Travel Trends Research Articles

빅데이터 의미연결망 분석을 활용한 내국인의 국외관광 인식 연구: COVID-19 전·후 비교

Purpose: This study aims to analyze changes in Korean nationals' perceptions of overseas tourism before and after COVID-19 using social media big data analysis. Methods: The study collected data from social media platforms focusing on Japan, China, and Vietnam as travel destinations. The pre-COVID-19 period was set from January 2017 to December 2019, and the post-COVID-19 period from January 2021 to December 2023. Using the TEXTOM and UCINET, TF-IDF keyword frequency analysis, centrality analysis, and CONCOR analysis were conducted. Results: The analysis revealed an increased desire for overseas travel after COVID-19, along with heightened concerns for health and safety. There was a preference for stable, short-distance travel, as well as increased interest in international experiences and new travel trends. Japan and China emerged as preferred destinations, while interest in Vietnam slightly decreased. Keywords related to COVID-19 preventive measures became prominent in travel considerations. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the study suggests developing tourism products emphasizing hygiene and safety, creating programs for small group travelers, and formulating marketing strategies focused on Japan and China. This research contributes to understanding the impact of COVID-19 on tourism perceptions and can aid in policy-making and marketing strategy development for the tourism industry in the post-pandemic era.

Millennial Muslim Tourists’ Motivations and Characteristics at Marawa Beach Club

This research aimed to identify the dominant characteristics and motivations of millennial Muslim tourists visiting Marawa Beach Club Padang West Sumatra. Utilizing a quantitative research method, data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select participants from the tourist population. The data were analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis, with responses evaluated on a Likert scale of 1-5. Results from the questionnaires, completed by 100 respondents, highlighted distinct characteristics and motivations of millennial Muslim tourists compared to other visitor segments. This study reveals the unique appeal of Marawa Beach Club for this demographic. The findings provide valuable insights for tourism businesses, local authorities, and destination marketers aiming to cater to the specific preferences of millennial Muslim travelers. Additionally, this research lays a foundation for understanding evolving travel trends and informs strategies to create a more inclusive and enriching destination experience.

Trends in interstate abortion travel to Oregon following the Dobbs court decision

ObjectiveThis study describes how interstate travel for abortion to the state of Oregon changed following the Dobbs decision. Study DesignWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using vital statistics data from Oregon Health Authority (OHA) of all medical and surgical abortions between January 1, 2015, and September 30, 2023. ResultsFollowing the Dobbs decision, 14.3% of abortions in Oregon were to out-of-state residents compared to 9.6% prior to the Dobbs decision. Out-of-state individuals had a significantly higher odds of having abortions in the second or third trimester and having a procedural abortion compared to their in-state counterparts. ConclusionInterstate travel to Oregon for abortion care increased after Dobbs. This population is distinct compared to in-state residents.

DETERMINANTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE ASPECT OF THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY

The paper aims to present the determinants of tourism development in the context of the challenges of today’s economy, i.e. the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and the war in Ukraine, the need for the tourism sector to prepare for climate change and the digital transformation of the economy. The study is scoping. To achieve the research objective, a study of domestic and foreign literature, induction, deduction, generalisation and synthesis, and research results of other authors were used. The research used studies from UNWTO, World Travel & Tourism Council, Statista, Travel Trends 2023 (Simon-Kuchner), a European Commission report and other author’ research. The research showed that in the third decade of the 21st century, the tourism sector is affected by health (COVID-19 pandemic), military and geopolitical threats, inflation, climate change and digital technologies. These phenomena influence the behaviour and attitudes of tourists worldwide and shape the opportunities for developing the tourism sector in each country at the macro-, meso- and micro levels. The challenges identified have created, and some will continue to create, crisis risks in tourism. It calls for building a more robust, more sustainable and resilient tourism economy for the future. It will require appropriate economic, climate, and energy policies from governments in many countries.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inbound air travel to Canada.

Commercial air travel can result in global dispersal of infectious diseases. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many countries implemented border measures, including restrictions on air travel, to reduce the importation risk of COVID-19. In the context of inbound air travel to Canada, this study aimed to: 1) characterize travel trends before and during the pandemic, and 2) statistically assess the association between travel volumes and travel restrictions during the pandemic. Monthly commercial air travel volume data from March 2017 to February 2023 were obtained from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). National and airport-level travel trends to Canada were characterized by inbound travel volumes, the number of countries contributing travellers and the ranking of the top ten countries contributing travellers across the study period, by six year-length subperiod groupings (three pre-pandemic and three pandemic). Using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models, interrupted time series (ITS) analyses assessed the association between major travel restrictions and travel volumes by including variables to represent changes to the level and slope of the time series. The pre-pandemic inbound travel volume increased by 3% to 7% between consecutive subperiods, with three seasonal peaks (July-August, December-January, March). At the onset of the pandemic, travel volume decreased by 90%, with the number of contributing countries declining from approximately 200 to 140, followed by a slow recovery in volume and seasonality. A disruption in the ranking of countries that contributed travellers was also noticeable during the pandemic. Results from the ITS analysis aligned with the timing of travel restrictions as follows: implementation in March 2020 coincided with a sharp reduction in volumes, while the easing of major restrictions, starting with the authorization of fully vaccinated travellers from the United States to enter Canada in August 2021, coincided with an increase in the slope of travel volumes. Descriptive and statistical results suggest a near-return of pre-pandemic travel patterns by the end of the study period. Study results suggest resilience in commercial air travel into Canada. Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to a disruption in travel trends, easing of travel restrictions appeared to enable pre-pandemic trends to re-emerge. Understanding trends in air travel volumes, as demonstrated here, can provide information that supports preparedness and response regarding importation risk of infectious pathogens.

Global palates: unraveling digital nomads’ culinary journeys and gastro-tourist profiles

PurposeThis study aims to reveal the food preferences and to define the typology of digital nomads as gastro-tourists. In this context, it is aimed to provide information on issues such as the importance of food culture in destination selection for digital nomads, food prices, local dishes, local food markets, religious restrictions, researching cultural cuisines, preparing meals and participating in gastronomic events.Design/methodology/approachMultiple qualitative methods were utilized in the research for this study. Digital nomads' comments, videos and semi-structured interviews constitute the data sources of the research, and the data obtained were analyzed by content analysis.FindingsAs a result of the study, it was seen that digital nomads do consider gastronomy in their destination selection, and five different gastro-tourist profiles were determined. These are Local Flavor Hunters, Gastronomy Adventurers, Budget-Conscious Food Lovers, Cultural Explorers and Health and Sustainability Focused People.Originality/valueThe theoretical contribution of the study is to provide information with regard to the food and beverage preferences of digital nomads and to contribute to filling a gap in the literature. The practical contribution of the study is to help formulate tourism marketing strategies in the destination and strategies for businesses in the tourism industry. Since digital nomads play important roles in destination promotion, it is important to determine their perspectives and typologies towards gastronomy. The results of the study will be useful for tourism industry components, such as academics, experts, travel businesses, tourism destinations and local food producers who research the tourism industry and travel trends.

Mapping Opportunities: Study of Panaytayan’s Tourism Potential with FUN STEP’s

This research explores the untapped tourism potential of Panaytayan, Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines, employing a multidimensional approach that integrates SWOT analysis and a Community Needs Assessment through community immersion. By evaluating the intrinsic aspects of Panaytayan’s tourism landscape and engaging with the local community, the study identifies the village as a promising site for sustainable, community-based tourism. Challenges such as limited infrastructure, marketing expertise, and environmental vulnerabilities are meticulously addressed alongside opportunities presented by sustainable travel trends and government grants for agri-ecotourism and adventure community-based tourism. Proximity to established tourist destinations provides unique advantages, but potential threats, including over-tourism and competition, are acknowledged. Findings advocate strategic interventions, emphasizing infrastructure improvement, capacity building, targeted marketing, and a clear regulatory framework to overcome challenges and leverage opportunities. Recommendations propose community-based tourism initiatives to empower locals and position Panaytayan for agri-ecotourism and adventure tourism. These initiatives align seamlessly with the proposed extension project, FUN STEP’s (Fostering Unity and Nature through Sustainable Tourism Engagement Programs), a three-year program affiliated with Mindoro State University. FUN STEPs comprise four distinct programs: KAPWAA, TRIPLE-T, Eco-Cinema, and Eco-Drive, fostering community involvement, hygiene awareness, tour guiding proficiency, environmental education, and advocacy campaigns. Sustainable infrastructure and environmental conservation practices are emphasized to minimize adverse impacts. This approach envisions Panaytayan as a sustainable, community-driven destination, poised for economic growth while preserving its distinctive cultural and environmental assets. The research contributes to the comprehensive understanding of Panaytayan’s tourism potential, paving the way for responsible and inclusive tourism development.

What means of transport did Italians choose during the pandemic? A literature review

The ongoing health emergency is reshaping the environmental, social and economic context. It is therefore necessary to define a new overall mobility ecosystem. The freeze and restrictions imposed since March 2020 have indeed strongly conditioned modal choices and travel frequencies. Italy was among the first countries to suffer dramatic consequences in Europe and to have reported several critical issues in the transport sector, especially for local public transport (PT). In addition, several survey-based studies have mapped the demand for regional mobility in light of the major changes taking place in the world of work, with the introduction of smart working and the consequent reduction in travel. The change in living and commuting habits has also been due to a strong psychosocial change and especially due to the stress and anxiety that people have felt while moving. All this has led to an increase in the choice of the private vehicle for major daily travel as it is connected to a perception of greater safety and lower risk of infection. Therefore, the present work stands as a review of the literature related to different modal choices and travel trends in the Italian context, focusing on the factors that have changed choices in transportation and mobility. The review was conducted using keyword strings in Scopus and Transportation Research Integrated Database (TRID). The findings underscore the need to implement a new mobility to maintain a strong relationship between service operators and customers. The development and success of individual models will depend on the ability of operators to embrace the new needs of the community and on how well institutions are able to rethink the entire mobility ecosystem.

빅데이터 분석을 활용한 대구지역 관광다변화전략에 관한 연구

After the outbreak of COVID-19, travel trends have changed as people refrain from face-to-face contact activities as much as possible to prevent coronavirus infection. In order to travel safely while avoiding COVID-19 infection, people have turned to safe 'domestic travel' or 'camping' rather than 'overseas travel', which are non-contact travel, especially to areas with good natural environments such as Dalseo-Gu, Dalseong-Gun, and Dong-Gu in Daegu. Safe non-face-to-face travel has begun. Through big data analysis related to tourism in the Daegu area, it was observed that following the COVID-19 pandemic, Okyeonji Songhae Park in Dalseong-gun emerged as a popular tourist destination. In Jung-Gu, places such as Dongseong-ro, Modern Alleyway Hostory Tour, and Seomun Market maintained steady popularity as tourist attractions. However, it was noted that the popularity of Kim Kwang-seok Street, a famous tourist spot in Daegu, declined compared to before COVID-19. From analysis through the Korea Tourism Data Lab, it was observed that due to COVID-19, Most areas in Daegu Metropolitan City experienced a decrease in external visitors. However, in the case of Dalseong-gun, it was noted that the number of external visitors continued to increase consistently compared to 2019. On the other hand, in Jung-Gu where there is a high number of foreign visitors (311,266 in 2019), it was confirmed that the number of foreign visitors has decreased compared to 2019 (21,921 in 2022). However, it was confirmed that the card usage per visitor in Dalseong-gun (1,418 won) is very low compared to that in Jung-Gu (3,974 won), accounting for only 27%. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the way to increase tourism revenue.

CULTURAL AND EDUCATION TOURISM IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE OF THE RESOURCE BASE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

Objective. The article is aimed at analyzing the current state of the resource base, identifying the main trends and prospects for the development of cultural and educational tourism in Ukraine. Methods. To achieve the objective, the following methods are applied: theoretical generalisation (to study approaches to defining the concept of cultural and educational tourism), statistical (to process statistical information), analysis (to study the current state of the resource base, trends and features of the development of cultural and educational tourism), abstract-theoretical (to summarise and draw conclusions) and modelling (to identify promising areas for the development of cultural and educational tourism in Ukraine). Results. As a result of the study of approaches to defining the concept of "cultural and educational tourism", it is established that the latter should be understood as travel, the main purpose of which is to familiarise tourists with historical, cultural and natural objects and resources in order to meet educational and aesthetic needs. The structure, current state of the resource base of cultural and educational tourism and features of its spatial location are analysed. The imbalance between the location and saturation of cultural and historical objects between different regions of Ukraine is revealed, in favour of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa and Poltava regions and the Carpathian region. The article analyses the loss of cultural and educational resources from the Russian-Ukrainian war and identifies the main trends in the current development of cultural and educational tourism. As a result of the analysis, the main directions of development of cultural and educational tourism in wartime and post-war conditions are identified and substantiated, in particular, the following: development of militarised areas of cultural and educational tourism, extension of modern travel trends to cultural and educational tourism, introduction of the promising Slow Cities tourist movement in cities, shifting the emphasis to the creativity of forms of cultural and educational tourism and expanding the use of innovative technologies in promoting tourist attractions and exchanging information with consumers of tourist services.

Millennial travel trends: Responses to climate change

The travel and tourism industry had been thriving prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, largely due to the millennial travelers. This paper aims to explore the responses of millennial travelers to climate change in terms of values, attitudes, and behaviors. In order to address the aim, this paper utilizes conceptual study based on past research regarding youth tourism and pro-environmental perspectives of Generation Y. Firstly, the paper identifies which values and beliefs are existent among the millennials, how they vary from region to region and the ways of these values are shaped. Secondly, it identifies the attitudes and viewpoints of the millennial travelers in relation to carbon mitigation, environmental conservation and restoration, and responsible tourism. Finally, it identifies the behaviors and actions of the millennial travelers in response to climate change. The outcomes of this paper might have a considerable academic contribution to determining the influence of different value categories (e.g., altruistic, biospheric, and egoistic) on the conscious and subconscious climate actions of the millennial travelers. This research may provide an avenue for possible policy implications to promote sustainable tourism practices among millennials in developed and developing nations.

Evaluation of local tourism in Iran

This study evaluates local tourism in Iran, focusing on domestic travel. The initial analysis explores the broader role of tourism in Iran's economy and society, alongside an introduction to the country's tourism infrastructures. The study then examines the correlation between local tourism patterns and consumer price and gasoline indices. Surprisingly, the findings challenge the hypothesis, revealing a strong positive correlation (0.84) between the "number of local travels" and the "price index for consumers," as well as a correlation coefficient of 0.68 between "number of local travels" and "gasoline price." However, these correlations do not establish causation. The research identifies additional factors influencing local travel, including lifestyle changes due to migration from villages to cities. Cultural ties and financial considerations also contribute, with a significant percentage (73.4%) choosing to stay with friends and family, reducing travel expenditures. In conclusion, the study suggests a more nuanced understanding of local travel motivations. Future research should explore factors such as intra-country migration, stress indices, environmental pressures in metropolitan areas, marketing strategies, and tourist attraction advertising on local travel trends.

Exploring Pandemic, Research, and Data - Unveiling Solution Tourism for the Future

Despite the waning of the COVID-19 pandemic, its lingering effects continue to hinder the recovery of the global tourism industry. It has prompted the Indonesian government to implement a framework for navigating the evolving "new normal" era and ensuring its long-term sustainability. This initiative aims to revive the tourism industry through a post-pandemic strategic plan. This study examines the development of short-medium-long term tourism trends based on research and data from a review of 32 pieces of literature that describe tourism conditions before, during, and after COVID-19. These findings emphasize the importance of reforming and adapting tourism development plans, focusing on resilience, adaptation, and sustainability. The main areas include understanding alterations in tourist conduct due to the pandemic, which has resulted in travel trends leading to destination bubbles with the concepts of quality tourism and digital nomads. So, guidance is needed for human resources and strengthening the supply and demand aspects of the tourism industry. The government must also improve the pentahelix collaboration strategy to optimize tourism expansion, which continues to grow. Keywords: Resilience, Travel Bubble, Destination Attributes, Risk Perception, Tourist Behavior, Quality Tourism, Digital Nomad

Epidemiological and clinical analysis of polish short-term and long-term travelers returning from tropical countries

BackgroundThere is a lack of information about health problems after returning from tropical countries among travelers from Poland. The aim was to create characteristics of diseases imported to Poland from tropical regions and to determine the changes in the travel trends. MethodThis retrospective study is based on medical records of 2391 Polish patients >18 years old, hospitalized between 2006 and 2016 after returning from tropical areas. The analysis covered purpose, duration and travel destination, and health problems related to the travel. 1098 patients (short travel, <1 month, n = 345 vs long travel, >6 months, n = 753) were selected for further analysis. ResultsThe most frequently visited region was Sub-Saharan Africa. Tourists dominated among short-term and missionaries among long-term travelers. The most popular health problems in both groups were digestive system disease and febrile diseases. Diarrhoea of undetermined aetiology, dengue fever, malaria, fever of unknown aetiology and infectious mononucleosis were more likely to occur among short-term travelers whereas blastocystosis, giardiasis, schistosomiasis among long-term travelers. In the group of long-term travelers 363/753 (47,8%) were diagnosed with an infectious or parasitic disease in relation to a trip to a country with a hot climate. ConclusionsTropical diseases occur among Polish travelers so they should be taken into account in the context of prophylaxis when preparing for travel and in the diagnosis of diseases that occur after returning from a tropical zone. This first analysis of disease incidence among Polish travelers indicates a strong need for more research in this area.

PENGEMASAN PAKET WISATA KEBUGARAN DI DESA SAYAN, KECAMATAN UBUD, KABUPATEN GIANYAR

Wellness and village tourism are one of the travel trends that can be done during the pandemic. To increase interest in this tour, the activities are packaged in an attractive manner, in this study referring to the thematic packaging of fitness tour packages. This research was conducted to determine the potential of wellness tourism in Sayan Village, which was then packaged thematically to become a fitness tour package. The package of this tour package can then be used as a tourism product in Sayan Village. Data collection techniques used in this study, namely observation, in-depth interviews, and literature study. Then, the data analysis technique in this study used descriptive qualitative analysis. Based on data collection, the results obtained are that there are four dimensions of potential fitness tourism in Sayan Village, including the emotional dimension, spiritual dimension, mental dimension, and environmental dimension. The wellness potention is then packaged into thematic tour packages according to the dimensions of wellness. The package packages include the emotional dimension, Sayan Healing Culture Tour with a full day tour type; spiritual dimension, Sayan Authentic Spiritual Tour with half day tour activity type; mental dimension, Sayan Happy Tour with half day tour activities; and environmental dimensions, Sayan Eco Life Tour with half day tour activities.

Travel for medical or dental care by race/ethnicity and rurality in the U.S.: Findings from the 2001, 2009 and 2017 National Household Travel Surveys

The travel burden for medical or dental care is a well-documented barrier to healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. There is limited research providing national estimates of the travel trends for medical/dental care, particularly among racial/ethnic groups, and among rural and urban populations. We analyzed data from the 2001, 2009, and 2017 National Household Travel Surveys. Main outcomes were the average travel distance (in miles), average travel time (in minutes), and travel burden, characterized as the percentage of trips lasting ≥ 30 miles or minutes for medical/dental care. We used ordinary least squares and multivariable logistic regressions to examine trends in the travel time/distance and travel burden, controlling for socio-demographic and travel dynamics. Among rural residents, the average travel distance for medical/dental care increased by 17.8% between 2001 and 2017, while no increase was observed among urban residents. Thirty-six percent of trips among rural residents lasted ≥ 30 minutes in 2001 but increased to 47.4% in 2017. Logistic regression estimates show that though Blacks experienced higher odds of a travel time burden compared to Whites, the burden lessened over time. In 2017, urban Blacks (OR = 0.41, 95% C.I. = 0.26,0.66), and rural Blacks (OR = 0.16, 95% C.I. = 0.05,0.55) were less likely to spend ≥ 30 minutes traveling for medical/dental care compared to Whites, using the year 2001 as the baseline. The travel distance and time for medical/dental care have increased in rural areas. However, the travel burden among rural and urban Black residents has decreased. Continuing to alleviate excess burdens of transportation may be beneficial.

Spatial and Temporal Trends in Travel for COVID-19 Vaccinations

Understanding spatial and temporal trends in travel for COVID-19 vaccinations by key demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, race, age) is important for ensuring equitable access to and increasing distribution efficiency of vaccines and other health services. The aim of this study is to examine trends in travel distance for COVID-19 vaccinations over the course of the vaccination rollout in North Carolina. Data were collected using electronic medical records of individuals who had first- or single-dose COVID-19 vaccination appointments through UNC Health between December 15, 2020, and August 31, 2021 (N = 204,718). Travel distances to appointments were calculated using the Euclidean distance from individuals' home ZIP code centroids to clinic addresses. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression models with individuals' home ZIP codes incorporated as fixed effects were used to examine differences in travel distances by gender, race, and age. Males and White individuals traveled significantly farther for vaccination appointments throughout the vaccination rollout. On average, females traveled 14. 4 miles, 3.5% shorter distances than males; Black individuals traveled 13.6 miles, 10.0% shorter distances than White individuals; and people aged 65 and older traveled 14.5 miles, 2.6% longer distances than younger people living in the same ZIP code. Controlling for socioeconomic status and spatial proximity to vaccination clinics at the ZIP code level, males and White individuals traveled longer distances for vaccination appointments, demonstrating more ability to travel for vaccinations. Results indicate a need to consider differential ability to travel to vaccinations by key demographic characteristics in COVID-19 vaccination programs and future mass health service delivery efforts.

Experiential Tourism and Homestays in Kerala

When we undertake leisure travel, in most cases, we want to enjoy the history and civilization of a distant location, relax in an eco-friendly destination, or experience the beauty of local culture like dance, drama, theatre, handicrafts, or any other fine arts. These experiences become memorable and remain in our minds for longer duration. The interests for experiential tourism have gained more importance among young generations and scholars and tourism practitioners of late. This process or trend in leisure travel is also known as “Immersion travel”. Uniqueness of the destination and authentic experiences are the hall marks of experiential tourism. Tourism is a principal contributor to the State’s economy in Kerala. Kerala has topped the list of the ‘Most Welcoming Region’ in India, according to a survey conducted by leading digital travel platform Booking.com. Because of its uniqueness, National Geographic Traveler selected Kerala as one of the best 50 destinations of a life time and also as one of the thirteen paradises in the world. Of late, the Responsible tourism destinations in the state and the new STREET (acronym for Sustainable, Tangible, Responsible, Experiential, Ethnic, Tourism hubs) projects have attracted many enthusiastic experiential travelers. Homestays in Kerala are an alternate accommodation option and they are part of the sharing economy. They also provide opportunities for Village tourism and authentic socio-cultural experiences. The homestays in Kerala are concentrated in those districts where there are a lot of destination attractions. The study concludes by saying that Experiential tourism is a special kind of tourism where the traveler and his/her direct experiences, are an opportunity for enrichment of cultural, social and emotional enrichment. Because homestays are comparatively economical and they provide security and warmth of a home and also provide to learn a new culture, they attract many experiential travelers. Keywords: Experiential tourism, Memorable Tourism Experience, Homestays, Socio-cultural Experiences

Hepatitis A notifications in the EU/EEA, 2010-2019: what can we learn from case reporting to the European Surveillance System?

BackgroundEuropean Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries annually report hepatitis A (HepA) notifications to The European Surveillance System (TESSy).AimTo describe EU/EEA HepA notifications from 2010 to 2019 and identify infection drivers and surveillance improvements.MethodsWe analysed demographic, clinical and transmission information of HepA confirmed cases from TESSy. We stratified countries by population susceptibility profile and performed time-series analysis to describe trends in notification rates, sex distribution and travel history.ResultsTwenty-nine EU/EEA countries reported 139,793 HepA cases. Six eastern EU countries reported >60% of these cases. EU/EEA notification rate during the study period was 3.2 cases per 100,000 population (range 2.7-5.6). Notifications peaked in 2014 and 2017, with marked differences in case demographic characteristics. Notification trends varied across different country susceptibility groups. In 2017, the proportion of males (74%) and case median age (31 years) increased steeply, while no changes occurred in 2014. Travel history showed seasonal case peaks following the summer. More than 47,000 hospitalisations were reported. Annual case fatality was < 0.2% for all years. Information on travel history, hospitalisation, death and mode of transmission was suboptimal.DiscussionApart from some countries in its east, the EU/EEA is characterised by low HepA incidence baseline and susceptible to recurrent large cross-border outbreaks. Analysis of European surveillance data highlighted the need for stronger prevention policies for eastern EU countries, men who have sex with men and travellers. Improving surveillance data-quality will enhance knowledge on food-borne, and travel-related exposures to inform more effective and tailored regional prevention policies.

Generation Z’s Travel Trend and Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review

The study was conducted to review the works related to the travel trends and behavior of Generation Z published by reputable publishers from 2012 to 2022. The data was searched and analyzed on the website www.lens.org and VOS viewer software using bibliometric analysis and content analysis methods. The research results have identified six trends corresponding to Generation Z's tourism behaviors in the current period as a basis to continue to implement further research directions and develop strategies and policies that best meet the needs of potential customers - Gen Z