Trends In International Migration Research Articles

Individual and US County Determinants of Repeat Migration: a Comparison of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics

ABSTRACTContemporary internal migration trends in the US raise questions about the role of community characteristics in shaping individual‐level migration propensities among different racial and ethnic groups. To examine this issue more closely, this research incorporates key county‐level characteristics into a study of repeat migration. With data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth merged with US census data, this study found that heavily populated counties and counties with large concentrations of employment in manufacturing industries reduce the odds of primary outmigration, onward migration to other locations, and return migration to a previous county of residence. Counties with a high degree of natural amenity retain longstanding white residents. Net of individual unemployment, the county‐level unemployment rate hinders primary and onward migration among whites. In support of the cultural constraints hypothesis – a hypothesis that anticipates divergent community‐level effects for minority and majority group members – whites are more likely to engage in repeat migration from counties with smaller shares of non‐Hispanic White population whereas blacks are more likely to engage in repeat migration from areas with larger shares of non‐Hispanic White population. whites and blacks are more likely to move out of counties with larger shares of foreign‐born population. The share of neither non‐Hispanic White population nor foreign‐born population affects Hispanic repeat migration propensities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Demography, Migration and the Economy at a Regional Level: Recent Evidence from Catalonia

AbstractIn the last decade Spain had one of the highest immigration levels in the European Union and Catalonia was one of the most important destinations within the country. Immigration drove a strong and fast population growth and rejuvenated the population of the region. The world economic crisis is probably going to mark a turning point in international migration trends and has already caused a sharp decrease in Spanish and Catalan immigration flows. However, Catalonia is historically a very intriguing example of the close links that exist between demographic trends, migration movements and economic development. Around the mid 1800s the region was one of the first in Europe to experience a demographic transition and as a consequence it was affected early on by low levels of natural population change and by imbalances in the age structure. Moreover, Catalonia’s economy has almost always been one of the most dynamic in Spain. The main consequence of the diverging trends in demography and the economy has been the recurrent need for large immigration flows in periods of sustained economic growth. From this point of view, Catalonia is a meaningful example for all the European regions with a structurally low fertility and dynamic economic systems. The main aims of this paper are to analyse the interplay between demographic, migratory and economic factors during the last decade in Catalonia and try to infer their possible future interactions, according to the results of innovative regional projections implemented for EU and EFTA countries.

The Determinants of International Mobility of Students

This paper analyzes the determinants of the choice of location of international students. Building on the documented trends in international migration of students, we develop a small theoretical model allowing to identify the various factors associated to the attraction of migrants as well as the costs of moving abroad. Using new data capturing the number of students from a large set of origin countries studying in a set of 13 OECD countries, we assess the importance of the various factors identified in the theory. We find support for a significant network effect in the migration of students, a result so far undocumented in the literature. We also find a significant role for cost factors such as housing prices and for attractiveness variables such as the reported quality of universities. In contrast, we do not find an important role for registration fees.

The Demography of Canada and the United States from the 1980s to the 2000s A Summary of Changes and a Statistical Assessment.

Canada and the United States have enjoyed vigorous population growth since the early 1980s. Although mortality is slightly higher in the United States than in Canada, this is largely offset by much higher fertility, with a total fertility rate at replacement level, compared with just 1.5 children per woman in Canada. The United States is also the world's largest immigrant receiving country, although its immigration rate is only half that of Canada, where today one person in five is foreign-born, versus one in eight in the United States. Based on recent trends in fertility, mortality and international migration, the populations of these two North American countries will continue to grow over the next five decades, but at a progressively slower pace. The most acute demographic issue today is not, as in Europe, that of imminent population decline, but rather of the geographic and social inequalities which have increased steadily since the early 1980s and which are reflected in major fertility and health differentials between regions and social groups.

Disentangling the Role of Migrants' Educational Level in the Long-Run Italian Internal Migration Trends

Previous studies on Italian internal migration have shown that income differentials are more effective than unemployment differentials in driving interregional reallocation of population across regions. In this paper we follow the macroeconomic empirical literature on migration and test the role that has been played by relative per capita GDP and relative unemployment rate differentials in shaping long-run internal migration. In addition, we split total migration into high- and low-skilled net migration and highlight the different patterns of these two variables in the long-run trends. Finally, we extend the model and introduce population age structure and population density. Different from almost all existing literature, we investigate the dynamic characteristics of the series and study interregional migration inside a cointegration framework.JEL Classification: J11, J61, R23

Demographic Data on International Migration Levels, Trends and Characteristics

Demographic Data on International Migration Levels, Trends and Characteristics

Labour Migration in South Asia: A Review of Issues, Policies and Practices

This paper presents a detailed review of international labour migration trends, issues and challenges and policies in South Asia based on an analysis of recent trends. It first provides a broad sketch of migration profiles in major South Asian countries: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, There are some distinctive characteristics of migration from these countries: high concentration of flows to the Gulf and Middle East countries; largely temporary migration flows; predominance of semi-skilled and low-skilled workers in flows; informal and irregular status of part of the migration flows; and prevalence of trafficking in human beings and smuggling of persons. The paper next goes on to discuss the major challenges faced by the countries in terms of governance of migration, protection of migrant workers and maximizing development benefits of migration. The governance challenges relate to high ,migration costs, rampant recruitment malpractices, inadequate institutional and regulatory framework for administration of labour migration, lack of transparent policies and limited cooperation between origin and destination countries. On the protection side, the major issues are: high level of abuse and exploitation of migrant workers and violation of their basic rights in destination countries, extreme vulnerability of female domestic migrant workers, and migrant workers in irregular status and trafficked persons, and lack of access to justice and redress mechanisms. The development challenges arise from lack of recognition of development benefits of migration in national policy frameworks, high costs of remittance transfer, absence of productive avenues for remittance utilization, lack of suitable programmes for assisting return migrants and utilising their skills and capital, and poor linkages with diaspora communities. The paper next analyses the role of migration policies in addressing these challenges. Most policies followed by South Asian countries are in the nature of emigration or foreign employment policies, with unclear policies for foreign workers inside their own countries. This is very clear cut in the case of India which is hosting millions of migrant workers from neighbouring countries. Apart from Sri Lanka, no country has ratified any international instrument concerning migrant workers. The paper highlights that legislative and policy frameworks and practices relating to migration have not been modified to deal with current and emerging challenges. It is a matter for concern that migration is being viewed as a national security issue by some countries in South Asia with adverse consequences for protection of rights of the immigrant populations. The paper points out the important role of international instruments and good practices for improving current migration policies. The conclusions identify the crucial role of India as the major emigration-immigration- transit country in the subregion for setting a good practice example in developing comprehensive and transparent migration policies based on international norms. The author also highlights the scope for a subregional approach to migration policy in South Asia through the SAARC framework although progress up to now has been quite limited. The paper concludes by making a case for transparent policies with full respect for rights and equal treatment of both national and foreign workers and with due consideration to gender specific concerns, and moving towards an inclusive and transparent migration policy which ensures equal protection for both national and foreign workers in line with international norms.

Short‐term International Migration Trends in England and Wales from 2004 to 2009

Short-term migration estimates for England and Wales are the latest addition to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) migration statistics. This article discusses definitions of short-term migration and the methodology that is used to produce the estimates. Some of the estimates and the changes in the estimates over time are then discussed. The article includes previously unpublished short-term migration statistics and therefore helps to give a more complete picture of the size and characteristics of short-term international migration for England and Wales than has previously been possible. ONS have identified a clear user requirement for short-term migration estimates at local authority (LA) level. Consequently, attention is also paid to the progress that has been made and future work that is planned to distribute England and Wales short-term migration estimates to LA level.

Using Administrative Data to Improve the Estimation of Immigration to Local Areas in England

Summary International migration is now a significant driver of population change across Europe but the methods that are available to estimate its true effect on subnational areas remain inconsistent, constrained by inadequate systems of measurement and data capture. In the absence of a population register for England, official statistics on immigration and emigration are derived from a combination of survey and census sources. The paper demonstrates how administrative data systems such as those which capture registrations of recent migrants with a local doctor, national insurance number registrations by workers from abroad and the registration of foreign students for higher education can provide data to understand patterns and trends in international migration better. The paper proposes a model for the estimation of immigration at a local level, integrating existing national estimates from the UK Office for National Statistics with data from these administrative sources. The model attempts to circumvent conceptual differences between data sets through the use of proportional distributions rather than absolute migrant counts in the estimation process. The model methodology and the results that it produces provide alternative estimates of immigration for consideration by the Office for National Statistics as it develops its own programme of improvement to subnational migration statistics.

West Africa: the dynamics and trends of international migration

OECD countries receive a little less than half (97 million in 2000) of the world’s total migrants, of which 3.8 million are from Northern Africa and 1.2 million are from West Africa. West African migration is on the rise, due mainly to an increase in intra-regional mobility (7.5 million). Within the OECD, North America receives the most West African migrants, followed by Europe. This article explores further some current trends in West African migration and outlines some of the issues that could affect this migration in the future, including climate change and demographic concerns in Europe. A European-North African-West African dialogue is proposed to address these future issues and help promote more structured means of cooperation.

TWENTY YEARS’ DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE IN SEDENTES AND MIGRANTS OF AN INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT-SENDING COMMUNITY IN TONGA

In the Kingdom of Tonga, migration to overseas developed countries has prevailed. To elucidate the effects of migration on population dynamics, an interview survey was conducted in the migrant-sending community of Kolovai, in the outer region of Tongatapu Island. All births, deaths, marriages and in- and out-migrations that took place between 1983 and 2002 were recorded for all members of the 'Kolovai population', consisting of persons who had lived in this community for at least a one-year period during this 20 years. The 'Kolovai population' members, numbering 1184 (564 males and 620 females), were divided into three groups based on residence at the end of each year, i.e. Kolovai (called KK), other places in Tonga (KT) or overseas countries (KO). The KK population decreased from 774 in 1982 to 570 in 2002, owing mostly to an increase of 167 persons as the natural balance and a decrease of 324 persons as the balance of international migration. Comparison of total fertility rate (TFR) between KK and KO women revealed that the mean TFR of the former decreased from 3.460 in the earlier 10-year period (1983-1992) to 2.240 in the later 10-year period (1993-2002), while that of the latter was more than 3.5 in both 10-year periods. This difference was largely due to the decrease in the proportion married among KK women. If the current trends of international migration and fertility continue, the population of Kolovai will be reduced and its age composition will become cylinder-shaped in the near future.

Projecting Immigration: A Survey of the Current State of Practice and Theory

Assumptions about long-term trends in international migration are an increasingly important component of the demographic projection module. Yet most official immigration projections both in the United States and abroad rely on ad-hoc assumptions based on little theory and virtually no definable methodology. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to assess where projection-making agencies stand in their practice of immigration projection and to explore how theoretical insights about immigration may help them improve their practice. The first section describes the current projection methods of leading national and international agencies, from the U.S. Census Bureau and Social Security Administration to the United Nations and the World Bank. The second section scans the wide and varied array of theoretical frameworks that attempt to explain international migration flows. The paper identifies six important ones: the policy, the neoclassical, the world systems, the new economics, the social networks, and the dual labor market frameworks. We conclude that much progress might be achievable if the explanatory richness of immigration theory could somehow be consolidated and integrated into a usable projection method. The third section briefly outlines some first steps to start harnessing theory and improving practice.

Long-term trends in international migration : an analysis of the six main receiving countries

<titre>R&#233;sum&#233;</titre>Cet article propose une estimation de la migration internationale en direction des 6 principaux pays receveurs de l&#8217;OCDE de 1975 &#224; 2000. L&#8217;analyse r&#233;v&#232;le une hausse importante des migrations internationales au cours de la p&#233;riode, accompagn&#233;e d&#8217;une &#233;volution importante de la qualification des migrants. Parall&#232;lement &#224; ce ph&#233;nom&#232;ne, nous notons une hausse significative du niveau de qualification au niveau mondial. Une analyse par pays montre une forte stabilit&#233; du classement des pays les plus touch&#233;s par la fuite des cerveaux. Si l&#8217;&#233;volution globale des migrations qualifi&#233;es s&#8217;av&#232;re limit&#233;e, les pays &#233;tant les plus touch&#233;s par le d&#233;part de leurs travailleurs les plus qualifi&#233;s en 1975 demeurent majoritairement les m&#234;mes vingt-cinq ans plus tard.

Is New Zealand Facing a Baby Boomer Housing Bust?

The baby boomer generation (1946-1964) represents a population bulge that isn’t replicated in the younger generation who might be expected to live in the houses vacated by the baby boomers. Several authors have observed from 2010 there are likely to be more sellers than buyers, hence price reductions. This paper takes a contrary viewpoint. The following reasons are advanced as to why a baby boomer housing bust is unlikely to occur in New Zealand: positive demographic projections, reduced occupancy rates per dwelling, the elasticity of housing market supply, increasing numbers of investor buyers, policies relating to encouraging retirement in place, legislation underpinning the price of second hand houses, real incomes rising and intergenerational transfers. At a national level, demographic projections and housing supply characteristics are the variables most likely to influence future house prices. The paper then goes on to consider the regional implications of a baby boomer housing sell off, by examining possible future changes in housing preferences as well as trends in internal migration and regional economies.

Internal Migration Trends in Soviet and Post-Soviet European Russia

This article compares Soviet with post-Soviet migration trends. It uses a livelihood studies approach to explore what types of Russians migrate and their motivations for so doing. It concludes that today labour migration is the most significant type of internal migration. The norm is temporary migration by individuals, which may be either short-term or long-term, but in either case it is characterised by frequent visits home and often, it seems, by failure and permanent return.

Mobility of the Foreign-Born Population in the United States, 1995–2000: The Role of Gateway States

This study uses the 2000 PUMS to examine mobility among the foreign-born population and the role of the gateway states. Between 1995 and 2000, net domestic migration of the foreign-born population to gateway states was negative. Yet the rate of out-migration from gateway states was lower than that from non-gateway states. Overall, the findings do not support the idea that gateway states are “losing their hold” on their foreign-born population. Yet trends in international and domestic migration are increasing the foreign-born population of non-gateway states relative to gateway states, and reducing differences in their characteristics.

Introduction: immigrants and transnational experiences in world cities

Today, in the early 21st century, goods, information, services, financial capital and human beings are flowing across national borders at an ever-accelerating rate. In this context, transnationalism has become a key paradigm in the study of international migration and urbanism. This theme issue on “Immigrants and transnational experiences in world cities” explores these new trends in contemporary international migration, with respect to transnational communities and geographies, in articles grouped according to four themes: international migration and world cities; highly-skilled and low-skilled immigrants; economic impacts; and immigrant experiences in world cities.

Recent trends in international migration in Asia and the Pacific

When the twentieth century came to a close, international migration had become part of the region’s economic, social and political fabric. As of 2000, there were 49.9 million international migrants in Asia and 5.8 million in Oceania, accounting for 29 and 3 per cent, respectively, of the 175 million international migrants worldwide. Excluding refugees, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that of the 86 million migrant workers worldwide (ILO, 2004:7) some 22. million were economically active in Asia and some 2.2 million in Oceania (27 and 4 per cent, respectively).2 Those numbers reflect the relentless migration that accompanied regional integration and the broader process of globalization on the move since the 1970s. By the end of the century, several migration systems had become firmly established in South-East Asia, East Asia, South South-West Asia, and North and Central Asia (Battistella, 2002; ESCAP, 2002). In the Pacific, migration from the Pacific Islands to core countries, notably Australia and New Zealand, has also been a recurrent pattern in the past decades. Thus in the Asian and the Pacific region, alike elsewhere in the world, international migration has become a structural reality, setting in motion the dynamics for further migration in the years to come. As noted by the participants of the Berne Initiative regional consultation for Asia, held in Guilin, China, on 29-30 July 2004, “The debate in Asia, of course, differs from the one in other regions of the world, not least of which is due to the predominant interest on the continent in the issues surrounding labour migration”.

Managing labor migration in the twenty-first century

Why have ninety million workers around the globe left their homes for employment in other countries? What can be done to ensure that international labour migration is a force for global betterment? This groundbreaking book presents the most comprehensive analysis of the causes and effects of labour migration available, and it recommends sensible, sustainable migration policies that are fair to migrants and to the countries that open their doors to them. The authors survey recent trends in international migration for employment and demonstrate that the flow of authorised and illegal workers over borders presents a formidable challenge in countries and regions throughout the world. They note that not all migration is from undeveloped to developed countries and discuss the murky relations between immigration policies and politics. The book concludes with specific recommendations for justly managing the world's growing migrant workforce.

География населения России по Петр Эбэрхардт (review)

География населения России по Петр Эбэрхардт (review)