Trends In Materials Science Research Articles

Moving forward with Healthcare Infection

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).This article has been withdrawn as part of the withdrawal of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering (ICMSTE2K21). Subsequent to acceptance of these Proceedings papers by the responsible Guest Editors, Dr S. Sakthivel, Dr S. Karthikeyan and Dr I. A. Palani, several serious concerns arose regarding the integrity and veracity of the conference organisation and peer-review process. After a thorough investigation, the peer-review process was confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Materials Today: Proceedings.The veracity of the conference also remains subject to serious doubt and therefore the entire Proceedings has been withdrawn in order to correct the scholarly record.

Spectral selectivity in infrared thermal detection

Advances in nanomechanical structures and thermal-emission devices have provided fresh perspectives for the development of infrared thermal detectors. Joseph Talghader and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, USA, review fundamental and technological progress in the field from the perspective of spectrally selective detection, which is important for applications ranging from chemical detection and target recognition to studies in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Placing emphasis on devices operating at non-cryogenic temperatures, Talghader et al. discuss basic and practical aspects of detectors based on both natural and artificial materials. They round off their discussion by looking at current trends in material science and imaging technology to speculate about the future directions of the field.

Exploring the frontiers of synthetic eumelanin polymers by high‐resolution matrix‐assisted laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry

New trends in material science and nanotechnologies have spurred growing interest in eumelanins black insoluble biopolymers derived by tyrosinase-catalysed oxidation of tyrosine via 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and its 2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Efficient antioxidant and photoprotective actions, associated with peculiar optoelectronic properties, are recognised as prominent functions of eumelanin macromolecules within the human and mammalian pigmentary system, making them unique candidates for the realisation of innovative bio-inspired functional soft materials, with structure-based physical-chemical properties. An unprecedented breakthrough into the mechanism of synthetic eumelanin buildup has derived from a detailed investigation of the oxidative polymerization of DHI and its N-methyl derivative (NMDHI) by linear and reflectron matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Regular collections of oligomers of increasing masses, spanning the entire m/z ranges up to 5000 Da (>30-mer) and 8000 Da (> 50-mer) for the two building blocks, respectively, were disclosed. It is the first time that the in vitro polymerisation of dihydroxyindoles to form synthetic eumelanins is explored up to its high mass limits, giving at the same time information on the polymerisation mode, whether it follows a stepwise pattern (being this the conclusion in our case) or a staking sequencing of small-sized entities. It also highlighted the influence of the N-methyl substituent on the polymerization process; this opens the way to the production of N-functionalized, synthetic eumelanin-inspired soft materials, for possible future technological applications.

COSMODERM XVI: recent developments in aesthetic and regenerative medicine

The international congress COSMODERM XVI was a joint meeting of the European Society of Cosmetic and Aesthetic Dermatology with six other scientific and medical societies. Educational and scientific sessions and workshops provided an excellent overview of recent developments in aesthetic and regenerative medicine. The concepts of interdisciplinary sessions included basic science, ethnic skin, dental health and body sculpturing. New trends in material science, laser technology, fillers and drugs were presented and discussed intensively.

Managing Electronic Government Information in Libraries: Issues and Practices, Andrea M. Morrison (Ed.). American Library Association, Chicago (2009), 256 pp., $65.00 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8389-0954-6.

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).This article has been withdrawn as part of the withdrawal of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering (ICMSTE2K21). Subsequent to acceptance of these Proceedings papers by the responsible Guest Editors, Dr S. Sakthivel, Dr S. Karthikeyan and Dr I. A. Palani, several serious concerns arose regarding the integrity and veracity of the conference organisation and peer-review process. After a thorough investigation, the peer-review process was confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Materials Today: Proceedings.The veracity of the conference also remains subject to serious doubt and therefore the entire Proceedings has been withdrawn in order to correct the scholarly record.

Trends in materials science from the point of view of a practicing dentist

In the last 15 years remarkable changes in restorative dentistry occurred. The use of amalgam dropped dramatically, also the use of different types of alloys. The reasons were beside aesthetics the controversial discussion about amalgam and metal toxicity and environmental pollution. This shift did accelerate the development and use of composite resins and ceramic materials for dental restorations. Simultaneously to this development, new concepts in minimally invasive dentistry as well as in adhesive dentistry were introduced and improved. For small and medium sized cavities meanwhile composite resins are the first choice, whereas for large defects, crowns and bridges full ceramic restorations increased in number enormously. Most important questions in clinical practice are the handling of the material and the longevity of the restoration. Recent reviews show that composite resin restorations can compete with amalgam and indirect ceramic restorations but gold restorations are still the best in long-term performance. Main problems in clinical use are fractures, wear, gap formation and secondary caries, postoperative hypersensitivity and technique sensitivity. In contrary to earlier decades in the last 10 years the main reason for failure with composites is no longer secondary caries but nowadays fractures. Chipping of material and bulk fractures are also the most frequent reasons in ceramic restorations which limits the range of indication and there is still a need for improvement. But in general the patients are highly satisfied with these new adhesive and tooth coloured restorations.

Polymers: the quest for motility

The first wave of nanotechnology has concerned itself with what is in effect an incremental continuation of long-existing trends in materials science, in which ever-greater control over the nanoscale structure of materials leads to better properties and more functionality. Modern materials rely on being able to control both interfacial structure and grain boundaries in order to develop improved properties. Functional materials for electronics and photonics are changing the way we live and modern materials can enhance our lives further through medical applications of nanotechnology. What is now at issue is the form a second wave of nanotechnology might take – one in which attention is focused, beyond simple materials, to fully functional nanoscale devices.

D33—a third small-angle neutron scattering instrument at the Institut Laue Langevin

D33 will be a third small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instrument at the Institut Laue Langevin (ILL). Modern trends in materials science, physics and in particular nano-structured materials require that D33 should provide both high resolution and a wide dynamic range of measured scattering vector, q. In ‘monochromatic’ mode a velocity selector and flexible system of inter-collimation apertures will define the neutron beam. A double chopper system will enable a ‘time-of-flight’ (TOF) mode of operation allowing an enhanced dynamic q-range (qmax/qmin) and flexible wavelength resolution. Two large multitube detectors will extend the dynamic q-range further, giving qmax/qmin ∼ 20 in the monochromatic mode and massive qmax/qmin > 1000 in the TOF mode. Beam polarization and 3He spin analysis will facilitate and expand studies of magnetism and allow a more quantitative analysis of spin incoherent samples. The position of D33 will be such as to allow high magnetic fields at the sample position.

YUCOMAT 2007 Presented Latest Trends in Materials Science and Engineering on a Small Scale

YUCOMAT 2007 Presented Latest Trends in Materials Science and Engineering on a Small Scale

Time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction with a thick-walled sample cell

The time-of-flight diffraction techniques that are normally practiced at pulsed neutron sources afford opportunities that are not readily available at continuous fixed-wavelength sources. The present work concerns the increasing trend in materials science to study samples in complex non-ambient environments, such as high gas pressure. Taking the example of a sample cell in which a material is studied under fluid pressure, the optimization of the cell design for best data collection rate is considered. The design of primary- and scattered-beam masks for eliminating background scattering from the sample cell and the correction of the data for cell and sample attenuation are addressed. The outputs of this work include a simple expression for the optimum wall thickness of a thick-walled sample cell, a procedure for accurately determining the required mask aperture width for any scattering angle, more compact expressions for some of the results of the work of Paalman & Pings [J. Appl. Phys.(1962),33, 2635–2639] on absorption corrections, and guidance as to the correction of diffraction profiles for cell and background effects. Examples are given, drawn from studies of materials under hydrogen gas pressures up to 1800 bar in cells constructed from Ti2.1Zr and Inconel.

Some Trends in Materials Science of Membranes for Gas Separation

Some Trends in Materials Science of Membranes for Gas Separation

Organization and trends in materials science and engineering education in the US and Europe

Materials education in the United States and Europe is today provided to students by a wide range of departments, programs and institutes. Only a small fraction of these are what we term “core MSE” departments. These departments practice the discipline of MSE, providing undergraduate and graduate education in, and carrying out research on, the four elements of the field and their interrelations. The elements are structure, processing, properties and performance. Viewing this MSE as a discipline (while simultaneously as a part of a larger discipline) provides new directions for, and freedom in, curriculum reform. It also provides a framework for developing a focus for our research efforts and guiding their direction.

U.S. career and salary trends in materials science and engineering

U.S. career and salary trends in materials science and engineering

Material science and engineering education in Poland

Contemporary research and educational trends in material science and engineering facilities of Polish Universities in that area are analysed. On that basis, curricula of studies at BSc, MSc and PhD levels are proposed. Teaching of material science and engineering in other branches of studies are also considered.

Improving Effectiveness in Materials Research

Panel Discussion: “Educate and cooperate” was the general message which came from the discussion of future trends in materials science during the meeting in Wilmington Delaware. Gerhard Wegner gives a European view of the proceedings, pointing out current trends and future aims in both the teaching of materials science and in the development and production of new materials.

Tailored Surface Modification by Ion Implantation and Laser Treatment

An important trend in materials science is the use of increasingly sophisticated methods to control composition and microstructure during processing. Near-surface modification by ion implantation and laser treatment is one of these new methods for tailoring material properties. Novel materials have been formed which are far from thermodynamic equilibrium and which exhibit unexpected and useful properties. The most extensively studied property changes include modified electrical properties of semiconductors and improved wear, hardness, and corrosion resistance of metals. The high degree of control available with energetic beams allows relations between microstructure and properties to be systematically investigated at the atomic level. This article illustrates how ion and laser beam modification is being applied to advance both the technology and the exploratory science of materials.