Tri-band Operation Research Articles

Multi-band pattern reconfigurable Yagi-Uda antenna

In this study, novel designs of single-band and tri-band pattern reconfigurable antennas are proposed. The design of single-band pattern reconfigurable antenna is accomplished by the use of varactor diodes with the parasitic elements placed on both sides of the driven conventional printed dipole antenna. By tuning the capacitance of varactor, the antenna operates in four different configurations of radiation pattern which include bi-directional end-fire, broadside, and uni-directional end-fire radiation patterns. The tri-band pattern reconfigurable antenna design is achieved by the use of parasitic elements on both sides of a tri-band driven dipole antenna. Dual-band LC resonators are used as loading elements along the arms of printed dipole to get two lower order modes in addition to the reference dipole mode, resulting in a triband operation of the driven element. The electrical lengths of the parasitic elements with respect to the tri-band driven element are controlled by suitably embedding varactor and PIN diodes with them. The proposed tri-band antenna operates in ten different configurations of radiation patterns in the three operating bands. Fully functional prototypes of single-band and tri-band pattern reconfigurable antennas along with the DC bias networks have been fabricated to validate the results obtained in simulation.

Dual polygonal slit square patch with defected ground plane for tri band operation

ABSTRACTA novel triple‐band square shaped microstrip planar antenna for IMAT2000&WiMAX operation is proposed and investigated. Single probe fed antenna consists of dual polygonal slits cut on top area of the radiating metallic layer and asymmetric dual H‐shaped defected ground structure etched on the bottom area of the metallic ground plane. This letter proposes a major challenge in generating three separate resonances to cover 2.16 GHz IMAT band 3.37 and 5.54 GHz WiMAX band while maintaining overall compact size of 35 × 35 × 3.175 mm3. Structure displays the impedance bandwidth of 3.25% (2.12–2.19 GHz), 2.06% (3.35–3.42 GHz), and 4.18% (5.40–5.63 GHz). Experimental results show that the antenna gives better radiation patterns and good antenna gains of 3.17, 5.0, and 2.2 dBi, respectively over the operating bands. Excellent agreement is obtained between measurements and simulations. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1071–1074, 2017

Forward and Backward Beam-Scanning Tri-Band Leaky-Wave Antenna

The main limitations of uniform half-width microstrip leaky-wave antennas (HW-MLWAs), namely a single operating band and only forward beam scanning, are overcome here with an HW-MLWA loaded with periodic L-shaped slots. The antenna exhibits tri-band operation, and the main beam can be steered in the forward direction in one band, and in the backward direction in the other two bands. Its size is halved with a shorting wall. The antenna was fabricated and tested to validate the concept, and the measured and simulated results agree very well. The measured matched (10-dB return loss) bandwidths of the prototype are 22.34 $\%$ (5.05–6.32 GHz), 15.85 $\%$ (8.77–10.28 GHz), and 11.21 $\%$ (12.63–14.13 GHz) in the first, second, and third bands, respectively. The beam-scanning ranges of the prototyped antenna are 30 $^\circ$ to 64 $^\circ$ , $-\text{75}^\circ$ to $-\text{18}^\circ$ , and $-\text{19}^\circ$ to $-\text{4}^\circ$ when the frequency sweeps from 5 to 6 GHz, 8.85 to 10.5 GHz, and 13 to 14.25 GHz, respectively. The measured peak gains (within the scanning range) are 12.4, 14.3, and 14.7 dBi in the first, second, and third bands with variations of 2.5, 3.4, and 3.1 dB, respectively.

Multiband Operation and Performance Enhancement of the PIFA Antenna by Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Overlapping Method

Recently, the demand for wireless devices that support multiband frequency has increased. The integration of such technology in mobile communication system has led to a great demand in developing small size antenna with multiband operation, which is able to operate in the required system. In this paper, a novel type planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with gridded ground plane structure and overlapping cells is presented. By controlling the overlapping size, we improve the characteristics of the proposed antenna. This antenna is developed to achieve multiband operation with small size and good performance. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to a PIFA antenna to get rid of the limitations of single band operation by searching the optimal localization and length of linear slots on the ground plane to give triband operation. This PIFA antenna can be integrated to operate for several mobile applications as Bluetooth/WLAN, WIMAX, and 4G (UMTS2100, LTE). The optimized antenna is simulated by both Ansoft HFSS and computer simulation technology microwave studio (CSTMWS) in terms of S-parameters. A good agreement between simulated performances by both software types is achieved. A parametric study is made to analyze the effect of different PIFA parameters on the operating frequency and the reflection coefficient in order to enhance the antenna performances. In these frequency bands, the antenna has nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern.

Design and Simulation of Tri-Band Active Automotive Antenna

Automotive antenna requirements continue to push for smaller, more integrated solutions while maintaining the high performance expected from modern infotainment and multimedia systems. The multitude of antennas placed inside the car comprises of active antenna systems which is capable of receiving multiband frequency signals for receiver systems. In this work, sensitive circuitry Low Noise Amplifier and slotted rectangular patch antenna together constitutes active antenna systems have been designed and simulated as separate units operating at Tri-Band frequency bands of 833 MHz, 1.892GHz, and 2.772 GHz for Personal Cellular Communication and Direct to Home Satellite Television respectively. These separate design units operating with these frequencies can be integrated as Low Noise Active Integrated Antenna which can be implemented for automotive application.Through simulation we show that the results of the proposed designs are in accordance with Tri-Band frequency operation for specified application.

Tri-Band CPW-Fed Stub-Loaded Slot Antenna Design for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

AbstractA novel uniplanar CPW-fed tri-band stub-loaded slot antenna is proposed for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. Dual resonant modes were effectively excited in the upper band by using two identical pairs of slot stubs and parasitic slots symmetrically along the arms of a traditional CPW-fed slot dipole, achieving a much wider bandwidth. The middle band was realized by the fundamental mode of the slot dipole. To obtain the lower band, two identical inverted-L-shaped open-ended slots were symmetrically etched in the ground plane. A prototype was fabricated and measured, showing that tri-band operation with 10-dB return loss bandwidths of 150 MHz from 2.375 to 2.525 GHz, 725 MHz from 3.075 to 3.8 GHz, and 1.9 GHz from 5.0 to 6.9 GHz has been achieved. Details of the antenna design as well as the measured and simulated results are presented and discussed.

Even-odd mode of a double-Lorentz metamaterial and its application to a tri-band branch-line coupler

The theoretical approach of a double-Lorentz (DL) transmission line (TL) metamaterial using even-odd mode analysis is presented for the application to a tri-band Branch-Line Coupler (BLC). This BLC is based on double-Lorentz (DL) transmission line (TL) metamaterial to achieve the tri-band property. The tri-band operation is achieved by the flexibility in the phase response characteristic of such transmission line. Since metamaterials are in symmetric form, this analysis utilizes superposition and circuit symmetry to solve for the structure’s scattering parameters. A design example of a triple band quarter wavelength DL TL suitable for GSM-UMTS applications is designed and evaluated by simulation using even-odd mode analysis to validate the proposed methodology at circuit level. Then, this simulated DL TL is used in the design of a tri-band BLC which is also being analyzed using even-odd mode analysis. This coupler exhibits transmission of 3 ± 0.5 dB, return losses and isolations larger than 14 dB, and a phase difference of ±90 ±3.5°.

Compact ACS-Fed Printed Antenna Using Dual Edge Resonators for Tri-Band Operation

A novel compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed printed antenna using dual edge resonators for tri-band operation is presented. The proposed tri-band antenna is based on an ACS-fed beveled monopole, to which an E-shaped coupled resonator and an L-shaped slot resonator are introduced for achieving two new independent resonances and miniaturization of size. The antenna has a small overall dimensions of only 12 × 23 × 1 mm 3 . The experimental results demonstrate the proposed antenna is capable of operating over the frequency ranges 2.37-2.52, 3.38-3.71, and 4.92-5.96 GHz, suitable for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz WLAN and 3.5/5.5-GHz WiMAX applications.

A small asymmetric coplanar strip fed tri-band antenna for PCS/WiMAX/WLAN applications

In this paper, a small asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna for tri-band operation is proposed. The proposed antenna is composed of an arc-shaped monopole strip, a rectangular-shaped branch, and an L-shaped strip attached to an extension of the feed line. The three operating bands are obtained from the excitation of resonances due to these strips. The resonances can be controlled by tuning each individual strip separately. The measured results show that the proposed antenna has ź10 dB impedance bandwidth of 250 MHz from 1.75 to 2.0 GHz, 300 MHz from 3.2 to 3.5 GHz and 1.8 GHz from 5.0 to 6.8 GHz. Further, the antenna has good bidirectional radiation patterns in the E-plane, omnidirectional radiation patterns in the H-plane and reasonable peak gains in the all operating bands. With these features and a compact size, the proposed antenna will be suitable for PCS 1900, 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX and 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN portable wireless communication applications.

A small ACS-fed tri-band antenna employing C and L shaped radiating branches for LTE/WLAN/WiMAX/ITU wireless communication applications

A compact asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS)-fed monopole antenna with tri-band operation for LTE 2500, 2.4/5.2 GHz WLAN, 2.5 GHz WiMAX, 8 GHz ITU applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna design, which occupies an overall size of 14 ? 26 mm2 including ground plane, is composed of an ACS feedline with rectangular stub, C-shaped and L-shaped branches. The C-shaped radiating element is used to generate 2.5 GHz first resonant mode, L-shaped branch is used to generate second resonant mode at 5.2 GHz and ACS with rectangular shaped stub is aimed to generate a third resonance at higher frequency bands between 7.0 and 8.8 GHz.The measured impedance bandwidths (|S11| ≤ ?10 dB) are about 285 MHz (2.4---2.685 GHz), 380 MHz (5.0---5.38 GHz) and 3.5 GHz (6.5---10.0 GHz) for the three operating band, respectively. The experimental result shows a reasonable good agreement with the simulated results.

Planar monopole antenna with a compact radiator for tri-band applications

A novel planar monopole antenna with a compact radiator is proposed for tri-band operation. The antenna consists of double C-shaped monopole strips and an inverted U-shaped shorted strip to generate three resonant modes. The radiator of the antenna occupies a small size of 9 × 14.8 mm2. By optimizing the designed parameters of the radiator, good impedance matching can be obtained over the three desired bands. The prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated and tested. Measured results show that the antenna has 10-dB return loss impedance bandwidths of 340 MHz (2.39–2.73 GHz), 560 MHz (3.23–3.79 GHz), and 910 MHz (5.05–5.96 GHz), which can cover both 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local area network and 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access operating bands. The features of compact size, simple structure, and good tri-band performance make the antenna a promising candidate for practical wireless applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:706–709, 2015

DESIGN OF TRI-BAND QUASI-SELF-COMPLEMENTARY ANTENNA FOR WLAN AND WIMAX APPLICATIONS

In this article, a novel printed quasi-self-complementary antenna with tri-band characteristic is presented for WLAN and WiMAX applications. A triangular quasi-self-complementary structure, which consists of a radiating patch and its counterpart slot on the ground, is employed to produce two operating bands centered at about 2.5 and 5.2 GHz. Then, by introducing a rectangular slit cut from the patch and its complementary mirror image strip inserted into the slot, an additional resonance at 3.5 GHz is excited and tri-band operation can be realized. A prototype of the proposed antenna has been successfully fabricated and measured. Both the simulated and measured results are obtained to demonstrate the promising performance required for practical applications. Based on the results, it is shown that 10-dB impedance bandwidths of the proposed antenna are 510 MHz (2.25-2.76 GHz), 330 MHz (3.38-3.71 GHz), and 770 MHz (5.1-5.87 GHz), respectively. Also, nearly omnidirectional radiation patterns and acceptable antenna gains can be achieved over the three operating bands.

Semi fractal three leaf clover-shaped CPW antenna for triple band operation

This article presents a unique and compact coplanar waveguide CPW antenna that exhibits triband operation with circular polarization. The single antenna was designed to operate simultaneously in the following bands: WiMAX 3.3-3.6 GHz, wireless local area network WLAN 5.15-5.825 GHz, ITS 5.795-6.400 GHz, and ITU-R 7.725-8.5 GHz. The realization of the triband antenna was achieved by using two semi fractal ring patches resembling the shape of a three leaf clover, and by introducing a pair of symmetrical L-shaped slits in its ground plane. The antenna's physical parameters were investigated to fully understand their affect on the antenna's performance. The salient parameters obtained from this analysis enabled the optimization of the antenna's overall characteristics. The design concept was confirmed by fabricating the antenna prototype and measuring its characteristics. The proposed antenna has dimensions of 20 × 20 × 1 mm3. Measured results show the antenna exhibits circular polarization in WiMAX and ITU-R bands, and linear polarization in the WLAN band. The antenna radiates omnidirectionally in the H-plane, and approximately bidirectionally in the E-plane. In addition, the antenna presents stable gain over the triband. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 25:413-418, 2015.

Design of microstrip tri-band bandpass filter using square ring loaded resonator

In this paper, a microstrip tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) utilizing square ring loaded resonator is proposed. A pair of bent perturbation stubs is installed to the ring resonator so as to control resonant modes of the ring. The first three modes are used for tri-band BPF design. In order to control the second and third resonant modes, two pairs of square patches and loaded open stubs are added, and then two asymmetric resonators are cascaded for tri-band operation. Based on the transmission line theory, even- and odd-mode analysis method is used to deduce the resonant frequencies. According to the resonant conditions, a kind of tri-band BPF can be flexibly designed. Finally, two filters are designed as examples in a comprehensive way for demonstration, and one design with passbands located at 2.4, 3.5 and 5.2 GHz is fabricated. Measured results agree well with the simulated ones.

Compact ACS‐fed monopole antenna with rectangular SRRs for tri‐band operation

A compact uniplanar monopole antenna is presented for tri-band operation. The antenna is fed by an asymmetric coplanar strip (ACS), which can provide an effective way to reduce the antenna size. Two rectangular split-ring resonators (SRRs) are etched on the radiating patch to achieve a tri-band resonant characteristic and good performance of interference suppression. The proposed antenna with a total size of 32 × 12 mm2 has been constructed and tested. The measured results indicate that the designed antenna has 10 dB impedance bandwidths of 340 MHz (2.36–2.70 MHz), 390 MHz (3.35–2.74 GHz) and 1110 MHz (5.01–6.12 GHz), which meet the requirements of the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) and 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.

Stacked Tri-Band Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna for CNSS Applications

This paper proposes a novel stacked tri-band circularly polarized antenna which has three independent ports. To obtain tri-band operation, a stacked three layers of microstrip antenna working at different frequency is presented. Each of them is fed by dual feed probes. The simulated results show that the antenna can cover Compass Navigation Satellite System CNSS B3 1.268 GHz, L band 1.615 GHz and S band 2.49 GHz. The proposed antenna has achieved a bandwidth of 3.1%, 6.8% and 2.3% at each band, respectively. It exhibits small axial ratio under 3dB in three bands for the CNSS applications. Details of the proposed antenna design and results for the obtained tri-band circularly polarized performances are presented and discussed.

Tri-band microstrip antenna design for wireless communication applications

This paper introduces a novel rectangular tri-band patch antenna that is fabricated and measured for wireless communication systems. The introduced antenna is designed for WLAN and WiMAX applications.The desired tri-band operation was obtained by proper loading for a rectangular patch antenna using slots and shorting pins. The optimal location and dimension for the loaded elements were obtained with the aid of interfacing a Genetic Algorithm (GA) model with an Ansoft High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS). The results obtained from our simulated antenna show 5.8% impedance matching band width at 2.4GHz, 3.7% at 3.5GHz and 1.57% at 5.7GHz.In addition, an equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna is introduced using the least square curve fitting optimization technique.

A novel TRI-band planar inverted-F antenna for GSM/DCS/PCS operation in mobile handsets

In this article, a novel mobile handset planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) for tri-band operation in GSM, DCS, and PCS bands is presented. This PIFA comprises a rectangular folded planar radiator, which has a J-shaped slot, suspended above a partially grounded substrate. In this antenna, two resonant modes are excited and originate a lower band for GSM and an upper band for DCS and PCS. The influence of several geometrical parameters of the antenna on its performance was investigated to achieve an optimal design. The fabricated prototype of the proposed PIFA has overall dimensions of 45 × 90 × 6.6 mm3. The measured 10 dB return loss bands of the antenna are 880–892 MHz and 1658–2079 MHz. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:821–825, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI: 10.1002/mop.27441

COMPACT TRI-BAND RECTANGULAR MEANDER ANTENNA WITH ASYMMETRICAL L-SHAPED STRIPS FOR WLAN/WIMAX APPLICATIONS

A novel meander antenna with tri-band operation is presented for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The proposed antenna consists of a rectangular meander with two asymmetrical L-shaped strips. The rectangular meander is used for the lower band operation at 2.5GHz. The left L-shaped strip is employed to generate the higher resonant mode at about 5.5GHz, while the right L-shaped strip is employed to create a new resonant mode at 3.5GHz and enhance the bandwidth of the middle band operation. Prototype of the proposed antenna has been constructed and experimentally studied. The measured 10dB return loss bandwidths at the resonant frequency of 2.5, 3.5, and 5.5GHz can be up to 520MHz (2.18{2.70GHz), 800MHz (3.34{4.14GHz) and 830MHz (5.07{5.90GHz), respectively. The antenna is simple in conflguration and has a compact dimension of 37 £ 42 £ 1mm 3 .

A Novel Compact Tri-Band Wilkinson Power Divider Based on Coupled Lines

The purpose of this article is to propose a novel design method for miniaturized tri-band Wilkinson power dividers with independently controllable center frequencies and a simple structure. Different from the traditional circuit of tri-band power dividers using three-section transmission-line transformers, this proposed structure consists of three-section coupled lines and three isolation resistors. Due to flexible even- and odd-mode parameters and inherent small size features of parallel coupled lines, this compact divider not only provides arbitrary tri-band operation but also increases the degrees of freedom in determining isolation performances. Furthermore, the simplified design equations for electrical parameters are obtained, and several ideal examples are demonstrated for initial theoretical verifications. As a remarkable example, a compact microstrip power divider operating at three industrial, scientific, and medical bands, namely, (0.92, 2.45, and 5.8 GHz), is designed, fabricated, and measured. There are good return loss (lower than −15.9 dB), small insertion loss (better than −3.8 dB), and excellent isolation (larger than 23.18 dB) performances at these desired triple bands in both the calculated and measured results.