Trends In International Migration Research Articles

Addressing Internal Migration Challenges in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Approach

This research article provides a comprehensive analysis of migration processes within Kazakhstan, focusing on the challenges in internal migration. The current trends in internal migration are leading to substantial differences in the distribution of the workforce, negatively affecting both the economy of the country and regional inequalities. The authors present an economic and mathematical model that demonstrates a connection between a decrease in the appeal of migration to certain locations and a fall in the gross regional product. Furthermore, a thorough examination of the legal framework, program execution, and policy documents reveals problems in the effective use of regulatory mechanisms, particularly in relation to rural migration issues. The study presents a systematic approach and an organizational regulatory scheme to improve the scientific methodology. This scheme takes into account numerous aspects and conditions that affect internal population migration dynamics. Received: 11 July 2024 / Accepted: 31 October 2024 / Published: 05 November 2024

African Migration at a Crossroads: The Social and Theoretical Implications of Emerging International Migration Trends

This study examines international migration trends in Africa since the mid-1960s. It argues that African international migration trends are at a turning point that could significantly affect the future of migration studies. New African immigrant communities are emerging in Asia, South America, and other world regions, while the influence of state and non-state institutions is increasing. Moreover, interstate migration in Africa is now more disconnected from the legacies of the continent's colonial labor migration systems. By 2050, Africa is also expected to have the world's largest population in the age-groups that typically have the highest probabilities of migration, while per-capita incomes will increase in ways that could reduce the costs of migration. Although Africa's influence on future migration research is likely to increase, progress in developing theories to examine its emerging trends has been limited. With few exceptions, studies on migration in Africa focus on theory application rather than theory building. New theoretical approaches are therefore needed to adequately situate Africa's emerging migration trends within the larger context of migration studies. The building blocks for developing these theories include decolonial approaches that highlight African perspectives and the integration of the substantive influences of future migration trends into theory-building processes.

Examining the Demographic, Socio-cultural, and Economic Dimensions of In-migrant Construction Workers: A Case Study on Internal Migration Trends, Working Conditions, and Quality of Life

According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) of the United Nations, the global scenario for the number of international migrants increased to 281 million in 2020, meaning that 3.6% of the world's population lived outside their country of birth in that year. The objective of the study demographic condition of the internal migration population, working conditions of in migrant construction workers, inmigrant construction workers socio culture condition, psychological condition, the consequences and problems faced unorganized migrant construction workers. The research study adopted Descriptive Research design for the present study because the primary of the study is to attain information concerning the existing status of quality of life of migrant construction workers. The researcher moved to another location with the reference of previous contact, in the way, snowball sampling method was used to access the required number of population. It was noted that the majority of the construction workers were semi-skilled and were illiterate. Most of the respondents spoke Hindi as their major language, 38 percent of them spoke Oriya. The workers are said to be receiving monthly wages and the majority of them have a monthly income of up to Rs.10,000 on a average. It was identified that construction workers migrated from other states at 19 to 25 years. Temporary migrants migrating with their families are found to be higher. Among the migrant construction workers within the age group of 26 to 35 years migrate more than others. Sizeable size 94 percent of the respondents belong to the male category, most of the people working as a construction labourers are married. Among the in-migrant construction workers, migrants from Odisha are more in number, followed by people from West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and other states. The Hindu community is dominated in number compared to Muslim and Christian community.

Трансформация направлений международной образовательной миграции в Калининградской области

In the context of modern globalization processes, the volume of population involved in international educational migration is growing increasingly intensive, and its results are having a more noticeable impact on socio-political and socio-economic processes. This article examines international educational migration as a source of potential labor resources for the country’s economy and as an indicator for assessing geopolitical and geoeconomic processes. Current trends in international educational migration show that North American and European countries are the main recipients of foreign students, while the donor countries are predominantly from Asia, Africa, and partially Latin America. The demand for and popularity of Russian education in the international educational services market is growing. Under the influence of geopolitical factors and sanctions, the flows of educational immigration to Russia are transforming and reorienting by country. Central Asian countries, China, and India occupy leading positions. Using the example of the Kaliningrad region, a comparative analysis of the transformation of volumes and directions of international educational migration is conducted, and the reasons for these changes are examined. The region is characterized by the expansion and diversification of flows, as well as a decrease in foreign students from geographically close countries and a reorientation to all-Russian trends.

Unveiling Indonesia's migration and border governance: Challenges and imperatives post-pandemic

Indonesia's migration policy and border control strategy have given rise to complexities and weaknesses in both the COVID-19 period and its aftermath. This study examines the post-pandemic landscape of migration and border dynamics in Indonesia, investigating challenges posed by the Indonesian selective migration policy, emerging trends and patterns of people mobility, refugee inflows. Indonesia's migration policy and border management lack defined policy structures, political stands, and inadequate attention to emerging trends. International migration trends rise in Indonesia, although initially promising, it brings to light significant challenges such as irregular migration patterns, evolving cybercrime modus operandi, and transnational crime implications. The evolving global context requires a balance between facilitating movement, ensuring security, and promoting sustainability. We suggest four concepts for the migration and border control policy and concepts in Indonesia after the pandemic era.

IMR Country Report — The Changing Dynamics of International Migration in Ethiopia

Over the last 50 years, Ethiopia has experienced several socio-economic, environmental, and political crises, leading to significant migration internally and across borders. The IMR Country Report provides a concise overview of Ethiopia's migration history and the present state of international migration trends, which is a crucial migration hub in the Horn of Africa region. The report examines the changing dynamics of migration to, from, and through Ethiopia, including crucial insights from the complex migration journeys of individuals over the years. Migration outflows and drivers have shifted in scale, and the demographic profile of migrants, their countries of origin and destination, has also evolved. Additionally, over the last decade, there has been an increase in the involuntary repatriation of Ethiopian domestic workers from Gulf countries.

Analysis of the main trends of international labor migration in the world

The article analyzes migration flows around the world and at the regional level from a theoretical and practical point of view. Recently, there have been major migrations and displacements, which have led, among other things, to the death of people. First of all, this is the displacement of millions of people due to military conflicts or serious economic and political instability. The study emphasizes that, despite the limitations of international mobility, migration is an eternal phenomenon, it is accelerating as part of the broader transformations of globalization of trade and economic processes. A summary and analysis of the main statistics of international migration by region, by gender and other indicators is provided. The study showed that the main flows of labor migrants are directed to countries with above-average and high-income incomes. Monetary transfers by labor migrants by regions of the world are analyzed. The importance of these transfers for financing current expenditures and the shortage of cash resources of the population is emphasized, especially for countries in which the inflow of remittances accounts for the bulk of GDP.

Changes in migration determinants along the urban hierarchy in China

ABSTRACT This paper examines trends of internal migration in China across two decades, with a focus on changes in socio-demographic predictors of origin-destination patterns. We use four microdata samples of the China decennial census and minicensus. After introducing a description of overall internal migration trends and providing a discussion of the utility of the urban hierarchy framework, we proceed with a two-step statistical approach. We look first descriptively at interprovincial bilateral migration flows. We then turn to a multivariate analysis of outmigration and destination selection as a function of age, sex, educational attainment and hukou status. Our results reveal the differential attractiveness of origins (for retention) and destinations by demographic characteristics and position within the urban hierarchy, and also indicate shifts in the strength of predictors over time. Greater educational attainment and urban hukou strongly favour the selection of a destination within the top levels of the urban hierarchy. Over time, selectivity by gender weakens. Although urban hukou and schooling become slightly less powerful predictors of interprovincial migration, attractiveness of top-tier destinations increases once individual demographic characteristics are controlled.

Trends in international migration in Russia in Q1-3 2023

Trends in international migration in Russia in Q1-3 2023

Trends of International Migration in Russia in H1 2023

Trends of International Migration in Russia in H1 2023

International labor migration and its impact on the labor market of Ukraine in the context of Russian military aggression

The modern development of the global economy is characterized by globalization, the tendency of economies towards openness, free movement of factors of production, including labor. The article discusses the phenomenon of international labor migration as the cross-border movement of individuals for the purpose of further employment. It is noted that it occurs under the influence of a range of interconnected factors, in conditions of growing differences between countries. The article analyzes the impact of mass labor migration of Ukrainians on the national labor market during the full-scale russian aggression, which the author considers as a crisis and destructive condition. It is proved that the unsatisfactory state of the labor market under the influence of crisis phenomena can also encourage migrants to leave and find employment in other countries. The conclusion is made that international labor migration and the national labor market are definitely interconnected and influence each other. It is noted that the consequences of international labor migration are ambiguous and have an impact on both the recipient and donor country. In particular, international labor migration can cause such obvious negative consequences for the national labor market as increased competition, lower overall wages in the receiving country, and brain drain in the country of origin. Using the example of Ukraine during the full-scale russian invasion, a labor shortage on the labor market due to the migration of workers abroad is noticed. It is emphasized that with appropriate comprehensive regulation, international labor migration becomes a real tool for improving the situation on national labor markets and has a positive impact on the well-being of states even in a crisis period. For example, foreign workers specially recruited from abroad or returning Ukrainian migrants can help overcome labor shortages in sectors where there is a significant lack of workforce Therefore, the necessary conditions for the formation of an effective migration policy during crisis conditions are: the study of current trends in international labor migration, the identification of the reasons that cause these trends, and the consequences of the impact of this phenomenon on the labor market in Ukraine.

Quod vadis? The effect of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration in the MENA region

AbstractRecent trends in international migration reveal increasing migration outflows from Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries. This development is accompanied by a massive rise in youth unemployment and a major increase in the young population in this region. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of migration patterns and analyses the interacting effect of the unfavourable combination of youth unemployment and demographic pressure on migration decisions. Based on an assessment of bilateral migration flows from 19 MENA to 34 OECD countries between 1995 and 2020, we find that youth unemployment plays a significant role in explaining emigration flows from MENA countries. We also find that the migration‐generating effect of youth unemployment is contingent upon demographic pressure in the youth cohorts and increases with an increasing number of youths.

Trends in internal migration in Japan, 2012-2020: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the past 10 years or so, there have been growing concerns in Japan that migration trends, such as large in-migration to the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA) at the national scale and large movements from the suburbs to the centres at the metropolitan scale, have widened the core-periphery disparities at each scale under national population decline. However, the COVID-19 pandemic led to unexpected changes in these migration patterns, such as a weakened population concentration in the TMA. This study aims to examine internal migration trends from 2012, on axes of core-periphery in Japan and centre-suburbs in metropolitan areas, and the changes in the migration patterns caused by the pandemic in 2020. First, we prepared intermunicipal origin-destination tables by estimating the suppressed flows in 2012-2020 using the iterative proportional fitting technique, and then we calculated the net migration and migration efficiency indices based on seven area types: centre and suburbs of the TMA, centres and suburbs of major metropolitan areas, centres and suburbs of other metropolitan areasand nonmetropolitan areas. The results indicate that the 2020 migration efficiency in the centre of the TMA drastically dropped to the lowest level during the study period, contrasting with an upward trend in 2012-2019. The pandemic strongly affected the migration patterns from/to and within the TMA, with much net gain in the suburbs from the centre, but the impact of migration efficiencies among the other areas was minimal. These findings can help in providing direction for the postpandemic policy challenge of spatial planning in Japan, for example, the weakened but still widening disparities between the TMA and the other regions and the renewed threat of urban sprawl caused by the increased migration from the centre to the suburbs within the TMA.

Transformation of the European migration policy in terms of global and regional challenges

Introduction. The migration crisis in Europe, which began a few years ago as a result of a massive influx of refugees from Syria and other countries of the Middle East and Africa, showed an escalation in 2022 in connection with the unprovoked Russian-Ukrainian war. Migration policy, which has evolved over decades under the influence of internal and global challenges, needs to be reformed in order to adapt to new realities.The purpose of the article is to study the evolution of European migration policy and the prospects for its reform in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war.Research methods. To achieve the goal set in the article, general scientific and special methods were used, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, systematization, as well as elements of comparative analysis. The methodological basis for the research is the national legal acts of the EU countries and joint documents regulating the processes of migration and integration of immigrants into European society, scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, statistical reports, etc.Results. The trends of international migration considered in the article are characterized by a rapid increase in its volume and a change in form from mainly labor migration to an influx of refugees and people seeking refuge due to political, mostly military conflicts in the regions of origin. Not only the working-age population is displaced, but also children and elderly people who need social support but do not apply for places on the labor market. Cities, mainly large agglomerations, remain the main destinations. The burden on the state and local budgets of the recipient countries, social, transport and household infrastructure increases every year, and the levers of the European migration policy show insufficient effectiveness. The transformation of the migration policy in the EU is taking place in the direction of partial harmonization and consolidation of efforts to prevent the negative consequences of the mass influx of refugees, as well as their gradual integration into European society. The article examines the peculiarities of the national immigration policy in individual EU countries and the difficulties of its implementation in modern conditions; the need to use an inclusive approach to migrants from Ukraine is indicated.Discussion. It is important to focus future research on studying the experience of countries that are the main destinations for migrants from Ukraine, in order to level the negative consequences of their influx and improve the system of levers for the integration of refugees into the national and common European economic systems.

Scientific Expedition of the Staff of the RAS Units to Study Migration in the Caucasian Border Region of Russia

Within the framework of the RFBR project "International migration in the border regions of Russia: patterns of behavior of the population and socio-economic effects for the development of territories", researchers from the Institute for Demographic Research FCTAS RAS conducted an expedition to North Ossetia from June 25 to July 10, 2022 and visited Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Abkhazia. The main goals of the expedition were to identify the features, forms and trends of international migration in the border regions of the Russian Federation. During the expedition, the research team collected empirical data on the project, including statistics, academic literature, and media publications. They also took part in meetings with government officials at various levels, expert interviews, and surveys among tourists, migrants and local residents. The collected empirical material describes the features, various forms and types of migration in the Caucasian borderlands of Russia.

Особливості процесів міграції населення України

The article analyzes the main indicators that characterize the population of Ukraine, in particular unemployment, mobility by region, birth rate and mortality, in particular, the forecast of the population of Ukraine and in terms of two categories such as ages 0–14 years and 65 years and older. The information on the experience of Ukrainians working abroad by regions during 2002 and 2020, trends of international migration for the period 1990–2020 and migration of the population from Ukraine are given. As it shown, the lowest figure was in 2010 and amounted to 5.4 million people living outside the country. The decline in the number of Ukrainian labor migrants abroad has doubled in the last 15 years, in 2010 - due to the global economic crisis and the emergence of problems with employment of migrants abroad and in 2020 – declining trends directly depended on global restrictions and lockdown citizens lost their jobs and were forced to return home. The factors of the international migration of the population and determine its global trends, scale and directions and the main typical causes of migration of Ukrainians, which have the greatest impact on the process of change of the country, were determined. Sometimes it is difficult to determine the main reason for moving and mostly migrants are driven by a combination of reasons and factors. Many foreign countries declare their interest in Ukrainian labor migrants and are ready to introduce additional measures to attract and retain foreign workers in the market. The countries that have significantly weakened the living conditions for Ukrainian labor migrants in order to attract them more, including Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany and other countries, have been identified, and the main measures implemented have been described. The migration processes in Ukraine that took place after February 24, 2022 and are related to martial law are also described. As of April 22, according to official figures alone, nearly 13 million Ukrainians had been forced to flee their homes, including about 7.7 million internally displaced persons and more than 6 million people crossing the border into Ukraine. This is almost 32% of the population of Ukraine.

International Migration Drivers: Economic, Environmental, Social, and Political Effects

This paper evaluates the recent trends in international migration and different viewpoints (arguments and counterarguments) on global population movement and examines the impacts of the social, economic, ecological, and political determinants of regional and international migration. The paper aims to analyse and compare the causal relationships between international migration, on the one hand, and economic, ecological, and socio-politic dimensions of EU countries’ development, on the other. The authors consider the impact power of the above-mentioned dimensions on the long-term net migration for the potential candidates to access the EU. First, it identifies and justifies the object of research as the EU countries and the potential EU candidates. Second, the article provides a short literature review as the authors highlight that the EU countries had the highest share of all world migrants, according to the report of the U.N. Population Division. Third, it provides the background of materials collection and methods of the study of the analyses of the panel data for 2000–2018 using the FMOLS and DOLS. Fourth, it presents the results of the study having analysed the different concepts and theories, the authors single out the core economic, ecological, and socio-politic determinants of international migration: wages, unemployment rate, income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient), corruption, and political stability (measured by World Government Indicators), CO2 emissions and material footprint per capita (measured by Sustainable Development Index). The discussion and conclusion section summarizes the findings of the research and evaluates the structural similarities and differences among the EU countries and potential candidates and if these similarities (or differences) cause them to respond similarly to the economic conditions and changes.

Understanding the Socio-Economic Vulnerability in Child Malnutrition Between Migrants and Non-Migrants Children (12-59 Months) in India: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study.

India has witnessed increasing trends in internal migration over the last three decades. In India, migrant children are not a homogeneous group and their reasons for movement and vulnerabilities vary across socio-economic stratum. For some children, migration may open possibilities and is associated with expanding social and economic spheres, but for many others, it may bring serious risks. Therefore, the study has been carried out to understand socio-economic vulnerability in child nutrition with migration status and other contributing factors in India. This study used data from the National Family Health Survey, the fourth in the NFHS series which was conducted in 2015–2016 (NFHS-4). We were interested in looking at the children age 12–59 months for their nutritional indicators such as stunting and underweight across migrants and non-migrants children. This resulted in a sample of 199,448 children in selected age group and among them 33.1% children belongs to the migrant family as compared to 67% of non-migrant children. Overall, 44.2% of children were stunted and 39.5% were underweight among non-migrant children as compared to 37.4% & 32.8% of migrant children were stunted and underweight respectively. Further, the results showed that among the social groups, scheduled caste children were found a high variation in underweight (34% vs. 41.6%) and stunting (36% vs. 46%) between migrants and non-migrants children. Similar trend of malnourishment is found in the poor wealth quintile, for rural residents and low educated women with non-migrant status. Those children who were poor but non-migrant were more likely to be malnourished as underweight [aOR; 1.15, CI: 1.11–1.18] and stunted [aOR; 1.17, CI:1.13–1.20] as compared to migrant status children in the same category of the household. Similarly in reference to scheduled caste migrant group, the scheduled caste non-migrant were more likely to be underweight [aOR; 1.15, CI: 1.09–1.20] and stunted [aOR; 1.18, CI: 1.12–1.23] than the children with migrant status. There were huge differences between migrant and non-migrant children in nutritional statuses. Education, caste and wealth index are found to be an important variables to explain the differential between migrants and non-migrants in child’s nutritional aspects. Children associated with poor socio-economic vulnerability and non-migrant category need to be taken care of more and a community targeted approach is required to understand the gaps. The programs such as ICDS, and Poshan Abhiyan need to be revamped adding the migration aspect of the families and children in terms of their health and nutritional aspects.

Who moves and who gains from internal migration in Egypt? Evidence from two waves of a labor market panel survey

In recent decades, Egypt has experienced rapid internal migration movements triggered by urbanization, socioeconomic development, and environmental changes. From a literature perspective, few scholarly studies have empirically examined the drivers and welfare impacts of internal migration in Egypt, despite the increasing recognition of its inextricably links to urban sustainability. The present study utilized data from two waves of an Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) conducted in 2012 and 2018 and consisting of 63,909 observations to examine factors that determine internal migration decisions and their subsequent welfare effects. The results of the two-stage Heckman selection model indicate that both the determinants of internal migration decisions and welfare outcomes differ appreciably depending on migration stream as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the migrants. In particular, females were found to be more likely to migrate from rural to urban areas, lending support to the growing literature on the “feminization of migration” in developing countries. The OLS regression results, after correcting for self-selection, make a strong case for the positive welfare gains from internal migration in Egypt. Specially, we found that the welfare gains for older and female migrants are much higher than other age and gender groups. A comparison of the welfare effects between different migration streams shows that all migratory movements were associated with positive and statistically significant welfare gains, except for rural-to-urban migration that was surprisingly found to be associated with significant welfare loss for the migrants. Urban-to-urban migration was found to have the strongest welfare enhancing effects on all migrant groups. The empirical findings underline a number of research and policy implications for a sustainable management of internal migration in Egypt and other countries with similar internal migration trends.

Revisiting the Gravity Model of Migration

The recent global migration pattern indicates the importance of the movement of people from developing countries to developed countries in search of better economic opportunities. The G20 report of ‘International Migration and Displacement Trends’ mentions India at the top of the list of highly educated emigrants in G20 countries. The current study addresses the endogeneity problem in the migration determinants and attempts to highlight the major regional and economic determinants of migration flow from India to major OECD countries using the Gravity model of migration. We apply the Prais–Winsten regression method to address the cross-sectional correlation, while we apply instrumental variable regression and Hausman–Taylor regression estimation techniques to deal with the endogeneity issue. The findings reveal that the population of India, distance, common official language and per capita income differential are the major determinants of migration from India. In the backdrop of our findings, in terms of per capita income differential, there is a need for an upward revision in the pay scale of the white-collar workers in the organised sector. JEL Codes: C23, F22, J11, J60