cycling performance resulted from a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct: 96.2 vs. 324.3 Ω) and a lower polarization voltage (∆V: 0.243 vs. 0.411 V vs. Li/Li+). The in-situ micro-calorimetric results presented the total heat generation (Qt) values of the coin cells with the delithiated NCM811@Li-BTJ and NCM@Li-BTJ/SWCNT electrodes at 5C and 35 °C were substantially lower by ~9.3 % and ~ 14.6 %, respectively, compared to the bare NCM811 counterpart, indicating that the surface modifications on the NCM811 active materials could prevent the LIBs' thermal instability. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed that the Li-BTJ hybrid oligomer coating layer effectively suppressed the formation of residual Li side products such as Li2CO3 evidently on the surface of the NCM811 active material particles, thereby inhibiting undesirable side reactions. Post-mortem analyses of the dual-modified NCM811 electrode after cycling revealed that the microstructure and particle morphology of the NCM composite cathode material were extensively maintained through the synergistic effects of the Li-BTJ ion-conductive and SWCNTs electron-conductive agents.

Controlled asymmetric aggregation advances n → π* electronic transition and charge separation for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen synthesis

Photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen is considered as a promising approach for solar energy storage. The existing organic semiconductor photocatalysts are mainly dominated by π-conjugated covalent structures featuring π → π* electronic transition. Recent studies found that activating n → π* electronic transition is an effective strategy for improving photocatalytic activity of organic semiconductors. Nevertheless, n → π* electronic transition is generally forbidden in perfect symmetric structures. Herein, we have successfully synthesized asymmetric trithiocyanuric acid (TA) aggregates by a solvent chemistry strategy. The asymmetric degrees of TA aggregates can be greatly tuned by changing the pulling strength of solvent molecules. The asymmetric characteristic of TA aggregates increases the orbital overlap between the lone pair electrons on sulfur atoms and the adjacent π* orbitals of triazine, thus allowing n → π* electronic transition. Simultaneously, the asymmetric aggregation induces a large dipole moment, significantly improving the separation and transfer of charge carriers. After an assay of a hydrogen evolution reaction, a quantum yield of 42.9 % at 400 nm was recorded for the asymmetric TA aggregates, which is much higher than those of most existing covalent semiconductors. This study unlocks a fresh realm of artificial photosynthesis, which uses asymmetric aggregates featuring n → π* electronic transition for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant studies of novel synthesized titanium (IV) complex: Design, synthesis, in‐silico docking and in‐vitro studies

[{TiCl3}2(C3N3S3H)] (where C3N3S3H is Trithiocyanuric acid) was designed and synthesized by the reaction of TiCl4 and trithiocyanuric acid in 2:1 M ratio under stirring and refluxing condition using THF solvent. The synthesized Titanium (IV) complex was characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like FT‐IR, NMR, MASS, XRD, UV–visible spectrophotometer and elemental analysis (CHNSO). Moreover, in‐silico docking studies of the ligand and its Ti (IV) complex were carried out by AutoDockTools‐1.5.6 to study interactions of the complex under study with the receptor protein. Afterwards, both ligand and synthesized Ti (IV)complex were screened for the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential by in‐vitro method. The antioxidant potential was investigated by using DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay where ligand exhibited moderate activity while Ti (IV) complex presented significant antioxidant activity. Following, alpha‐amylase enzyme inhibition was investigated using iodine‐starch inhibition assay. It was found that the ligand was inactive (showed no α‐amylase inhibition activity) while the Ti (IV)complex was a potent α‐amylase inhibitor. Furthermore, the experimentally obtained results were also complimented by the in‐silico results.

Construction and modularization of porous sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes with excellent photocatalytic activity and potential engineering application value

In this paper, we successfully fabricate a porous sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes (p-C3N4-xSx NTs) for the first time with melamine (C3H6N6), trithiocyanuric acid (C3H3N3S3), and sodium chloride (NaCl) as precursors by a simple thermal polymerization strategy. The doping of sulfur element and the construction of porous nanotube microstructure can effectively improve the transmission efficiency of photogenerated electrons in p-C3N4-xSx NTs. Therefore, the as-prepared p-C3N4-xSx NTs shows excellent visible-light photocatalytic performance in the photocatalytic reactions of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. The proposed micro-path indicates that C3H3N3S3 acts as both sulfur source and pore-forming agent, while NaCl acts as the structural guide agent to form tubular nanostructures during p-C3N4-xSx NTs preparation. In addition, we also successfully prepare modular p-C3N4-xSx NTs@SA with potential engineering application value through a simple sol-gel strategy by using sodium alginate (SA) as a precursor in order to solve the difficult problem of separation and recovery of powder photocatalysts.

In situ construction of robust artificial solid-electrolyte interphase layer on lithium-metal anode by a facile one-step solution route

Development of high energy density lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) is markedly hindered by the interfacial instability on lithium-metal anode side. Solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a fundamental factor to regulate dendrite growth and enhance the stability of lithium-metal anodes. Here, trithiocyanuric acid, a triazine derivative with sulfhydryl groups, is used as an efficient promoter to favor the construction of a robust artificial SEI layer on the lithium metal surface, which greatly benefits the stability and efficiency of LMBs. With the assistance of trithiocyanuric acid facilely introduced on the Li surface via a one-step solution route, a highly uniform artificial SEI layer rich in Li2S and Li3N is formed, which efficiently facilitates uniform lithium deposition and suppresses lithium dendrite growth. Remarkably, the Li|Li cell displays stable lithium plating/stripping cycling over 800 h at 0.5 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2, and the Li|LFP cells exhibit prolonged lifespan over 700 cycles at 3 C and superior rate performance from 2 to 20 C. This work provides a facile design strategy for constructing a superb artificial SEI layer for high-performance LMBs.

Suppression of long-chain lithium polysulfide formation through a selenium-doped linear sulfur copolymer cathode for high-performance lithium–organosulfur batteries

A novel organosulfur cathode material for practical Li–S batteries was developed, featuring a selenium-doped linear sulfur chain bonded to a trithiocyanuric acid copolymer (SexS-TTCA).

Stapling of leu-enkephalin analogs with bifunctional reagents for prolonged analgesic activity.

The design and synthesis of leu-enkephalin analogs by replacing the glycine residues with N-(2-thioethyl)glycines and opening the cyclisation potential is presented. The cyclization (stapling) was achieved using bifunctional reagents (hexafluorobenzene and trithiocyanuric acid derivatives). The CD conformational studies of the stapled analogs suggest that the peptides adopt the type I β-turn conformation, which is in agreement with the theoretical analysis. The analog containing a trithiocyanuric acid derivative with a benzyl substituent shows potent analgesic activity.

Controlled Release Study of Metformin Using Trithiocyanuric Acid Functionalized MCM‐41 as a Nanocarrier

AbstractOrdered nanoporous silica such as MCM‐41 has silanol groups that can be chemically modified to effectively control the release of molecules. In this regard, MCM‐41 was functionalized with trithiocyanuric acid groups (TTCA‐MCM‐41) and offered as a novel carrier to the controlled release of metformin. TTCA‐MCM‐41 was synthesized and characterized. Thereafter, for 3 hours, saturated metformin solution was contacted with TTCA‐MCM‐41 to loading of drug. Finally, drug release profile was investigated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and phosphate buffers. The hexagonal symmetry of the TTCA‐MCM‐41 was confirmed by XRD patterns. The BET surface area, centred on N2 adsorption‐desorption, dropped from 846.5 m2/g for the MCM‐41 to 295.2 m2/g for the TTCA‐MCM‐41. With the use of FT‐IR spectra, the presence of TTCA groups in the silica system was established. The rope‐shaped morphology and the existence of S and N atoms on the MCM‐41 are visible in the SEM and EDX. The metformin release from TTCA‐MCM‐41 exhibits a pH‐based behaviour, and release rate was faster at higher pH compared to lower pH in phosphate buffers. In SBF, metformin displayed a steady release rate of around 0.2 mg min−1. The findings demonstrated that TTCA‐MCM‐41 is a promising candidate as a novel metformin carrier.