Global Trends Research Articles

Edge–cloud collaborative estimation lithium-ion battery SOH based on MEWOA-VMD and Transformer

The State of Health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries significantly impacts the performance, safety, and reliability of the battery, making it a crucial component of the battery management system. Addressing the issues of inadequate accuracy and lack of robustness in current SOH estimation methods, this study introduces a novel methodology for estimating SOH in lithium-ion batteries. It leverages the multi-population evolution whale optimization algorithm optimized variational mode decomposition (MEWOA-VMD) in conjunction with Transformer architecture. This framework enhances the efficiency and accuracy of SOH estimation by leveraging the computational capabilities of edge devices for real-time data processing, as well as the robust data processing power and model training advantages offered by cloud computing. Specifically, MEWOA is utilized to optimize VMD parameters, enabling MEWOA-VMD to fully decompose the capacity signal of lithium-ion batteries. This results in a component showing a global attenuation trend and a set of fluctuating components that represent capacity regeneration, thereby minimizing the impact of capacity regeneration on SOH estimation. Subsequently, all components are collectively input into the Transformer, marking the first application of this method for input. To enhance convergence speed and training efficiency, the layer normalization (LN) layer within the neural network architecture is proactively advanced. Finally, various artificial neural networks are compared and validated on three publicly available datasets. Furthermore, Gaussian noise is introduced into the original data to validate robustness. To confirm the practical applicability of the proposed method, real-world vehicle data is used for SOH estimation. The results indicate that the proposed method achieves a maximum MSE of no more than 0.009% across three publicly available datasets, showcasing improved accuracy and stability in SOH estimation. The practical applicability is further validated using real-world vehicle data, proving the proposed method’s potential for application in edge cloud-based battery management systems.

Temporal trends in prevalence of liver cancer and etiology-specific liver cancer from 1990 to 2019

BackgroundLiver cancer (LC) remains a major cause of cancer death worldwide. Grasping prevalence trends is key to informing strategies for control and prevention. We analyzed the global, regional and national trends in LC prevalence and its major causes from 1990 to 2019. MethodsWe obtained LC age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 and assessed trends using Joinpoint regression. LC cases were categorized into those due to hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol use, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other causes. ResultsWhile the ASPR of LC has shown a global decrease, there are specific regions where an increase in ASPR has been observed, with the highest rates in America. HBV remained the leading cause of LC (41.45 %) but significant increases occurred for HCV, alcohol use and NASH. Prevalence correlated with socioeconomic development. High-income countries had higher LC rates from HCV and alcohol but lower HBV-related LC. In high-income nations, LC prevalence climbs; the converse holds in middle- and low-income countries. ConclusionsDespite a global ASPR decrease, LC due to HCV, NASH, and alcohol is rising. Prevention strategies must prioritize HBV vaccination, HCV treatment, and alcohol regulation. ImpactThe study informs targeted LC control policies and emphasizes the importance of continued monitoring and regional cooperation to combat LC.

Decorative wood veneers as a medium for contemporary design: A review

The use of decorative wood veneers in contemporary design is increasingly emphasized as society becomes more aware of quality of life and environmental protection. This article explores in detail four key aspects of decorative wood veneers as a contemporary design medium: visual perceptual elements, multisensory interaction, sustainability and environmental impact, and technology and innovation. Through its unique aesthetic attributes and multisensory experience, decorative wood veneers enhance the aesthetics and user experience of interior design, respond to the global trend of sustainability, and promote innovation and environmental responsibility in the design industry through the use of environmentally friendly materials and advanced technologies. This article aims to provide insights for designers, researchers and related industries to stimulate further exploration of the application of decorative wood veneers in design innovation.

The Impact of Adopting Facebook on Developing Descriptive and Narrative Paragraph Writing Skills of ESL Young Adult Learners

Facebook, as one of the popular social media sites worldwide and in Sri Lanka, has been highlighted as a powerful influencer on language learning. While Sri Lanka is working to modernize its paper-based traditional education system and follow global trends of incorporating technology and social media into teaching methods, Facebook use by students for learning reasons is a rarely explored area. The current study's problem stems from students' poor performance in English writing assessments and decreased interest in paper-based education. The objective of this study was to see how using Facebook assisted tertiary-level ESL students build descriptive and narrative paragraph writing skills. The study used an intervention research approach, with data obtained through pre and post-tests. The study included 60 intermediate-level ESL students from the University of Kelaniya who studied in the first-year "English for Social Sciences" course. Participants were chosen after the pre-test, and the experimental group's 30 students were taught for six weeks through a closed Facebook group, whereas the control group's 30 students were taught using paper-based method in regular classes. The similar lessons on descriptive and narrative paragraph writing were delivered to the students on the Facebook group and for the controlled group employing the conventional paper-based approach. The findings demonstrated statistically significant differences between scores of the controlled group and the experimental group, in favour of the experimental group subjected to Facebook learning, proving that Facebook is a modern arena that should be promoted as an appealing online platform to refine students' language skills.

Roles of Earth’s Albedo Variations and Top-of-the-Atmosphere Energy Imbalance in Recent Warming: New Insights from Satellite and Surface Observations

Past studies have reported a decreasing planetary albedo and an increasing absorption of solar radiation by Earth since the early 1980s, and especially since 2000. This should have contributed to the observed surface warming. However, the magnitude of such solar contribution is presently unknown, and the question of whether or not an enhanced uptake of shortwave energy by the planet represents positive feedback to an initial warming induced by rising greenhouse-gas concentrations has not conclusively been answered. The IPCC 6th Assessment Report also did not properly assess this issue. Here, we quantify the effect of the observed albedo decrease on Earth’s Global Surface Air Temperature (GSAT) since 2000 using measurements by the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project and a novel climate-sensitivity model derived from independent NASA planetary data by employing objective rules of calculus. Our analysis revealed that the observed decrease of planetary albedo along with reported variations of the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) explain 100% of the global warming trend and 83% of the GSAT interannual variability as documented by six satellite- and ground-based monitoring systems over the past 24 years. Changes in Earth’s cloud albedo emerged as the dominant driver of GSAT, while TSI only played a marginal role. The new climate sensitivity model also helped us analyze the physical nature of the Earth’s Energy Imbalance (EEI) calculated as a difference between absorbed shortwave and outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. Observations and model calculations revealed that EEI results from a quasi-adiabatic attenuation of surface energy fluxes traveling through a field of decreasing air pressure with altitude. In other words, the adiabatic dissipation of thermal kinetic energy in ascending air parcels gives rise to an apparent EEI, which does not represent “heat trapping” by increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases as currently assumed. We provide numerical evidence that the observed EEI has been misinterpreted as a source of energy gain by the Earth system on multidecadal time scales.

Endocrine cancer trends 1990-2021: global disparities and health inequalities.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of global, continental, and national trends in the prevalence and mortality of prostate cancer (PC), breast cancer (BC), and thyroid cancer (TC). Utilizing 2021 Global Burden of Diseases (GBD2021) data, prevalence and death rates for 2021 were examined, with temporal trends from 1990 to 2021 analyzed via Joinpoint regression. Annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) were calculated with 95% CI. Distributive inequalities were quantified using the slope index of inequality and concentration index. In 2021, PC, BC, and TC showed higher global age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPR) in Europe and America compared to Africa and Asia, while higher age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for PC and BC were noted in Africa. Over the study period, significant global increases in ASPR were observed for PC (AAPC = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.89), BC (AAPC = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.37), and TC (AAPC = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.52). Conversely, ASDR significantly decreased for PC (AAPC = -0.83, 95% CI: -0.92 to -0.74), BC (AAPC = -0.48, 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.39), and TC (AAPC = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.29 to -0.17). Variations were observed across continents and time periods, affecting 204 countries and territories. Higher Social Development Index (SDI) levels were associated with a more pronounced burden of these cancers. The findings highlight significant global heterogeneity in prevalence, death rates, and temporal trends of endocrine cancers, with important implications for epidemiology and public health policies.

Comparative Atlas of SARS-CoV-2 Substitution Mutations: A Focus on Iranian Strains Amidst Global Trends.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new emerging coronavirus that caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whole-genome tracking of SARS-CoV-2 enhanced our understanding of the mechanism of the disease, control, and prevention of COVID-19. we analyzed 3368 SARS-CoV-2 protein sequences from Iran and compared them with 15.6 million global sequences in the GISAID database, using the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain as a reference. Our investigation revealed that NSP12-P323L, ORF9c-G50N, NSP14-I42V, membrane-A63T, Q19E, and NSP3-G489S were found to be the most frequent mutations among Iranian SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Furthermore, it was observed that more than 94% of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including NSP7, NSP8, NSP9, NSP10, NSP11, and ORF8, had no mutations when compared to the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain. Finally, our data indicated that the ORF3a-T24I, NSP3-G489S, NSP5-P132H, NSP14-I42V, envelope-T9I, nucleocapsid-D3L, membrane-Q19E, and membrane-A63T mutations might be responsible factors for the surge in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant wave in Iran. real-time genomic surveillance is crucial for detecting new SARS-CoV-2 variants, updating diagnostic tools, designing vaccines, and understanding adaptation to new environments.

The State of Public-Private Partnerships in Times of Global Economic Disruption

Growth in large private business enterprises in the 20th century established an environment that enabled a competitive relationship through Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) with the public sector, which historically suffered from inefficiencies and an over-reliance on projects and services, especially in emerging economies. PPPs can positively impact public safety, quality of life, new economic opportunities, poverty reduction, and benefit from long-term private capital and outside expertise. However, PPP investment is sensitive to critical factors such as: the macroeconomic environment, institutional and regulatory conditions, market size, rule of law, and enforceable contracts, among others. Thus, managing PPP projects is a very complex task, due to its multidisciplinary characteristics and the involvement of multiple stakeholders. In times of global economic disruption, this task becomes even more challenging. This study presents threats and opportunities for the execution of PPPs in times of global crises and their relationship with globalization trends.

Pre-Service Teacher Education in a Postplagiarism World: Incorporating GenAI Into Teacher Training

This essay explores the integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) into pre-service teacher education amidst contemporary debates on technology in education. It highlights the cautious stance taken by educational authorities, such as the Alberta Teachers’ Association, which advises against involving students directly with AI tools. The discussion contrasts this cautionary position with global trends, noting advanced AI curricula in countries like China and Japan. Emphasizing the necessity for hands-on GenAI training for pre-service teachers, the essay advocates equipping future educators with the skills and knowledge to effectively incorporate AI into their practice. It calls for engaging students as partners in learning and rethinking traditional notions of plagiarism in a postplagiarism world where AI co-creation becomes common.Keywords: Pre-service teacher education, postplagiarism, generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), AI literacy, educational technology integration

Global research trends and hotspots in overweight/obese comorbid with depression among children and adolescents: A bibliometric analysis.

Overweight/obesity combined with depression among children and adolescents (ODCA) is a global concern. The bidirectional relationship between depression and overweight/obesity often leads to their comorbidity. Childhood and adolescence represent critical periods for physical and psychological development, during which the comorbidity of overweight/obesity and depression may increase the risk of adverse health outcomes. To evaluate the relationship between ODCA, we conduct a bibliometric analysis to aid in formulating prevention and treatment strategies. From 2004 to 2023, articles related to ODCA were selected using the Science Citation Index Expanded from the Web of Science Core Collection. Bibliometric analysis of relevant publications, including countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords, was conducted using the online bibliometric analysis platforms, CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and bibliometrix. Between 2004 and 2023, a total of 1573 articles were published on ODCA. The United States has made leading contributions in this field, with Harvard University emerging as the leading contributor in terms of research output, and Tanofsky being the most prolific author. The J Adolescent Health has shown significant activity in this domain. Based on the results of the keyword and reference analyses, inequality, adverse childhood experiences, and comorbidities have become hot topics in ODCA. Moreover, the impact of balanced-related behavior and exploration of the biological mechanisms, including the potential role of key adipocytokines and lipokines, as well as inflammation in ODCA, have emerged as frontier topics. The trend of a significant increase in ODCA publications is expected to continue. The research findings will contribute to elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of ODCA and its prevention and treatment.

The global burden and trend of Clostridioides difficile and its association with world antibiotic consumption, 1990-2019.

To estimate the global trends and disease burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and its correlation with worldwide antibiotic consumption. Clostridioides difficile infection and antibiotic consumption data were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, ResistanceMap-AntibiocUse, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System, and Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System. Jointpoint regression and age-period-cohort model were developed to show the global trends and burden of CDI. Correlation tests were calculated to explore the relationship between CDI and antibiotics. Globally, CDI is the most significant one with a high-rocketing burden increase rate among 13 pathogens causing diarrheal deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The age-standardised death rate (ASDR) increased from 0.19 in 1990 to 0.43 in 2019, in which the elderly and females are at higher risk. A rapid increase in ASDR in high to middle sociodemographic index (SDI) regions such as North America (average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 7.71%), Andean (AAPC = 7.82%), and Southern Latin America (AAPC = 11.08%) was identified. Antibiotic consumption has a significant positive correlation with CDI with different risk stratifications. The global burden of CDI has continuously increased for the past 30 years, especially in high to middle-SDI regions. World antibiotic consumption showed a strong positive correlation with CDI with different risk stratification. More effective prevention and control measures should be implemented in these critical regions, with a specific emphasis on vulnerable populations, to mitigate the spread of epidemics.

Technological Advances in the Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease: A Public Health Strategy.

This article reviews technological advances and global trends in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using the SCOPUS database, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, to identify relevant publications on technologies applied in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. An increase in scientific output since 2018 was observed, reflecting a growing interest in the technologies available for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, with terms such as "telemedicine", "artificial intelligence", "image analysis", and "cardiovascular disease" standing out as some of the most commonly used terms in reference to CVDs. Significant trends were identified, such as the use of artificial intelligence in precision medicine and machine learning algorithms to analyse data and predict cardiovascular risk, as well as advances in image analysis and 3D printing. Highlighting the role of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and continuous monitoring of cardiovascular diseases, showing its potential to improve prognosis and reduce the incidence of acute cardiovascular events, this study presents the integration of traditional cardiology methods with digital health technologies-through a transdisciplinary approach-as a new direction in cardiovascular health, emphasising individualised care and improved clinical outcomes. These advances have great potential to impact healthcare, and as this field expands, it is crucial to understand the current research landscape and direction in order to take advantage of each technological advancement for improving the diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life of cardiovascular patients. It is concluded that the integration of these technologies into clinical practice has important implications for public health. Early detection and personalised treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. In addition, the optimisation of public health resources through telemedicine and telecare can improve access to quality care. The implementation of these technologies can be a crucial step towards reducing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Water budget-based evapotranspiration product captures natural and human-caused variability

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important yet highly uncertain components of the water cycle. Available modelled ET products do not necessarily agree with each other at various spatiotemporal scales, either due to limitations on input data and/or due to model assumptions and simplifications. Therefore, using water budget equation to estimate ET has gained attention. However, a large number of water-budget combinations with large uncertainties are available that increases ambiguity in choosing the best ET estimate. Here, the Kalman filter is employed for ingesting 96 water-budget based ET estimates and produce a global ET product with uncertainty < 2 mm, and it captures the general spatiotemporal pattern of ET and the inter-annual variability over all continents. Since the water budget includes storage change due to human interventions, our ET estimates are superior over regions with strong irrigation signal, such as the Ganges basin. We verify our claim by using a modified variable infiltration capacity model that simulates irrigation activities as well. Our ET estimates have a global mean positive trend of 0.18 ± 0.02 mm/year with larger regional variations that are discussed.

Knowledge domain and emerging trends in the rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms research from 2004 to 2023.

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) pose significant health risks, attributable to their potential for sudden rupture, which can result in severe outcomes such as stroke and death. Despite extensive research, the variability of aneurysm behavior, with some remaining stable for years while others rupture unexpectedly, remains poorly understood. To employ bibliometric analysis to map the research landscape concerning risk factors associated with IAs rupture. A systematic literature review of publications from 2004 to 2023 was conducted, analyzing 3804 documents from the Web of Science Core Collection database, with a focus on full-text articles and reviews in English. The analysis encompassed citation and co-citation networks, keyword bursts, and temporal trends to delineate the evolution of research themes and collaboration patterns. Advanced software tools, CiteSpace and VOSviewer, were utilized for comprehensive data visualization and trend analysis. Analysis uncovered a total of 3804 publications on IA rupture risk factors between 2006 and 2023. Research interest surged after 2013, peaking in 2023. The United States led with 28.97% of publications, garnering 37706 citations. Notable United States-China collaborations were observed. Capital Medical University produced 184 publications, while Utrecht University boasted a citation average of 69.62 per publication. "World Neurosurgery" published the most papers, contrasting with "Stroke", the most cited journal. The PHASES score from "Lancet Neurology" emerged as a vital rupture risk prediction tool. Early research favored endovascular therapy, transitioning to magnetic resonance imaging and flow diverters. "Subarachnoid hemorrhage" stood out as a recurrent keyword. This study assesses global IA research trends and highlights crucial gaps, guiding future investigations to improve preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Global Trends in Childhood Sexual Abuse and Bullying Victimization: A Comprehensive Analysis from 1990 to 2019.

: No comprehensive analysis has yet been published regarding global trends in childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and bullying victimization (BV). The present study offers a longitudinal perspective on their prevalence worldwide. CSA and BV rates were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study, spanning the years 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries. Trends by gender, region, and human development index (HDI) were examined. For both boys and girls, and in both high- and low-HDI countries, CSA rates did not significantly change from 1990 to 2019 (p>0.05). However, BV rates increased significantly in high- and low-HDI countries for both genders (p<0.001). Subsequently, we analyzed trends separately by gender across all countries, without considering development level. In this analysis, CSA rates among girls decreased from 1990 to 2000, followed by an increasing tendency after 2000; overall, an upward trend was evident between 1990 and 2019 (p=0.029). In contrast, no significant pattern was observed for boys. Notably, BV demonstrated an increasing trend across all regions when HDI was not considered (p<0.05), with African populations experiencing the most pronounced rise (p<0.001). Globally, boys consistently exhibited higher BV rates than girls. Our research indicates that, on a global scale, rates of CSA among girls have been rising. Additionally, BV rates have increased in all regions for both boys and girls. Notably, this trend in BV rates is occurring irrespective of HDI. These findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions in areas with high rates of CSA and BV.

SENSITIZATION OF PARENTS OF CHILDREN OF PEERS INVOLVED IN THE INCLUSIVE PROCESS IN MACEDONIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

The global trend of incorporating students with disabilities into mainstream education is on the rise, a phenomenon observed in countries like Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, the attitudes of parents with typically developing children play a pivotal role in shaping the educational journey of students with special needs within regular school systems. This study aims to delve into the level of sensitization among parents of typically developing students concerning their peers with diverse developmental disabilities in Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data for this investigation were collected through a survey comprising 10 questions, each offering 3/4 possible responses. The sample size includes 90 parents of typically developing students attending regular schools across North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Thematic analysis of survey results unveils challenges and barriers in the inclusive education process, shedding light on parental sensitization. This exploration identifies specific issues and proposes potential solutions to enhance the inclusivity of the education system. The identified issues emphasize the necessity for targeted interventions and proactive measures to raise awareness among parents, fostering a more supportive and inclusive educational environment. By suggesting plausible solutions, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on inclusive education, serving as a foundation for further research and practical initiatives.

Estimating global trends of air pollution, air pollution-attributable disease burdens, and CO2 emissions in 13,000 cities using large geospatial datasets

Estimating global trends of air pollution, air pollution-attributable disease burdens, and CO2 emissions in 13,000 cities using large geospatial datasets

Logistics Services, E-payment Systems, and After-sales Support Integration: Basis for Strategic Framework for Enhancing Cross-border E-commerce

In the context of a globalized economy and digital age, cross-border e-commerce has become essential to international trade. This doctoral thesis examines the impact of logistics services, e-payment systems, and after-sales support on cross-border e-commerce success. The study explores global trends and challenges, assessing factors like tracking, delivery speed, security, payment convenience, and customer support. By analyzing these elements' effects on consumer satisfaction and efficiency, the research provides strategies for improvement. The findings aim to guide cross-border e-commerce enterprises in enhancing competitiveness, consumer trust, and sustainable development, offering valuable academic insights into management practices.

Global misinformation trends: Commonalities and differences in topics, sources of falsehoods, and deception strategies across eight countries

In a quantitative content analysis of 3,154 debunking articles from 23 fact-checking organizations, this study examines global misinformation trends and regional nuances across eight countries in Europe and Latin America (UK, DE, PT, SP, AR, BR, CL, and VZ). It strives to elucidate commonalities and differences based on political and media system indicators. Notably, countries with a substantial online presence of far-right parties avoid disclosing (fake) ordinary accounts to evade engaging in inauthentic coordinated actions. While entirely fabricated stories are infrequent, they stand out in Brazil and Spain, the two countries with higher political polarization. Despite variations, aggregated forms of fabrication (invented, manipulated, imposter, or decontextualized content) are more prominent in Latin America due to high social media use for news and low reliance on public media. Conversely, in Europe, countries are more impacted by misleading (cherry-picked, exaggerated, and twisted) information.

Competency development for pharmacy: adopting and adapting the FIP global advanced development framework.

Pharmacy education shifts toward competency-based training to meet healthcare demands. This study aims to develop and validate the Kuwait Advanced Competency Framework (KACF) for pharmacists. The study adopts the FIP Global Advanced Development Framework (GADF) to develop a country-specific framework, emphasizing the importance of aligning with global standards while adapting to local contexts. The developed framework builds upon the Kuwait Foundation Competency Framework to address the need for advanced pharmacy services. This is a mixed methods study that employed an "adopt and adapt" approach. The KACF was adopted from the FIP GADF and adapted following four phases. Phase one involved checking and validating the Arabic version of the FIP GADF. Phase two employed a series of focus groups to validate accuracy and relevancy of competency statements. Phase three utilized a workshop with different stakeholders as a final step of validation. Phase four involved a national survey to assess the national pharmacy workforce against the framework competencies. Qualitative feedback from focus groups and workshops informed competencies modifications. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and multiple correspondence analyses (MCA). The translation phase verified a bilingual framework that could be utilized by pharmacists in Kuwait. The initial and final validation phases identified 20 behavioral statements (out of 22 in the original document) that are relevant to pharmacy practice in Kuwait. The national survey, comprising 169 respondents, validated the KACF's applicability, revealing variations in career stage progression across competency clusters. Findings highlighted associations between career stages and practice settings, offering insights for tailored workforce development strategies. The KACF emerges as a pivotal tool for advancing pharmacy services in Kuwait, aligning with global trends toward competency-based education. Findings underscored the necessity for context-specific approaches in advancing pharmacy practice, providing a comprehensive understanding of competency progression and readiness for advanced roles.