In recent years, the number and proportion of the elderly population in China has been rising, and it is facing a serious trend of population aging. This paper focuses on the negative impact of Chinas relevant policies on population aging and birth rate. Through literature analysis and data survey, this paper finds that the implementation of Chinas family planning policy has to some extent suppressed the growth of the population, but also exacerbated issues such as population aging, labor shortage, and caused a decline in the fertility rate. To address this issue, the government needs to take more active and effective measures, including the increasing social security investment, encouraging fertility, and strengthening elderly welfare, to ensure the quality of life of the elderly population and sustainable economic development.