Trihydroxybenzoic Acid Research Articles

Profiling of phytochemical constituents of terminalia chebula fruit extract by different solvent effects and synchronized analysis of FTIR and GCMS

BackgroundDetecting the Teminalia chebula best extract-enriching bioactive compounds using four different solvents; Ethanol, water, chloroform and petroleum ether for medicinal applications. MethodsQualitative analysis of phytochemicals of T. chebula (such as Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids); Quantitative Determinations (Condensed tannins; total flavonoids, and phenolics), also, determination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. GC–MS and FT-IR analysis of ethanolic extract were investigated. ResultsThe assays for phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids indicated an extensive difference in the total phenolic content ranging from 26 to 104, 13 to106 and 106 µg/g of extract. It was found that, the highest phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids content were found in the ethanolic extract and the lowest by petroleum ether extract. In examining the amount of total protein content also, high amount of total proteins observed in the ethanolic extract as 67 µg/g whereas, in contrast, the high amount of total carbohydrates observed in the aqueous extract with 103 µg/g. Further, the level of the different enzymatic antioxidant markers (SOD, Catalase and Gpx) and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers (vitamin C and vitamin E) produced by the ethanolic T. chebula fruit extract were 0.46 µg, 97 µg and 127 µg and 39.08 µg and18 mg/liter. The DPPH and reducing power assay radical scavenging activities of different solvent extracts of T. Chebula exhibited free radical scavenging properties up to 96 % of inhibition. The functional groups of the components were separated based on its peaks through FTIR analysis showed the existence of alcohol, alkanes, carboxylic acid, alkenes, alkanes, ethers, halogen respectively. The active compounds identified based on GCMS analysis showed the presence of furaldehyde, 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde Dodecanoic acid, ethylester n-pentadecanol, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol pyrogallol, 3,4,5trihydroxy benzoic acid, Octadecanoicacid,ethyl ester and Hentriacontane. ConclusionAmong four solvent screened, the ethanol extract of T. chebula revealed variety of bioactive phytochemicals. In addition to higher antioxidant activities and highest level of radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, it can be inferred that T. chebula may serve as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent in addition to being a plant-based antioxidant.

Docking and Simulation Studies on Novel Analogues of 3,4,5-Trihydroxy Benzoic Acid as HSP90Alpha Inhibitors

Abstract: HSP90 assists as a crucial molecular chaperone that responds to environmental stressors and helps in the survival of cells in microorganisms. This protein is integral to the stress response, aiding in the stabilization of various proteins essential for microbial survival. Consequently, the ability of a number of tissues to adjust to endogenous stress depends critically on appropriate chaperone activity. Modulators of chaperone activity, however, have emerged as a novel and developing area of drug discovery due to the association between changed chaperone function and the development of numerous illnesses. Inhibition of HSP90alpha can disrupt proper protein folding, thus impairing growth and virulence in fungi. In this work, we selected novel leads of gallic acid derivatives with the help of OSIRIS Property Explorer and DruLiTo software. Selected leads were subjected to ADME-T studies for further screening. Docking and molecular simulation studies on selected compounds were performed using Schrodinger v21 and GROMACS software to predict the bioactivity of novel leads of 3,4,5 trihydroxy benzoic acid for suppression of the HSP90alpha enzyme. Compounds 4N, 18N, 15N, and 14N showed good docking scores of -6.5, -6.4, -5.91, and -5.98, respectively, which was comparable to standard ciprofloxacin. Compound 4N and compound 14N demonstrated notable binding interactions and were selected for further investigation through molecular dynamics studies with HSP90alpha (PDB ID: 1YC1). RMSD, H BOND, and RMSF analysis confirmed the stable binding of compounds 4N and 14 N with the HSP90 enzyme. The RMSF plot showed less than 0.35 nm fluctuation for the HSP90alpha enzyme in complex with different ligands. It can be concluded that ligand binding can cause stability to the conformation of the protein. Compounds 4N and 14N are considered to be the best theoretical lead, which can further be studied experimentally as HSP90 alpha inhibitors for antimicrobial activity. other: Ongoing research aims to uncover more insights into the specific mechanisms of action, optimize structural features for enhanced efficacy, and explore potential synergies with existing antimicrobial agents. As a result, these derivatives hold promise as candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial agents with a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi

Enzymatic properties of UDP-glycosyltransferase 89B1 from radish and modulation of enzyme catalytic activity via loop region mutation.

Glycosyltransferases (GTs), crucial enzymes in plants, alter natural substances through glycosylation, a process with extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. This study narrows its focus to GT family 1, specifically UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), which are known for glycosylating small phenolic compounds, especially hydroxybenzoates. We delve into the workings of Raphanus sativus glucosyltransferase (Rs89B1), a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana UGT89B1, and its mutant to explore their glycosyltransferase activities toward hydroxybenzoates. Our findings reveal that Rs89B1 glycosylates primarily the para-position of mono-, di-, trihydroxy benzoic acids, and its substrate affinity is swayed by the presence and position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring of hydroxybenzoate. Moreover, mutations in the loop region of Rs89B1 impact both substrate affinity and catalytic activity. The study demonstrates that insertional/deletional mutations in non-conserved regions, which are distant from the UGT's recognition site, can have an effect on the UGT's substrate recognition site, which in turn affects acceptor substrate selectivity and glycosyltransferase activity. This research uncovers new insights suggesting that mutations in the loop region could potentially fine-tune enzyme properties and enhance its catalytic activity. These findings not only have significant implications for enzyme engineering in biotechnological applications but also contribute to a more profound understanding of this field.

Theoretical and experimental cocrystal screening of temozolomide with a series of phenolic acids, promising cocrystal coformers

The virtual cocrystal screening approach based on molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) maps is a fast and feasible computational method to estimate the probability of cocrystal formation by calculating the difference in the interaction site pairing energies of monomers and that of their assemblies prior to experimental screening. In this paper, we report 12 cocrystal forms of temozolomide with mono-, di-, and trihydroxy benzoic acids, namely, 3‑hydroxy-, 2,4-dihydroxy-, 2,5-dihydroxy-, 2,6-dihydroxy-, 3,4-dihydroxy-, and 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoic acids, as well as benzoic acid, as pharmaceutical coformers for the first time. 10 single crystals out of the 12 cocrystal forms were obtained and unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which clarified spatial arrangements, molecular conformations, and supramolecular synthons. MEPS further gains some insights into the sites of hydrogen bonding interactions for exploring combination patterns in these assemblies. Modulated stability of TMZ was successfully achieved by cocrystallization with these acids.

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Bergenin or Its Derivatives: A Promising Molecule

Bergenin is a glycosidic derivative of trihydroxybenzoic acid that was discovered in 1880 by Garreau and Machelart from the rhizomes of the medicinal plant Bergenia crassifolia (currently: Saxifraga crassifolia-Saxifragaceae), though was later isolated from several other plant sources. Since its first report, it has aroused interest because it has several pharmacological activities, mainly antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. In addition to this, bergenin has shown potential antimalarial, antileishmanial, trypanocidal, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antiulcerogenic, antidiabetic/antiobesity, antiarrhythmic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and cardioprotective activities. Thus, this review aimed to describe the sources of isolation of bergenin and its in vitro and in vivo biological and pharmacological activities. Bergenin is distributed in many plant species (at least 112 species belonging to 34 families). Both its derivatives (natural and semisynthetic) and extracts with phytochemical proof of its highest concentration are well studied, and none of the studies showed cytotoxicity for healthy cells.

Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of intralesional platelet-rich plasma and topical alpha-glucoside derivative of trihydroxy benzoic acid in melasma

Background: Melasma is the most common cause of facial melanosis and presents with a complex therapeutic problem. Intralesional platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has shown promising results in hyperpigmentation, whereas alpha-glucoside derivative of trihydroxy benzoic acid (THBG) is a newer molecule for the management of pigmentation. Aims and objective: To compare therapeutic effects of PRP and THBG in facial melasma, note any untoward side effects of therapy and evaluate dermoscope as a tool for therapeutic prognosis. Methods: A total of 60 patients were enrolled based on inclusion and exclusion criteria after due written informed consent. After clinical, dermoscopic, and Wood lamp examination with relevant blood investigations, group P was treated by three sittings of intralesional injection of PRP at monthly interval, whereas group B was subjected to local application of THBG twice a day. Intergroup as well as intragroup comparative analyses were performed by subjective scores and dermoscope. Results: The mean of difference between modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) score at the end of the study (i.e., difference mMASI at 12 and 0 weeks) was 2.21 for group P and 0.18 for group B and on comparison, the P-value was <0.0001 which is considered statistically significant. The average %mMASI improvement in group P was 35.05%, whereas in group B, it was 3.18%. On analysis of other parameters, physician global assessment, patient global assessment, and melasma quality of life scale patients of group P showed higher and significant improvements in comparison with group B. Changes in dermoscopic parameters could be appreciated in patients with significant improvement only. Conclusion: There is mild–moderate improvement in melasma (average 35.05%) with PRP with no untoward side effects, whereas THBG did not show any promising result in the treatment of melasma in FT grade IV/V.

Efficacy and safety of topical trihydroxybenzoic acid glucoside and alpha-arbutin containing formulation along with a sunscreen in facial hyperpigmentation

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Facial hyperpigmentation is a common presentation in Indian subjects and its treatment is complex. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of a 56-day skincare regimen of topical 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid glucoside (THBG/Brightenyl<sup>®</sup>) and α-arbutin containing formulation along with a sunscreen in the management of facial dark spots and melasma.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Thirty-six female subjects with facial dark spots or melasma who met inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled in a prospective, single-arm, study in India. Subjects applied a skin brightening cream containing 10% THBG and 2% α-arbutin twice daily in combination with a sunscreen (SPF=55) once daily; on their whole face for 56 days. Evaluation was carried out at baseline, days 28, 42 and 56 by the same dermatologist and technician. Efficacy was evaluated using mexameter, modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI), chromameter and cross-polarized light photography.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There was a significant reduction in melanin content (mexametry) and mMASI score compared with the baseline. On chromametry, a significant improvement was seen in skin brightness/lightness (L*) and pigmentation [individual typology angle (ITA°)] demonstrating modification in skin color with an improvement in homogeneity/evenness of the skin tone (ΔE*) from the baseline. At day 56, the total area of the pigmentary spots on the cheeks showed a significant reduction compared to baseline using cross-polarized light photography. The treatment was well tolerated.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study demonstrates that application of formulation containing 10% THBG and 2% α-arbutin along with a sunscreen is well-tolerated and efficacious in the management of facial hyperpigmentation like dark spots or melasma.</p>

Surfactants for Electrophoretic Deposition of Polyvinylidene Fluoride–Silica Composites

This investigation is motivated by the numerous advantages of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) for the fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and composite coatings and the various applications of such coatings. It is demonstrated that gallic acid (GA), caffeic acid (CFA), cholic acid (CA) and 2,3,4 trihydroxybenzoic acid (THB) can be used as charging and dispersing agents for the EPD of PVDF. The deposition yield of PVDF increases in the following order: THB < CFA < CA < GA. Test results indicate that the chemical structure of the dispersants exerts influence on the deposition efficiency. Potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy studies show the corrosion protection properties of PVDF coatings. GA is used for the co-EPD of PVDF with nanosilica and micron-size silica. The silica content in the composite coatings is varied by the variation of silica content in the suspensions. The ability to use GA as a charging and dispersing agent for the co-EPD of materials of different types paves the way for the fabrication of advanced organic–inorganic composites using EPD.

Novel Products of Nitrosation of a Series of Trihydroxybenzene Derivatives and Their Complexation with Cu(II), Cd(II) and Fe(III): Synthesis, Characterization, and Theoretical Modeling

AbstractThree novel bis‐ and trinitroso compounds derived from 1,3,5‐trihydrohybenzene (phloroglucinol), 2,4,6–trihydroxy benzoic acid, and 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone were isolated, their spectral characteristics, ionization constants and thermodynamic parameters of dissociation process were calculated. The comparison of the stability of nitroso and hydroxylimino tautomeric forms was performed by DFT calculations. Nine complexes of the ligands with Cu(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III), were isolated and studied by elemental analyses, X Ray analysis and spectroscopic methods. According to the crystal structure determination, the Cd complex with the phloroglucinol based ligand exists in the form of a binuclear compound. The QTAIM Bader topological analysis indicated that the binuclearity of the Cd complex is due to strong interatomic interactions between Cd atoms with bifurcate carbonyl groups of the ligands and strong H‐interactions involving coordinated and lattice water molecules. The equilibria of reactions of complex formation of the organic species with Cu2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+ was studied by spectrophotometric titration, and the composition of the complexes in solutions and their stability constants were calculated. The ability of the isolated organics to remove metal cations from the aqueous solutions was studied in the pH interval 3–6 and the rate of Cu2+ removal from aqueous solutions was found close to 100 %.

Plasma uptake of selected phenolic acids following New Zealand blackcurrant extract supplementation in humans

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) extract is a rich source of anthocyanins and in order to exert physiological effects, the anthocyanin-derived metabolites need to be bioavailable in vivo. We examined the plasma uptake of selected phenolic acids following NZBC extract supplementation alongside maintaining a habitual diet (i.e. not restricting habitual polyphenol intake). Twenty healthy volunteers (nine females, age: 28 ± 7 years, height 1.73 ± 0.09 m, body mass 73 ± 11 kg) consumed a 300 mg NZBC extract capsule (CurraNZ®; anthocyanin content 105 mg) following an overnight fast. Venous blood samples were taken pre and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h post-ingestion of the capsule. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for analysis of two dihydroxybenzoic acids [i.e. vanillic acid (VA) and protocatechuic acid (PCA)] and one trihydroxybenzoic acid [i.e. gallic acid (GA)] in plasma following NZBC extract supplementation. Habitual anthocyanin intake was 168 (95%CI:68–404) mg⋅day−1 and no associations were observed between this and VA, PCA, and GA plasma uptake by the NZBC extract intake. Plasma time-concentration curves revealed that GA, and PCA were most abundant at 4, and 1.5 h post-ingestion, representing a 261% and 320% increase above baseline, respectively, with VA remaining unchanged. This is the first study to demonstrate that an NZBC extract supplement increases the plasma uptake of phenolic acids GA, and PCA even when a habitual diet is followed in the days preceding the experimental trial, although inter-individual variability is apparent.

Antimicrobial Properties of Mandelic Acid, Gallic Acid and their Derivatives.

Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) are one of the classes of hydroxy acids being beneficial for human health. The manuscript summarizes the biological properties of two popular members of AHAs, i.e., Mandelic Acid (MA) and Gallic Acid (GA), with particular emphasis on antimicrobial properties. Moreover, attempts to design new derivatives improving the natural properties of AHAs by using the chemical and physical approach are discussed. Antimicrobial properties of MA, an arylalkyl AHA containing phenyl group attached to α- carbon, and GA, an aromatic trihydroxybenzoic acid containing the phenolic ring and carboxylic acid functional group, and their derivatives against common human and plant pathogenic fungi have been reviewed. The antimicrobial activity of MA and GA is a complex phenomenon strictly correlated with other properties exhibited by these acids, e.g., pro-oxidative activity and hydrophobicity. In most cases, the acids derivatives exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than the acids themselves. This is probably because of the higher lipophilicity of moiety that allows better penetration through the cell membrane. MA and GA present an excellent health-promoting tool and are valuable starting materials for the design of new compounds such as metal complexes with alkali, or alkali earth metals. The lipophilic, antimicrobial, and pro-oxidative properties act synergistically, supporting the pharmacological and therapeutic effect of acids and their derivatives.

Abstract 101: Studies on the flavonoid metabolite 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid as a CDK inhibitor and anti-proliferative agent: Potential role in cancer prevention

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the United States according to Center for Disease Control. Increasing evidences suggest that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables will reduce incidences of colorectal adenomas. We hypothesize that the natural compounds present in fruits and vegetables, along with their metabolites generated by the gut microbiota, could be responsible for cancer prevention by targeting the cell cycle proteins. Previous studies conducted in the laboratory have identified 2,4,6- Trihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4,6-THBA), one of the degradation products of flavonoids, as a potential chemo-preventive agent mediating its effect through inhibition of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Transport of monocarboxylic acids like 2,4,6-THBA is mediated by the Solute Ligand Carrier (SLC) family of transporters; in particular SLC5A8 and SLC5A12 have been implicated as tumor suppressor proteins that are down-regulated/non-functional in various cancers. In this study, we investigated the ability of the monocarboxylic acid transporter SLC5A8 to transport 2,4,6-THBA into the mammalian cells. Our pilot studies show that the cells expressing SLC5A8 transporters have the capacity to transport 2,4,6-THBA leading to upregulation of p21 and p27 as measured by western blots and qPCR. This was associated with decreased cell number as well as decreased colony formation as measured through clonogenic assays. We suggest that chemo-preventive actions of dietary compounds containing flavonoids may occur through 2,4,6-THBA, contributing largely to the prevention of CRC. Citation Format: Ranjini Sankaranarayanan, Chaitanya K. Valiveti, Severine van Slambrouck, Siddharth S. Kesharwani, D. Ramesh Kumar, Teresa Seefeldt, Hemachand Tummala, Jayarama B. Gunaje. Studies on the flavonoid metabolite 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid as a CDK inhibitor and anti-proliferative agent: Potential role in cancer prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 101.

Development of Taste Sensor to Detect Non-Charged Bitter Substances.

A taste sensor with lipid/polymer membranes is one of the devices that can evaluate taste objectively. However, the conventional taste sensor cannot measure non-charged bitter substances, such as caffeine contained in coffee, because the taste sensor uses the potentiometric measurement based mainly on change in surface electric charge density of the membrane. In this study, we aimed at the detection of typical non-charged bitter substances such as caffeine, theophylline and theobromine included in beverages and pharmaceutical products. The developed sensor is designed to detect the change in the membrane potential by using a kind of allosteric mechanism of breaking an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxy group and hydroxy group of aromatic carboxylic acid (i.e., hydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and trihydroxybenzoic acids) when non-charged bitter substances are bound to the hydroxy group. As a result of surface modification by immersing the sensor electrode in a modification solution in which 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid was dissolved, it was confirmed that the sensor response increased with the concentration of caffeine as well as allied substances. The threshold and increase tendency were consistent with those of human senses. The detection mechanism is discussed by taking into account intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which cause allostery. These findings suggest that it is possible to evaluate bitterness caused by non-charged bitter substances objectively by using the taste sensor with allosteric mechanism.

A Role of Gallic Acid in Oxidative Damage Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid of plant metabolites widely spread throughout the plant kingdom. It has characteristics of the strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, and can protect biological cells, tissues, and organs from damages caused by oxidative stress. This review aims to summarize the protective roles of gallic acid and the underlying pharmacological mechanisms in the pathophysiological process of the oxidative damage diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular, degenerative, and metabolic diseases. The studies reviewed herein showed that the main therapeutic effects of gallic acid were attributed to its antioxidant properties. It modulated various signaling pathways through a wide range of inflammatory cytokines, and enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants. However, the available data were limited to few studies assessing the treatment effects of gallic acid in human subjects to confirm its therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the clinical trials were urgently needed to investigate the safety and efficacy of gallic acid treatment on human beings. The scientific data summarized in this review highlighted the therapeutic potentials of gallic acid for oxidative damage diseases. It could be developed as versatile adjuvant or therapeutically lead compound in future.

Abstract 4411: Identification of novel natural compounds as potential inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the United States according to CDC (2017). Lifestyle factors including, but not limited to, elevated Body Mass Index (BMI), obesity and diet are proposed to lead to the development of CRC with an estimated annual incidence of 95,520 cases. Increasing evidences suggest that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables will reduce incidences of colorectal adenomas. We hypothesize that the natural compounds present in fruits and vegetables, along with their metabolites generated by the gut microbiota, could be responsible for cancer prevention by targeting the cell cycle proteins. In this study, we investigated the ability of polyphenols [Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG), Catechin, Catechin Gallate (CG), and Epigallocatechin (EGC)] and their degradation products [Phloroglucinol; 2,4,6 Trihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4,6 THBA); 3,4 Dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (3,4-DHHCA); etc.] to inhibit the CDKs (that regulate cell cycle) activity. Our pilot studies show that the different catechin compounds and their degradation products are capable of inhibiting different CDKs, suggesting their potential role in cancer prevention. We are currently investigating the mechanism of inhibition of CDKs by these compounds utilizing biochemical and molecular docking studies. Elucidation of this pathway will suggest the role of polyphenols in the prevention of CRC as well as assist in the identification of novel compounds that can be used for both cancer prevention and therapy. Citation Format: Ranjini Sankaranarayanan, Rakesh Dachineni, Siddharth Kesharwani, Ramesh Kumar Dhandapani, Hemachand Tummala, Jayarama B. Gunaje. Identification of novel natural compounds as potential inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4411.

Total Synthesis of (3R, 4 S)‐4‐Hydroxylasiodiplodin via Ring Closing Metathesis Protocol

AbstractTotal synthesis of (3R, 4 S)‐4‐Hydroxylasiodiplodin has been accomplished through convergent strategy using D‐isoascorbic acid and trihydroxybenzoic acid as the starting materials in an optimal reaction sequence. The salient features of the synthesis are the utilization of Stille coupling, trans‐esterification and Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM).

Novel synthesis of LaNiSbWO4-G-PANI Designed as Quaternary Type Composite for High Photocatalytic Performance of Anionic Dye and Trihydroxybenzoic acid under Visible-Light

In this study, we describe the special properties of LaNiSbWO4-G-PANI (LNSWGP) polymer composites with exploited interfacial coupling and their use as visible light photocatalysts. These quaternary composites are newly designed materials by easiest hydrothermal method. Thin graphene (G) sheets could completely cover LaNiSbWO4 (LNSW) with highly conductive polyaniline by means of an evaporation-induced hydrothermal process. The increased surface adsorption outcome of G, a huge improvement of the photoactivity of LNSW, has been proved by the degradation of anionic methylene orange (MO) and trihydroxybenzoic acid (a type of phenolic acid) upon the covering of polyaniline. The improved photocatalytic activity is recognized as developing from the well-defined LNSWGP interfaces, which considerably increase the charge-separation efficacy. The efficiency of degradation was obtained MO (85%) & trihydroxybenzoic acid (92%). Our study found that the photocatalytic performance of LNSWGP in the existence of polymer was better than that of any other composite in an aqueous medium. Considering its ease of preparation and excellent performance, LNSWGP could be a promising, competitive, and safe visible-light-driven photocatalyst in the field of battery separators, solar cells, and environmental remediation.

Cold stress in soybean (Glycine max L.) roots: Exogenous gallic acid promotes water status and increases antioxidant activities

Gallic acid (GLA; 3,4,5- trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a strong antioxidant in plants. In order to clarify the effects of GLA as a pro-oxidant or an antioxidant on cells under stress conditions, soybean (Glycine max) was grown under normal conditions or in the presence of cold stress (5 and 10?C) in the absence or presence of gallic acid (GLA; 1 and 2 mM) for 72 h. The soybean roots exposed to stress exhibited a significant decline in growth (RGR), water content (RWC), osmotic potential (??) and proline content (Pro). However, GLA treatment under stress significantly improved these parameters and alleviated the stress-generated damage. Stress decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but GLA effectively mitigated the adverse effects on enzyme activity. After stress treatment, only catalase (CAT) was induced in soybean roots, although it was not sufficient to prevent toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation. Thus, the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS content) markedly increased. However, GLA contributed to detoxification of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation by enhancing activities of CAT and peroxidase (POX). In addition to these enzymes, SOD activity was able to scavenge superoxide anion radicals, as evidenced by decline in TBARS content. However, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), total ascorbate (tAsA) and glutathione (GSH) showed a decline of content in roots treated with GLA (both concentrations) plus stress. Our results suggest a protective role of GLA, which may strengthen plant tolerance by ensuring efficient water use and enhancing antioxidant systems. In soybean roots, GLA successfully alleviated the toxicity of cold stress by modulating the activities of SOD, CAT and POX rather than enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle.

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in an Obese State and the Protective Effects of Gallic Acid.

Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.

Gallic acid improves cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in pressure overload-induced heart failure

Gallic acid is a trihydroxybenzoic acid found in tea leaves and some plants. Here, we report the effect of gallic acid on cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in a mouse model of pressure overload-induced heart failure and in primary rat cardiac fibroblasts, and compare the effects of gallic acid with those of drugs used in clinics. Gallic acid reduces cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) stimuli in vivo and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in vitro. It decreases left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameter, and recovers the reduced fractional shortening in TAC. In addition, it suppresses the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, skeletal α-actin, and β-myosin heavy chain. Administration of gallic acid decreases perivascular fibrosis, as determined by Trichrome II Blue staining, and reduces the expression of collagen type I and connective tissue growth factor. However, administration of losartan, carvedilol, and furosemide does not reduce cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in TAC. Moreover, treatment with gallic acid inhibits fibrosis-related genes and deposition of collagen type I in TGF-β1-treated cardiac fibroblasts. These results suggest that gallic acid is a therapeutic agent for cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in chronic heart failure.