Abstract
Metabolic complications in an obese state can be aggravated by an abnormal inflammatory response and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Pro-inflammatory response is known to be associated with the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species and subsequent generation of oxidative stress. Indeed, adipocytes from obese individuals display an altered adipokine profile, with upregulated expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6). Interestingly, natural compounds, including phenolic enriched foods are increasingly explored for their ameliorative effects against various metabolic diseases. Of interest is gallic acid, a trihydroxybenzoic acid that has progressively demonstrated robust anti-obesity capabilities in various experimental models. In addition to reducing excessive lipid storage in obese subjects, gallic acid has been shown to specifically target the adipose tissue to suppress lipogenesis, improve insulin signaling, and concomitantly combat raised pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This review will revise mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological effects of inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state. To better inform on its therapeutic potential and improvement of human health, available evidence reporting on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid and its derivatives will be discussed, with emphases on its modulatory effect on molecular mechanisms involved in insulin signaling, inflammation and oxidative stress.
Highlights
Global estimates show that more than 1.9 billion adults are overweight, while over 600 million of these individuals are classified as obese [1]
Two of the six clinical studies on the anti-obesity properties of gallic acid included in the current review showed that this phenolic acid or its derivatives did not cause weight loss or affect any of the markers assessed except for reducing food intake in obese subjects assessed [141,142]
Mechanisms describing the pathophysiology of these complications remain complex, inflammation and oxidative stress are understood to be some of the major causal factors implicated in worsening of obesity associated perturbations
Summary
Global estimates show that more than 1.9 billion adults are overweight, while over 600 million of these individuals are classified as obese [1]. Nutrients 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW sub-Saharan women are far more likely to be obese than men, which further affects pregnancy and Nutrients 2019, 11, 23 [1] This can translate to complications and adverse effects on infant health,. An inflammation plays a crucial role in promulgating obesity-related metabolic complicationsimbalance including between energy intake andresistance expenditure in adipose tissueenergy expansion excessive the development of insulin [4,5].results. Systemic or intracellular control of the regulation of mitochondrial energy dissipation through the modulation of lipid metabolism For these factors has been an ideal therapeutic target aimed at preventing obesity or ameliorating its associated complications. Terms such as gallic acid and its derivatives, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, including corresponding synonyms and associated terms for each item were used. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in an obese state, especially the detrimental effects of enhanced pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress are discussed to highlight the anti-obesity potential of gallic acid
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